Sachin Sharma, Kamal Kumar Ghanshala, Seshadri Mohan
With the transformation of connected vehicles into the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), the time is now ripe for paving the way for the next generation of connected vehicles with novel applications and innovative security measures. The connected vehicles are experiencing prenominal growth in the auto industry, but are still studded with many security and privacy vulnerabilities. Today's IoV applications are part of cyber physical communication systems that collect useful information from thousands of smart sensors associated with the connected vehicles. The technology advancement has paved the way for connected vehicles to share significant information among drivers, auto manufacturers, auto insurance companies and operational and maintenance service providers for various applications. The critical issues in engineering the IoV applications are effective to use of the available spectrum and effective allocation of good channels an opportunistic manner to establish connectivity among vehicles, and the effective utilization of the infrastructure under various traffic conditions. Security and privacy in information sharing are the main concerns in a connected vehicle communication network. Blockchain technology facilitates secured communication among users in a connected vehicles network. Originally, blockchain technology was developed and employed with the cryptocurrency. Bitcoin, to provide increased trust, reliability, and security among users based on peer-to-peer networks for transaction sharing. In this paper, we propose to integrate blockchain technology into ad hoc vehicular networking so that the vehicles can share network resources with increased trust, reliability, and security using distributed access control system and can benefit a wider scope of scalable IoV applications scenarios for decision making. The proposed architecture is the faithful environment for information sharing among connected vehicles. Blockchain technology allows multiple copies of data storage at the distribution cloud. Distributed access control system is significantly more secure than a traditional centralized system. This paper also describes how important of ad hoc vehicular networking in human life, possibilities in real-world implementation and its future trends. The ad hoc vehicular networking may become one of the most trendy networking concepts in the future that has the perspective to bring out much ease human beneficial and secured applications.
In this paper, we propose an intrusion detection system (IDS) and Blockchain-based delivery framework, called DeliveryCoin, for drone-delivered services. The DeliveryCoin framework consists of four phases, including system initialization phase, creating the block, updating the blockchain, and intrusion detection phase. To achieve privacy-preservation, the DeliveryCoin framework employs hash functions and short signatures without random oracles and the Strong Diffie–Hellman (SDH) assumption in bilinear groups. To achieve consensus inside the blockchain-based delivery platform, we introduce a UAV-aided forwarding mechanism, named pBFTF. We also propose an IDS system in each macro eNB (5G) for detecting self-driving network attacks as well as false transactions between self-driving nodes. Furthermore, extensive simulations are conducted, and results confirm the efficiency of our proposed DeliveryCoin framework in terms of latency of blockchain consensus and accuracy.
Aug 1, 2019·2019 IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech)
Shihan Bao, Ao Lei, Haitham Cruickshank, Zhili Sun · 6 authors
Research into the established area of ITS is evolving into the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), itself a fast-moving research area, fuelled in part by rapid changes in computing and communication technologies. Using pseudonym certificate is a popular way to address privacy issues in IoV. Therefore, the certificate management scheme is considered as a feasible technique to manage system and maintain the lifecycle of certificate. In this paper, we propose an efficient pseudonym certificate management scheme in IoV. The Blockchain concept is introduced to simplify the network structure and distributed maintenance of the Certificate Revocation List (CRL). The proposed scheme embeds part of the certificate revocation functions within the security and privacy applications, aiming to reduce the communication overhead and shorten the processing time cost. Extensive simulations and analysis show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed scheme, in which the Blockchain structure costs fewer network resources and gives a more economic solution to against further cybercrime attacks.
Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) can provide vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communications for efficient and safe transportation. The vehicles features high mobility, thus undergoing frequent handovers when they are moving, which introduces the significant overload on the network entities. To address the problem, the distributed mobility management (DMM) protocol for next generation mobile network has been proposed, which can be well combined with VANETs. Although the existing DMM solutions can guarantee the smooth handovers of vehicles, the security has not been fully considered in the mobility management. Moreover, the most of existing schemes cannot support group communication scenario. In this paper, we propose an efficient and secure group mobility management scheme based on the blockchain. Specifically, to reduce the handover latency and signaling cost during authentication, aggregate message authentication code (AMAC) and one-time password (OTP) are adopted. The security analysis and the performance evaluation results show that the proposed scheme can not only enhance the security functionalities but also support fast handover authentication.
Md. Abdur Rahman, Md. Mamunur Rashid, Stuart J. Barnes, Syed Maruf Abdullah
In this paper, we propose a secure internet of vehicles (IoV) framework that can handle the transportation ecosystem of a very large and dynamic crowd. The framework will allow personalized and location-aware vehicle IoT data to store in blockchain and off-chain repositories for secure sharing with one's community of interest. As a test case of our proposed application, we have developed distributed smartphone applications that can be interfaced with the OBD-II interface to collect in-vehicle data from the CAN bus of a vehicle and an ambient intelligent environment consisting of IoT devices. The in-vehicle environment can collect vehicle sensory information, process the sensory data within the mobile edge network and store the transactions and the raw sensory data to blockchain and off-chain repositories through secure digital wallets. Finally, we will present our implemented framework and initial test results.
Vehicle Connectivity or the Internet of vehicle (IoV) is projected to be the solution of the pressing issue on traffic, enables a better traffic management system and reduce traffic accidents. On this, however, vehicular communication is a parameters that will ensure its realization. However, vehicular communication is not exempted of the never-ending issues on security and privacy. Thus, this study proposes a mechanism on the utilization of blockchain technology in ensuring authentic vehicle identification and data authentication as data packets are transmitted from one vehicle to another. The study utilizes the Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and the Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++ (OMNET++) coupled with the developed program and cryptographic algorithm integrated in OMNET++ for vehicle communication process. Results indicate that blockchain is can be used as a security mechanism in vehicle identification and data authentication in the Internet of Vehicle.
Blockchain technology is getting more attention due to its inherent nature in resistance to data modification. Blockchain combined with IoT enables to improve the level of services for various domains with security guarantees. Numerous research has begun in order to link the blockchain along with autonomous vehicles system on 5G networks. Ultrafast connections, speedier data downloads, and the ability to handle millions of connections more than LTE networks are crucial to support a rapid autonomous system. Therefore, the system requires proper data storage management, high secure transaction, and non-interference network. The blockchain is suitable for the 5G vehicular system since it is immutable, tamper-proof, and secure by design. Although the decentralized 5G autonomous vehicular network provides countless benefits, yet it raises more than a few challenges. This paper provides an initial stage of the blockchain-enabled 5G vehicular networks, architecture, and technical aspects. Some remarks and challenges are also discussed.
Aug 1, 2019·2019 18th IEEE International Conference On Trust, Security And Privacy In Computing And Communications/13th IEEE International Conference On Big Data Science And Engineering (TrustCom/BigDataSE)
Nisha Malik, Priyadarsi Nanda, Xiangjian He, RenPing Liu
Appending digital signatures and certificates to messages guarantee data integrity and ensure non-repudiation, but do not identify greedy authenticated nodes. Trust evolves if some reputable and trusted node verifies the node, data and evaluates the trustworthiness of the node using an accurate metric. But, even if the verifying party is a trusted centralized party, there is opacity and obscurity in computed reputation rating. The trusted party maps it with the node's identity, but how is it evaluated and what inputs derive the reputation rating remains hidden, thus concealment of transparency leads to privacy. Besides, the malevolent nodes might collude together for defamatory actions against reliable nodes, and eventually bad mouth these nodes or praise malicious nodes collaboratively. Thus, we cannot always assume the fairness of the nodes as the rating they give to any node might not be a fair one. In this paper, we propose a smart contract-based approach to update and query the reputation of nodes, stored and maintained by IPFS distributed storage. The use case particularly deals with an emergency scenario, dealing against colluding attacks. Our scheme is implemented using MATLAB simulation. The results show how smart contracts are capable of accurately identifying trustworthy nodes and record the reputation of a node transparently and immutably.
