Blockchain Papers

Rajakumar Arul, Roobaea Alroobaea, Usman Tariq, Ahmed Almulihi · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Shivam Singh, Gaurav Choudhary, Shishir Kumar Shandilya, Vikas Sihag · 5 authors

Since the invention of the Blockchain technology in 2008, it has been used in many domains to ensurehigh security and reliability of data, like from the use of Bitcoin to BaaS (Blockchain as a Service)which is a new blockchain trend and is a sort of cloud-based network for the organizations in thebusiness of building blockchain-based applications. This paper implements the combined approachof the decentralized Blockchain technology and the Supply Chain to establish that the end-users ina supply chain do not completely rely on the trader to establish that the product is counterfeited ornot and this can be done by authenticating the product at every stage in the Supply Chain by usingOne Time Passwords on the receiver’s mobile phone along with a deployed personnel who willbe responsible for assuring the quality of products. Furthermore, using this combined technical approachcan considerably lower down the cost of product quality assurance and this proposed systemwill track the authenticity of the product from its origin from the manufacturer to the end-user as well.

Parvathaneni Naga Srinivasu, Akash Kumar Bhoi, Soumya Ranjan Nayak, M. Raheel Bhutta · 5 authors

In the contemporary world, with ever-evolving internet models in the process of automating and digitalizing various industrial and domestic implementations, the Internet of Things (IoT) has made remarkable advancements in sharing the healthcare data and triggering the associated necessary actions. Healthcare-related data sharing among the intermediate nodes, privacy, and data integrity are the two critical challenges in the present-day scenario. Data needs to be encrypted to ensure the confidentiality of the sensitive information shared among the nodes, especially in the case of healthcare-related data records. Implementing the conventional encryption algorithms over the intermediate node may not be technically feasible, and too much burden on the intermediate nodes is not advisable. This article has focused on various security challenges in the existing mechanism, existing strategies in security solutions for IoT driven healthcare monitoring frameworks and proposes a context-aware state of art model based on Blockchain technology that has been deployed for encrypting the data among the nodes in the architecture of a 5G network. The proposed strategy was examined through various performance evaluation metrics, and the proposed approach had outperformed compared to its counterparts.

Abdullah Lakhan, Mazin Abed Mohammed, Ahmed Noori Rashid, Seifedine Kadry · 7 authors

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is increasingly being used for healthcare purposes. IoMT enables many sensors to collect patient data from various locations and send it to a distributed hospital for further study. IoMT provides patients with a variety of paid programmes to help them keep track of their health problems. However, the current system services are expensive, and offloaded data in the healthcare network are insecure. The research develops a new, cost-effective and stable IoMT framework based on a blockchain-enabled fog cloud. The study aims to reduce the cost of healthcare application services as they are processing in the system. The study devises an IoMT system based on different algorithm techniques, such as Blockchain-Enable Smart-Contract Cost-Efficient Scheduling Algorithm Framework (BECSAF) schemes. Smart-Contract Blockchain schemes ensure data consistency and validation with symmetric cryptography. However, due to the different workflow tasks scheduled on other nodes, the heterogeneous, earliest finish, time-based scheduling deals with execution under their deadlines. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm schemes outperform all existing baseline approaches in terms of the implementation of applications.

Stefan Vári-Kakas, Otto Poszet, Alexandrina Mirela Pater, Elisa Valentina Moisi · 5 authors

We are currently witnessing an impetuous development of blockchain technology in various fields like business, supply chains, or personal identity protection. Another technology that is becoming more widespread is the Internet of Things (IoT), which can be found in a lot of smart applications. In this paper, we aim to study how blockchain finds its utility in IoT applications. Finally, we analyze comparatively the reliability and availability of centralized and decentralized blockchain oracle mechanisms that provide data from IoT devices.

