Kriptovalute danas više nisu naznaka daleke budućnosti, nego realno sredstvo plaćanja sa stvarnim posljedicama. Bitcoin je svega u par godina postao nositelj jednog novog vremena za trgovinu u kojoj nije potreban posrednik i čije su transakcije u potpunosti anonimne, što čini veliko odstupanje od uobičajene prakse. Sam cilj ovoga rada je vidjeti koliki je stvarni utjecaj kriptovaluta na poslovnu klimu, odnosno konkretno na međunarodno poslovanje. Kroz ovaj rad upoznat ćemo važnost samih kriptovaluta te kroz primjer bitcoina vidjeti koje poboljšanje kroz samo poslovanje on donosi. U prvom dijelu rada predstavit će se kriptovalute te reći nešto o njihovom podrijetlu te vrstama. Drugo poglavlje donosi detaljniji pogled kako bitcoin funkcionira te će biti riječi o vrstama novčanika koje bitcoin nudi te će se u zadnjem, trećem poglavlju, objasniti primjer kriptovaluta u poslovanju.
Cryptocurrencies have been in vogue ever since Bitcoin first appeared in 2008. From that moment on, a new potential market started evolving and is nowadays a daily topic for everyone involved in the financial and monetary markets. Cryptocurrencies presented themselves as a viable alternative to traditional currencies, with a lot of new interesting features, but also several aspects that split the opinions between those who understand it as a great alternative for the future and the more skeptical ones who still question its legality and use. Nowadays, cryptocurrency is one of the most interesting topics in the financial markets due to all the controversy associated, as well as the public acceptance, responsible for the huge prices that these coins have been reaching. In this dissertation, we aim to analyze every aspect concerning cryptocurrencies. With the intention to clarify the most important details about this new market, all these details have been scrutinized, from the several different types of cryptocurrencies and its behavior, to the factors that have an impact in cryptocurrencies prices. Cryptocurrency is still a trendy and unknown subject to many people, and that was the motivation and the main objective of this dissertation, to clarify everyone about this topic before thinking of investing in any of these new cryptocurrencies.
Новая технология и форма управления организацией, ставшие возможными благодаря развитию криптографии, - децентрализованная автономная организация (ДАО). В статье приведено описание архитектуры и эволюции ДАО в рамках теоретико-игровой модели. Проанализированы существующие организации, носящие статус ДАО, и описаны основные регулирующие их механизмы в терминах контрактов. В результате выделены основные проблемные области ДАО. Предложен ряд подходов, в перспективе частично или полностью решающих проблемы развития ДАО. The new technology as well as the new way to manage the organization are available due to the development of cryptography - decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). The article describes the architecture and evolution of DAO within the game-theoretic model. The existing organizations bearing the status of DAO are analyzed and the main regulatory mechanisms in terms of contracts are described. As a result, the main problem areas of DAO are identified. A number of approaches are proposed with these approaches partially or completely solving the problems of DAO development in the long run.
В данной работе раскрываются особенности возникновения и особенности работы с криптовалютами Bitcoin, Ethereum, Namecoin, которые собственные создатели позиционируют, как новые ветви развития всей криптовалюты. Исследовано, чем пользуются банки мира, или куда можно инвестировать сегодня. Проведен системный анализ, какую криптовалюту выбрать для получения большей прибыли.
In the current article the legal nature and properties of the cryptocurrency phenomenon are disclosed through the analysis and comparison of the results of «judicial finding» of law that are recorded in the judicial acts. The author reveals, that judicial law of the different jurisdictions goes on the path of recognition of the bitcoin’s (and other cryptocurrencies) nature as the phenomenon that possesses the basic legal properties of money. It is established, that judges in the predominant majority use the following definitions for the characteristic of cryptocurrency: a decentralized currency; an asset that serves as a means of exchange and/or a measure of value; an anonymous digital currency; a virtual currency; an asset that serves as a means of payment; a digital production; an anonymized settlement system; a non–traditional money, etc. The author shows, that cryptocurrencies (in that sense in which they are interpreted in judicial law) have attributive properties that are inherent for the anthroposociocultural phenomena: cryptocurrencies are existentially rooted, they have a spontaneous and at the same time procedural character, they dynamically transformed into the universal phenomenon from the local phenomena, cryptocurrencies act as a natural way of self–regulation, distribution, redistribution and exchange of goods in society between its representatives, primarily in the private sector. The author substantiates the fundamental sense of the «judicial finding» of the legal nature and properties of cryptocurrency, which consists in the synthesis of the pluralistic nature of both crucial phenomena of social life – law and money: cryptocurrencies, as the phenomena that possess the qualities of money, act as the objects (subjects) of the factual life relations in which the question about the law raises. Thereby in the article it is once and again confirmed the full reliability and validity of one of the main Eugen Ehrlich’s theoretical and methodological conclusions, which he made more than a century ago – the conclusion about the poly–ontological nature of law, which is under no circumstances limited to the positive law and therefore cannot be narrowed to the positive legal norms.. Keywords: method of the judicial finding of law; nature of law; legal nature of cryptocurrency (bitcoin); legal properties of cryptocurrency (bitcoin). Received: 22.02.2018 Accepted: 23.03.2018 https://doi.org/10.31861/ehrlichsjournal2018.02.024
The paper analyzes the specific nature of high-tech systems in IT area in terms of the transition to the digital economy (Digital Economy of the Russian Federation program). The research identifies the characteristics of legal regulation of databases, distributed ledgers, and blockchain technology. The author determines that the legal regime of databases is admissible with regard to the above-mentioned systems. The study reveals the aspects of special sectoral laws and regulations applied to databases in order to introduce distributed ledgers and blockchain technology. The research considers the dual nature of database laws governing blockchain technology in different ways. The author concludes that laws and regulations concerning databases can be implemented to introduce distributed ledgers and blockchain technology considering their specific legal nature for particular legal relations.