The privacy-preserving authentication is considered as the first line of defense against the attacks in addition to preserving the identity privacy of the vehicles in the vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). However, the existing authentication schemes suffer from drawbacks such as nontransparency of the trusted authorities (TAs), heavy workload to revoke certificates, and high computation overhead to authenticate identities and messages. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based privacy-preserving authentication (BPPA) scheme for VANETs. In BPPA, all the certificates and transactions are recorded permanently and immutably in the blockchain to make the activities of the semi-TAs transparent and verifiable. However, it remains a challenge how to use such blockchain effectively for authentication in real driving scenarios (e.g., high speed or large amount of messages during congestion). With a novel data structure named the Merkle Patricia tree (MPT), we extend the conventional blockchain structure to provide a distributed authentication scheme without the revocation list. To achieve conditional privacy, we allow a vehicle to use multiple certificates. The linkability between the certificates and real identity is encrypted and stored in the blockchain and can only be revealed in case of disputes. We evaluate the validity and performance of BPPA on the Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) platform for each entity. The experimental results show that the distributed authentication can be processed by individual vehicles within 1 ms, which meets the real-time requirement and is much more efficient, in terms of the processing time and storage requirement, than existing approaches.
Recently, connected vehicles (CV) are becoming a promising research area leading to the concept of CV as a Service (CVaaS). With the increase of connected vehicles and an exponential growth in the field of online cab booking services, new requirements such as secure, seamless and robust information exchange among vehicles of vehicular networks are emerging. In this context, the original concept of vehicular networks is being transformed into a new concept known as connected and autonomous vehicles. Autonomous vehicular use yields a better experience and helps in reducing congestion by allowing current information to be obtained by the vehicles instantly. However, malicious users in the internet of vehicles may mislead the whole communication where intruders may compromise smart devices with the purpose of executing a malicious ploy. In order to prevent these issues, a blockchain technique is considered the best technique that provides secrecy and protection to the control system in real time conditions. In this paper, the issue of security in smart sensors of connected vehicles that can be compromised by expert intruders is addressed by proposing a blockchain framework. This study has further identified and validated the proposed mechanism based on various security criteria, such as fake requests of the user, compromise of smart devices, probabilistic authentication scenarios and alteration in stored user's ratings. The results have been analyzed against some existing approach and validated with improved simulated results that offer 79% success rate over the above-mentioned issues.
Myeonghyun Kim, Kisung Park, Sungjin Yu, Joonyoung Lee · 7 authors
Smart grids incorporating internet-of-things are emerging solutions to provide a reliable, sustainable and efficient electricity supply, and electric vehicle drivers can access efficient charging services in the smart grid. However, traditional electric vehicle charging systems are vulnerable to distributed denial of service and privileged insider attacks when the central charging server is attacked. The blockchain-based charging systems have been proposed to resolve these problems. In 2018, Huang et al. proposed the electric vehicle charging system using lightning network and smart contract. However, their system has an inefficient charging mechanism and does not guarantee security of key. We propose a secure charging system for electric vehicles based on blockchain to resolve these security flaws. Our charging system ensures the security of key, secure mutual authentication, anonymity, and perfect forward secrecy, and also provides efficient charging. We demonstrate that our proposed system provides secure mutual authentication using Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic and prevents replay and man-in-the-middle attacks using automated validation of internet security protocols and applications simulation tool. Furthermore, we compare computation and communication costs with previous schemes. Therefore, the proposed charging system efficiently applies to practical charging systems for electric vehicles.