Asadi Srinivasulu, K. Ramanjaneyulu, R. Neelaveni, Santoshachandra Rao Karanam · 7 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Xuran Li, Bishenghui Tao, Hong‐Ning Dai, Muhammad Imran · 6 authors

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has deeply influenced the lifestyle of the general public and the healthcare system of the society. As a promising approach to address the emerging challenges caused by the epidemic of infectious diseases like COVID-19, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) deployed in hospitals, clinics, and healthcare centers can save the diagnosis time and improve the efficiency of medical resources though privacy and security concerns of IoMT stall the wide adoption. In order to tackle the privacy, security, and interoperability issues of IoMT, we propose a framework of blockchain-enabled IoMT by introducing blockchain to incumbent IoMT systems. In this paper, we review the benefits of this architecture and illustrate the opportunities brought by blockchain-enabled IoMT. We also provide use cases of blockchain-enabled IoMT on fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic, including the prevention of infectious diseases, location sharing and contact tracing, and the supply chain of injectable medicines. We also outline future work in this area.

Smitha Mohan M, L. Sujihelen

In an emergency healthcare situation, it is always intended to obtain the data in an easier and secure way. To accomplish this, the proposed research work has developed a study about the implementation of blockchain in healthcare system. Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) of patients are utilized to store data in the blockchain architecture. These EMRs are very sensitive, since it contains patient's personal details. Henceforth, the usage of records should take place in a secured mode otherwise hackers will attack the data. The availability of medical records will help to diagnose the diseases very easily and deliver better treatment to the patient, when they enter the critical stages like coma and unconsciousness. In this perspective, this research work analyzes different technologies and algorithms used in the existing systems.

Geetanjali Rathee, Sahil Garg, Georges Kaddoum, Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody

COVID-19 is an extremely dangerous disease because of its highly infectious nature. In order to provide quick and immediate identification of infection, proper and immediate clinical support is needed. Researchers have proposed various machine learning and smart IoT-based schemes for categorizing COVID-19 patients. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), which are inspired by the biological concept of neurons, are generally used in various applications including healthcare systems. The ANN scheme provides a viable solution in the decision making process for managing healthcare information. The aim of this article is to provide secure COVID-19 vaccine distribution through IoT-based systems. The level-wise blockchain network is used to ensure security among IoT devices while distributing the vaccines. The proposed phenomenon is analyzed and verified over synthesized data where vaccine units are supplied by various distributors. The proposed approach is validated over accurate report generation and data alteration parameters against existing methods.

Chen Zeng, Weidong Xu, Bingtao Wang, Hua Yu

No abstract is available for this record.

Pranav Ratta, Amanpreet Kaur, Sparsh Sharma, Mohammad Shabaz · 5 authors

Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the recent innovations in Information Technology, which intends to interconnect the physical and digital worlds. It introduces a vision of smartness by enabling communication between objects and humans through the Internet. IoT has diverse applications in almost all sectors like Smart Health, Smart Transportation, and Smart Cities, etc. In healthcare applications, IoT eases communication between doctors and patients as the latter can be diagnosed remotely in emergency scenarios through body sensor networks and wearable sensors. However, using IoT in healthcare systems can lead to violation of the privacy of patients. Thus, security should be taken into consideration. Blockchain is one of the trending research topics nowadays and can be applied to the majority of IoT scenarios. Few major reasons for using the Blockchain in healthcare systems are its prominent features, i.e., Decentralization, Immutability, Security and Privacy, and Transparency. This paper’s main objective was to enhance the functionality of healthcare systems using emerging and innovative computer technologies like IoT and Blockchain. So, initially, a brief introduction to the basic concepts of IoT and Blockchain is provided. After this, the applicability of IoT and Blockchain in the medical sector is explored in three major areas—drug traceability, remote patient-monitoring, and medical record management. At last, the challenges of deploying IoT and Blockchain in healthcare systems are discussed.