Nowadays, Blockchain Technology and Cryptocurrency have gained the attention of world media, both technological and business sectors. This study assessed the importance of implementing Cryptocurrency project in Ethiopia by collecting empirical data. "Cryptocurrency is a digital currency in which encryption techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds, operating independently of a central bank "(Cambridge Dictionary, 1995). Cryptocurrency uses the technology called Blockchain, Blockchain is a shared ledger or a continually updated list of transaction. This ledger keeps every transaction that has ever happened in a completely decentralized form and distributed among users. Because of that, third parties such as (Bank and central bank etc.) who were traditionally in charge of the ledger are no longer needed. The technology is huge, and it has applications not only in currency but in other industries such as land registration, voting and smart contracts. This study employed a case study which is used to "provide quantitative or numerical description of trends, attitudes and opinions of participants, hence participants were selected based on their knowledge and experience of the technology. The source of data were both primarily and secondary, such as, published or unpublished and public or private documents. The collected Cross-sectional data were organized and analyzed through descriptive data analysis technique so that the research can come to a conclusion and derive important information. The research finding shows the important role of Cryptocurrency and its backbone Blockchain technology to minimize the current Ethiopia's foreign currency problems and to further help the country meet its millennial development goals.
The study deals with the legal nature of the institution of cryptocurrency in the worldwide practice. It examines the legal regulation of the turnover of cryptocurrency in foreign countries. Cryptocurrency is considered as a means of payment, property, and asset. The author identifies the following approach-es of the states to the legal regulation of this eco-nomic and legal phenomenon: 1) the legislation of countries is neutral toward this phenomenon and does not regulate it; 2) the new legislation that is adopted regulates the turnover of cryptocurrency and promotes its development; 3) the scope under review is regulated within the traditional legal institutions; 4) there is a ban on the use of cryptocurren-cy in the civil and financial field. The author investigates the possible effects of the formal approval to carry out digital currency transactions. The case studies for declaring cryptocurrency exchanges bankruptcy are discussed.
The paper is devoted to the analysis of issues of regulation of use of cryptocurrency in the Russian Federation and offers the possible measures to solve them. The conclusion is made that the ideal desired result would be the creation of such a controlled financial and economic mechanism based on blockchain technology that would become more attractive for its potential participants than the "usual" cryptocurrencies and smart contract systems. Key words: cryptocurrency, legal regulation, financial system, transactions, financial risks, financial mechanism.
The article discusses the retrospective of cryptocurrencies, theoretical understanding of the digital currency, its value and essence. The tendencies and prospects of cryptocurrencies development. The article focuses on the lack of a legal framework regulating relations in the field of "mining" and circulation of cryptocurrencies. Keywords: cryptocurrency; digital currencies; bitcoin; electronic money; mining; cryptographic methods of information protection.
A. Goriacheva, N. Jakubenko, O. Pogodina, Dmitry S. Silnov
This article is devoted to the exploration of services of anonymizing transactions, based on the Mixer, CoinJoin and CoinSuffle technologies, as well as to the description of the core principles of operation of these technologies and technical details. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different realizations of this service. It formulates the problem of cryptocurrency laundering through anonymization services and offers solutions to this problem.Keywords: cryptocurrency, blockchain, bitcoin, mixing service, mining, money laundering.