U. Asfia, V. Kamuni, Sarang Sutavani, A. Sheikh · 6 authors
In recent years, vehicular networks have been drawing special attention because of its significant potential role in the future smart city. Safety is a crucial status in vehicular networks, especially in energy trading where security of transactional data and safety against critical attacks is of most concern. The Sybil attack is one where an adversary can create multiple fake identities, become a part of the P2P network and try to manipulate the decision of the entire network in accordance to his own will. Thus in view to enhance the security of system, this paper focuses on a Sybil attack mitigation method based on blockchain and it's Proof of Work (PoW) consensus. Also a framework of automated privacy-preserving selection of charging stations (CS) based on pricing and the distance to the electric vehicle (EV) is presented. A blockchain based approach increases the transparency between EV and CS while preserving the privacy of the EV owners.
Farhan Ahmad, Chaker Abdelaziz Kerrache, Fatih Kurugöllü, Rasheed Hussain
The revolution of Internet-of-vehicles (IoV) has stimulated a substantial response from academia, research, and industry due to its massive potential to improve overall transportation. Current IoV faces huge challenges due to its reliance on IP-based network architecture. Therefore, named data networking (NDN) is proposed as a promising architecture to solve issues posed by IP-based systems. Recently, blockchains (BCs) have been utilized within IoV to increase network security. However, the integration of BC within NDN-enabled IoV is still an open research problem. In this study, we proposed a novel tier-based architecture known as “Blockchain in NDN-enabled Internet-of-vehicles (BINDN),” which can support BC within NDN-enabled IoV. BINDN can be used as reference architecture to design security solutions in NDN-enabled IoV using BC. Furthermore, it provides an extensive set of applications including IoV security, trust management, and privacy enhancements. Moreover, we highlighted major challenges and issues when integrating BC within NDN-enabled IoV.
Ride sharing is a centralized trust based system where users trust the service providers for the ride set up, tracking, cancellation, fare calculation etc. Any malicious activity in the centralized server based system or driver or rider destroys the fairness involved in the ride and causes inconvenience to the parties. After the completion of the ride, the drivers are rated by the riders. There are possibilities that, a malicious rider can claim the refund with a fake complain and give the driver poor rating. Current system is not capable of deciding the correctness of the objections raised by either parties and provides a biased outcome of each objections as per the centralized company's marketing strategies. We present BlockV, a blockchain enabled solution to ensure the fairness of the ride. The creation, completion, dissatisfaction or abortion of any ride will be written in the blockchain ledger, hence will be available to all participants in the peer to peer network. This simultaneously ensures the fairness in maintenance of the inbuilt reputation system. We have implemented a prototype in Ethereum private network and KOVAN test network and the analysis is included.
In this paper, we present a vision for a blockchain-based Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) as an application of edge computing. In current MaaS systems, a central MaaS operator plays a crucial role serving an intermediate layer which manages and controls the connections between transportation providers and passengers with several other features. Since the willingness of public and private transportation providers to connect to this layer is essential in the current realization of MaaS, in our vision, to eliminate this layer, a novel blockchain-based MaaS is proposed. The solution also improves trust and transparency for all stakeholders as well as eliminates the need to make commercial agreements with separate MaaS agents. From a technical perspective, the power of computing and resources are distributed to different transportation providers at the edge of the network providing trust in a decentralised way. The blockchain-based MaaS has the potential to emerge as the main component for a smart city transportation offering efficiency and reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
Abstract Vehicular social network is emerging as a new promising concept, combining two types of network paradigms, namely, vehicular networks and social networks. In order to manage efficiently the security and the control of the network, this paper proposes a new framework based on the emerging concepts of software‐defined vehicular network (SDVN) and blockchain. Using the SDVN makes the network more programmable, virtualized, and partitionable. However, on the other hand, it also creates a well‐known vulnerability of a single point of failure. Hence, we propose to introduce the blockchain paradigm that will enable the certification of transactions and ensure data anonymity in a fully distributed manner. To this end, three levels of controllers are needed: a principal controller (PC), roadside units (RSUs), and a local controller. In order to dynamically select miners, a distributed miners connected dominating set algorithm (DM‐CDS) has been proposed. The DM‐CDS is a single‐phase distributed algorithm that supports a dynamic topology based on a trust model and some other network parameters, such as the connectivity degree, the average link quality indicator, and the rank. The performance of the proposed DM‐CDS is evaluated throughout multiple scenarios using different parameters, such as trust metric, node density, node mobility, and radio range. The obtained results highlight the importance of such proposed architecture, especially in terms of number of required miners. For instance, when the density of nodes increases, the number of selected miners increases similarly to when the network length increases. The node mobility impacts also on the stability of the selected miners, in terms of withdrawing and joining, showing a variation between 0% and 10%. The trust metric has also an important impact on the selection of miners, as only nodes with a higher trust level are selected to endorse the roles of miners.