Divya Guru, Supraja Perumal, V. Vijayakumar

A blockchain is a decentralized peer to peer platform which provides security services based on some key concepts, namely authentication, confidentiality, integrity and authorization. It is the process of recording and keeping track of the resources without the intervention of a centralized authority. This paper provides an overview of blockchains, the structure of blockchains, consensus algorithms, etc., It compares the algorithms based on their utility and limitations. Though blockchains provide secure communication, there are some minimal data leaks which are discussed. Various security issues in blockchains are discussed such as denial of service attacks, etc., In addition to security, some other blockchain challenges are presented like scalability, reliability, interoperability, privacy and consensus mechanisms for integration with AI, IoT and edge computing. This paper also explains about the importance of blockchains in the fields of smart healthcare, smart grid, and smart financial systems. Overall, this paper gives the glimpse of various protocols, algorithms, applications, challenges and opportunities that are found in the blockchain domain.

Kebira Azbeg, Ouail Ouchetto, Said Jai Andaloussi, Leila Fetjah

No abstract is available for this record.

Shireen Rafat Alam, Saurabh Jain, Rajesh Doriya

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology and have a global network of “things” that can be physical as well as virtual that is connected to the internet. IoT has so many applications as it is used in industry, smart homes, smart health care, smart irrigation and in many more places. Storing huge information that is generated from the sensors are major issues. Devices of IoT are dynamic, resource constraints, having less processing power which creates major security and privacy issues. Major challenges include identification, authentication, scalability, and data security. This paper is mainly focused on major security and privacy issues of IoT at different layers of IoT architecture. To solve these issues, this paper proposes Blockchain as a Solution. The integration of blockchain with IoT can be used to secure the IoT system. Blockchain is a chain of blocks and each block contains a number of transactions, that records event and maintains consistent records of data. It is having the potential to solve the issues faced by IoT. But because of the different nature of IoT and Blockchain it suffers from many limitations as well. This paper pointed out the challenges of the integration of blockchain with IoT along with some open issues are discussed which provides a ground for future research direction.

A. Yogeshwar, S. Kamalakkannan

The impact of Internet of Things (IoT) is most predominant and leading over the world. IoT is used to gather information/data from various sensors and other smart devices. The beneficiary of using technology of IoT can exchange information and enable to communicate with smart devices among themselves. In healthcare environment, IoT brings more convenient to doctors, nurses and patients. It can be more efficient for monitoring the illness patients and diagnosing very effective with reducing the cost. There are various security breaches and malignant attacks in healthcare system which are extremely vulnerable such as forgery, privacy leakage etc. Therefore these challenges and issues in security based on authentication and interoperability which bring to deteriorate. Recently, one of the key development in security is created by Blockchain (BC) technology which can exchange the data in secure manner. In many existing studies can be improved by enabling BC technology in the healthcare system. The main scope of BC technology has to convey effectively exchanging information between patient and other medical service parties based on some of the advantages such as authentication, immutability, decentralized storage, interoperability, distributed ledger, trustworthy and provides opportunity in a reliable manner and increase in productive. This paper presents challenges and problems for BC based IoT healthcare and provide with the security requirements of such domains due to traditional security measures. The aim of this paper is simply investigate how Blockchain will improve the healthcare environment within the IoT context. It also amalgamates the potential of blockchain technology as a promising security measure, highlights potential challenges in the healthcare domain, and provides an analysis of different blockchain based security solutions.

Gauri Lodha, M. Janarthanan Pillai, Ankit Solanki, Sarvesh Sahasrabudhe · 5 authors

Medical data privacy and data protection are crucial issues during medical services. Data security or secure storage of medical data is always a major concern for the majority of the population. An effective and efficient healthcare system requires a technology platform to communicate securely and seamlessly. Blockchain has been emerging technology for a few years now. The key features of blockchain which attract most developers are its immutability, decentralization, transparency, distributed ledger. So, the use of Blockchain in HealthCare systems will make a drastic impact as it can be used to securely store personal medical data. This paper has designed a HealthCare system that securely manages personal medical data and creates interaction between Doctors, Patients, Insurance Companies, and Pharmacy shops or Medical shops. The paper further highlights a comparison between a traditional system and the proposed system, describing the scope of the system, areas of future work.