In the Internet economy, with the help of cryptography, a branch of mathematics dealing with the security of information, as well as authentication and restriction of access to a computer system, a new digital coin as an alternative to national currencies appeared. In accomplishing this, using both mathematical methods (taking advantage of, for example, the difficulty of factorizing very large numbers), and quantum encryption methods. Throughout the world, information technology companies are focusing on information protection, inventing day-to-day methods with greater durability. In the horizon of Information Security, Quantum Cryptography has emerged, generating new possibilities in that field, hoping that data will be better protected and that the digital currency will resist over time and eventually evolve in the future, although Kurzweil, Bitcoin's pioneering technology is unlikely to be used in this respect. The idea of virtual alternatives to national currencies is not new, with advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of this coin are high payment freedom, transparency of information, high security, reduced risks for traders. Among the disadvantages we highlight the risk and volatility, the lack of notification and understanding, with incomplete functions, but which are developing, so Bitcoin is not perfect.
The paper proves the validity of studying cryptocurrency as a cultural phenomenon. According to the Fundamentals of State Cultural Policy, culture is a resource of the social and economic development of the country, therefore, examining the economic aspects of the society is of great importance to cultural scientists. The possibility of dealing with cryptocurrency as a cultural element is confirmed by the following statements. Cryptocurrency refers to the economic culture of a society. The cryptocurrency impact is covered in mass media which constitute the cultural institution. In addition, cryptocurrency is consolidated in culture through the specialized exhibitions supported by public cultural agencies. The paper defines the promising trends in researches identifying the capacity of the virtual reality in the field of cultural patterns development. The authors note that studying cryptocurrency as a part of virtual reality will allow one to determine the mechanisms, borders, and technologies of this type of reality.
Open access
Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Library Science and Information
Innovations in Education and Learning Technologies
The research is connected with tackling the issue of the expediency \nof giving the legal status to cryptocurrency as an alternative monetary \nsystem. Thorough research has been given to foreign experience and legal \nprecedents with use ofcomparative-legal and sociological methodology.As \na conclusion, using an alternative monetary system requires a balanced \napproach. When blockchain technology has become widely spread all over \nthe world, the participants of the virtual money turnover should deal with \neach other on the legal basis. It calls for the working outof basic concepts \nand categories with regard to the use of virtual monetary units
The paper discusses cryptocurrencies both in terms of their applicability to everyday financial transactions as well as in terms of criminogenic factors. The Authors will present practical ways to settle in virtual currency, institutions in which bitcoin payments can be made and the possibility of converting them into traditional currencies. Also factors conducive to combine cryptocurrencies with the criminal world, such as the anonymity of both the Internet and cryptocurrencies will be analysed. In addition, the paper presents the real impact of cryptocurrencies on the increase in crime worldwide, both related to financing of terrorism and in connection with taxation of income. The data and conclusions contained in this study are a contribution to the discussion on the sense of investing in cryptocurrencies, and above all on the opportunities and threats that entail the widespread introduction of this method of payment.
Цель работы: разработка концепции эффективной системы учета и отслеживания продукции, основанной на применении блокчейн-технологии, в связи c изменениями в маркировке табачной продукции. Задачи работы: - изучить принципы блокчейн технологий; - изучить принципы «smart-контракта» технологии; - рассмотреть преимущества и недостатки технологии; - разработать smart-контракт; - оценить экономическую эффективность проекта. Объект исследования – блокчейн-технологии. Предмет исследования - процесс маркировки продукции. В первой главе приведен обзор теоретического материала по технологии блокчейн. Вторая глава посвящена разработке методики использования «smart-контракта» при маркировке табачной продукции. В третьей главе рассмотрено применение смарт - контракта для конкретного бизнес-процесса. Результаты работы: практическим результатом работы является концепция умного контракта, который существенно упростит процесс, а также позволит маркировать продукцию и контролировать сбыт.
This diploma thesis deals with the cryptocurrencies in practice of law. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the initial coin offering and the basic tax aspects of the cryptocurrencies, both with respect to the Czech law, and to provide a comparative overview of the cryptocurrency legal regulation in different states of the world. The actual text of the thesis is divided into four parts. These parts are preceded by a general introduction outlining the overall concept of the thesis, its purpose and the reasons why the topic was chosen. The fourth part is followed by a conclusion summarizing the main findings that were made. The first part of the thesis deals with an explanation of the term cryptocurrency and its comparison with the terms virtual and digital currency. It also discusses whether cryptocurrencies can be considered as money or as currencies and what each of these two categories means. The second part is focused on the initial coin offer in the Czech law. There is a brief description of its course followed by an examination of the applicable rules of both public and private law. Particular attention is paid to the rules concerning the initial public offering, payment transactions, collective investment, enterprise and anti-money laundering. The third part of the thesis dissects basic tax aspects of...