The connected and autonomous vehicles are expected to rely heavily on connectivity to exchange data and computation services with other vehicles and remote infrastructure including roadside units and other edge infrastructure to increase their immediate view, which leads to greater safety, coordination and more comfortable experience for their human occupants. In order for vehicles to obtain data, compute and other services from other vehicles or road-side infrastructure, it is important to be able to make micropayments for those services and for the services to run seamlessly despite the challenges posed by mobility and ephemeral interactions with a dynamic set of neighboring devices. We present MOTIVE, a trusted and decentralized framework that allows vehicles to make peer-to-peer micropayments for data, compute and other services obtained from other vehicles or road-side infrastructure within radio range. The framework utilizes distributed ledger technologies including smart contracts to enable autonomous operation and trusted interactions between vehicles and nearby entities.
The connected and autonomous vehicles are expected to rely heavily on connectivity to exchange data and computation services with other vehicles and remote infrastructure including roadside units and other edge infrastructure to increase their immediate view, which leads to greater safety, coordination and more comfortable experience for their human occupants. In order for vehicles to obtain data, compute and other services from other vehicles or road-side infrastructure, it is important to be able to make micropayments for those services and for the services to run seamlessly despite the challenges posed by mobility and ephemeral interactions with a dynamic set of neighboring devices. We present MOTIVE, a trusted and decentralized framework that allows vehicles to make peer-to-peer micropayments for data, compute and other services obtained from other vehicles or road-side infrastructure within radio range. The framework utilizes distributed ledger technologies including smart contracts to enable autonomous operation and trusted interactions between vehicles and nearby entities.
Ever-growing incorporation of connected vehicle (CV) technologies into intelligent traffic signal control systems brings about significant data security issues in the connected vehicular networks. This paper presents a novel decentralized and secure by design architecture for connected vehicle data security, which is based on the emerging blockchain paradigm. In a simulation study, we applied this architecture to defend the Intelligent Traffic Signal System (I-SIG), a USDOT approved CV pilot program, against congestion attacks. The results show the performance of the proposed architecture for the traffic signal control system.
Gianmarco Baldini, José L. Hernández-Ramos, Gary Steri, Sara N. Matheu
The future deployment of vehicular networks for road transportation (the so called Cooperative Intelligent Transport System (C-ITS) in Europe or Connected Vehicles program in USA) should be based on the secure exchange of messages among the vehicles and the infrastructure communication nodes. Deployment projects in various parts of the world are setting up Public Key Infrastructures (PKI) to support the security and privacy aspects on vehicular communications. While the use of PKI is a known technology to build a security framework for C-ITS and Connected Vehicles deployments and it will provide the basic needed services for integrity and authentication, research communities around the world are exploring extensions of these frameworks to implement specific functions like misbehavior detection and revocation. In addition, new techniques to mitigate privacy risks in vehicular networks are explored. In this paper, we address these aspects by proposing the use of blockchain in combination with a zone keys concept where the authorization certificates produced by the PKI are provided to the vehicles only if specific conditions stored in the blockchain are valid. We show how the concepts described in this paper can enhance the PKI-based frameworks through an efficient revocation mechanism, and mitigating privacy risks as well.