Shameemul Haque

The Internet of Things (IoT) promoted a common operating picture (COP) through all modern applications. The COP is takes place only accomplished by the developments seen in wireless sensor network devices that have been able to connect through the network, sharing information, and conducting further analysis. In IoT, knowledge sharing and authentication of data through the central server and is hence vulnerable to security and privacy problems. System spoofing, false authentication, less data sharing reliability may take place. As part of IoT, Blockchain (BC) technology is integrated to solve these security and privacy issues by replacing the idea of the central server. This paper discusses the potential protection and privacy threats of IoT component activity and explores how it relates to distributed ledger-based blockchain (DL-BC) technologies. . Blockchain implementations have explicitly been studied here with regard to focused sectors and categories. This paper also discusses Blockchain technology, its contribution, and challenges specific to IoT.

Nida Malik, Khalid Al‐Khatib, Yufei Sun, Elijah Knight · 5 authors

Abstract The industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and supply chain systems have become one of the most important technologies to positively impact our daily life activities. Blockchain technology has recently gained popularity and it is increasingly being employed in a large number of applications and industries. The use cases for blockchain are growing rapidly in different fields and domains. Combining blockchain into IIoT and in our supply chain logistics could provide many solutions to the critical issues that current systems face today. Blockchain features such as immutability, decentralization, and data encryption are useful in solving the shortcomings of IIoT and the current supply chain systems security and integrity. This article presents a comprehensive review of blockchain applications in IIoT and supply chain systems. This article also focuses on the security aspects of blockchain integration within industry applications with the support of the emerging edge computing technology.

Shivansh Kumar, Aman Kumar Bharti, Ruhul Amin

Abstract Most of the hospitals store their patient's data locally and some even do not have any backup storage. This poses a real threat of data loss or data corruption. Although many hospitals are migrating to cloud storage, the clouds have their own threat vectors. Recently, various health care providers were hit by ransomware and Distributed Denial of Service attacks during the COVID‐19 outbreak. Due to these attacks, many emergency services were halted, affecting hundreds of thousands without any healthcare. Another problem with these traditional database practices is that they often misplace or mix the patient's data, which, needless to say, have severe complications. Many researchers are working on IPFS and Blockchain technology to improve the storage of medical records. This article presents a detailed study of the IPFS and Blockchain based healthcare secure storage solutions. It analyzes the existing solutions and their architecture, which will further facilitate the future research and development of emerging IPFS and Blockchain technologies.

Chintan Patel

Internet of Things (IoT) security is a fundamental challenge for the enterprises working behind the buildup of the IoT, and it is related applications. In today’s ara, with IoT, another buzzword is a blockchain-based cryptocurrency and other blockchain applications. Blockchain technology has proven itself one of the most secure existing technology in trust and privacy. This paper discusses IoT and blockchain technology fundamentals, followed by a discussion regarding numerous consensus models. We also discuss mathematical foundations used by blockchain technology, and it is followed by the proposed privacy-preserving technique for IoT devices with better device identity management using blockchain technology. This paper presents a novel solution for privacy preservation and identity allocation using secure identity management through public key-based cryptography-based blockchain. Though we consider smart home management and smart health management’s ecosystem for applicability discussion of the proposed scheme, the proposed system can be applied to any IoT application for better privacy preservation. Finally, we conclude with the discussion regarding the futuristic scope of the proposed system.//

C. Poongodi, K. Lalitha, Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj

This chapter examines the relevance of blockchain technology for medical electronics in general, as well as internet-connected portable things. Considering the faults of centralized and private organizations for accessing the data of the patients, the transformational role of blockchain technology for managing the Electronic Health Records (EHR) is to be analyzed. The effective blockchain basics, applications and how it can benefit to avoid data breaches in the healthcare services are elaborated. A reliable and secure process of storing, recording and distributing sensitive medical and clinical data using blockchain is to be addressed. Patients will also be able to choose when and to whom to authorize access to their medical records. The emerging division of Internet of Medical Things and the consumer medical electronics are also to be elaborated.

Hao Sen Andrew Fang

Background: The healthcare industry is the new frontier for blockchain technology. Given its properties of immutability and decentralization, blockchain represents an opportunity for unprecedented level of privacy and security for all stakeholders by ensuring data integrity while giving patients control over their own health data. On a backdrop of rising interest in blockchain in general and blockchain healthcare applications in particular, there has been a proliferation of blockchain healthcare projects over the past few years. The aim of this review is to identify and understand real-world blockchain healthcare projects that have attained commercial success in the highly competitive blockchain market. Methods and findings: A scoping review was performed in January 2021 on all projects in the CoinMarketCap database. Following a pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, eligible projects were selected. A single reviewer then reviewed each project's official website and whitepaper (where available) and performed data abstraction; 10 blockchain healthcare projects fulfilled the selection criteria. The review found that these projects made up 0.24% of the total number of actively tracked projects on CoinMarketCap. In terms of market capitalization, the total market capitalization for the projects was US$65,078,849, comprising less than 0.01% of the total market capitalization of all projects. Among the projects, the most frequent type was for personal health tracking. Conclusions: This review revealed that blockchain health projects currently comprise a small fraction of the overall number of commercially successful blockchain projects. However, because this sub-industry is still in its early stages, there are reasons to be optimistic that many more blockchain health projects will emerge and attain commercial success in future. Findings from this review done from an entrepreneurial perspective should help with the identification of future projects most likely to succeed.

Sheikh Mohammad Idrees, Mariusz Nowostawski, Roshan Jameel, Ashish Kumar Mourya

Blockchain technology plays a significant role in the industrial development. Many industries can potentially benefit from the innovations blockchain decentralization technology and privacy protocols offer with regard to securing, data access, auditing and managing transactions within digital platforms. Blockchain is based on distributed and secure decentralized protocols in which there is no single authority, and no single point of control; the data blocks are generated, added, and validated by the nodes of the network themselves. This article provides insights into the current developments within blockchain technology and explores its ability to revolutionize the multiple industrial application areas such as supply chain industry, Internet of Things (IoT), healthcare, governance, finance and manufacturing. It investigates and provides insights into the security issues and threats related to the blockchain implementations by assessing the research through a systematic literature review. This article proposes possible solutions in detail for enhancing the security of the blockchain for industrial applications along with significant directions for future explorations. The study further suggests how in recent years the adoption of blockchain technology by multiple industrial sectors has gained momentum while in the finance sector it is touching new heights day by day.

A. N. Shwetha, C P Prabodh

In recent years, the focus on Food Quality has become paramount as it can act as an indicator of the living standards of the citizens and any lacunae in it can lead to large scale damage to the health and wellbeing of the people. Lack of information on food produce such as origin, quality, shelf time etc. for the consumers has resulted in distrust among them which can also affect the producers in terms of marketing and pricing. All this stems from the current food procurement and distribution systems that are centrally controlled and dependence on regulatory bodies for quality control. This has led to opacity about information about the food produce and also doubts on such available data if any among the stakeholders. The need of the hour is a system that can provide information in a transparent manner to its stakeholders especially its customers. This information made reliably available will build trust among the consumers and thereby improves brand value for sellers.Blockchain is a disruptive technology that has been exploited across several domains, the Food Procurement and Distribution system is no exception to it. Block chain allows for generating trust among the stakeholders because of its properties like immutability and transparency that any one part of the system can verify the authenticity of information stored in it. If all transactions happening in the Food Procurement and Distribution system from point of production to the point of consumption are recorded on the Block chain. Then it becomes easier for customers to verify whether the claims from the seller about the food quality are indeed true. This paper outlines a survey on the current work and research in the field of food supply chain management using Block chain technology and also specify the future research trends in the same area.