Blockchain Papers

Rabin K. Jana, Indranil Ghosh, Debojyoti Das, Anupam Dutta

No abstract is available for this record.

Sarath Sabu, Hariharan Ramalingam, M Vishaka, H Swapna · 5 authors

Medical applications are fast growing in popularity, both for professional use and for patient-centered apps. The current Health record and IoT data sharing systems however have a fair amount of problems associated with privacy and security. The secure and privacy aware E-Health record to propose a mechanism using blockchain and IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) which offers a solution to all these problems. It also includes limitations and safeguards on what can be done and cannot be done with your personal information in some cases. The IPFS data will be dispersed among the nodes. Use of IPFS (Interplanetary File System) to store health records, which has the benefit of being distributed which in turn makes record tamper-free. In addition, the proposed model keeps track of disease statistics without invading any patient's privacy. This is conceivable not only for web pages, but for any type of file that a computer might save, whether it's a document, an email, or even a database record, thanks to IPFS.

Nishant Jha, Deepak Prashar, Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf, Youseef Alotaibi · 6 authors

Conventional crop insurance systems are complex and often not economically feasible. Farmers are often reluctant to be covered for their crops due to lack of trust in insurance firms and the fear of delayed or non-payment of claims. In this paper, a blockchain based crop insurance solution is suggested. The solution suggested in this paper is an affordable, efficient, low cost crop insurance solution which will ensure many farmers are insured and benefiting from timely crop insurance. Currently the cost of administering insurance is an essential barrier to accessing this facility. With the proper use of blockchain based on ethereum this expense can be reduced dramatically. We have conducted various tests on platforms such as Google Cloud and found that the least throughput is 165 transactions. Upon analysis we have found that the time taken by the block formation is directly proportional to the timing of processing. The end-to-end average latency of the system was achieved as 31.2 s, which was quite effective for the infrastructure what we are using. Upon conducting acceptance testing, we found that the system suggested in the paper is effective and we are planning to release the application on open source platforms for future improvements.

Smitha Chowdary, Srilakshmi Puli, Lakshmi Viveka K, M. V. B. T. Santhi

The Internet of Things (IoT) Internet typically provides information on all Internet properties. Without human interference, it monitors and handles the functions remotely. It can immediately or through its experiences adapt to the conditions. Because of the participation of IoT devices in many applications, security and privacy of the users have become a matter of major concern. The current security and privacy policies are being undermined by cyber-attacks at an explosive pace. Blockchain technology recently became one of the most advanced technique in IOT. Blockchain has been developed to facilitate digital transactions and to provide safe and reliable access to the distributed ledger. Blockchain is able to provide safe transactions among users without the need for reliable third parties or intermediaries with intelligent contracts. Each node data transmission packets rate will be recorded using the blockchain. Consequently, Machine Learning (ML) algorithms are employed to produce precise outputs from large and complex databases that enable produced outputs to predict and detect IoT-based systems' vulnerabilities. Data from heterogeneous sensors can be collected by translating the differing types of values for various sensor types. In addition to fast IoT system expansion via global protection, it is not expected to reach its highest level. As a result of the omnipresent existence of IoT, most users have no experience or ability to protect devices alone. In IoT world, machine learning can be extremely successful in addressing safety challenges. In this research work, a Machine Learning based Data Security Model with Blockchain (MLDSMB) for IoT secure data transmission is proposed. The proposed model is contrasted with the traditional models and the proposed technique shows that the secure data transmission levels are high than existing models.

Santosh T. Jagtap, Chetan M. Thakar, Ouail El Imrani, Khongdet Phasinam · 6 authors

The term “electronic healthcare” refers to patient records that are stored in digital format. Patient-centered data allows any authorized individual to view the data from any place and at any time. E-health insurance leads to more social and health benefits as well as fewer health mistakes. An electronic health record is a digital repository of a patient's personal history created by one or more care delivery organizations. The term blockchain was formed from the terms block and chain, as well as the list of transactions known as a block, which is associated with the cryptographic technology. Each block is linked to the block header that came before it. A blockchain only stores one patient's record. This article outlines a strategy for safeguarding healthcare data. The suggested model's key features are interoperability and safe storage and access to patient data.

Shams Tabrez Siddiqui, Mohammoud Fakhreldin, Shadab Alam

The Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain are two of the most impactful and inventive technologies of the previous decade. Due to its unique qualities, such as security, data integrity, decentralization and reliability, blockchain is attracting practitioners and researchers. IoT, on the other hand, refers to a network of connected things that use wearable devices and software to communicate and exchange data with other devices through the internet. These technologies are growing fast in many computer science fields; therefore, it is essential to improve the current state of knowledge of blockchain practices into IoT enabled education sector to utilize the thoroughgoing features to benefit the students, teachers, employers, organizations and lifelong learners.This research article investigates the benefits of the blockchain, to keep the information of stakeholders cryptically secure on the internet. Especially in the field of education where IoT enables an efficient interaction system among developers, facilitators, students, teachers, recruiters and employers while preserving valuable data on the internet. Several challenges of adopting blockchain for IoT-enabled education systems are addressed so that the practitioners can acquire innovative technologies in the field of education more quickly in near future. The most significant accomplishment of this research is the establishment of a framework for the educational system to communicate through IoT devices and utilize blockchain technology for producing certificates and securing other credentials as well.

Rajesh Kumar Kaushal, Naveen Kumar, Surya Narayan Panda

Abstract Blockchain is a technology that operates on distributed peer-to-peer network and is widely adopted by large number of organizations due to its attractive features such as highly secured, transparent, traceable, low transaction fee, no need of central authority and confidentiality. There are lot of confusions and myths regarding the blockchain technology as it is emerging technology and too complex in nature. This paper is aimed at revealing blockchain technology in depth along with its applications and open research challenges. The past published literature was reviewed to achieve the objectives. The study found that apart from cryptocurrency, blockchain is also suitable for other applications such as smart cities, supply chain, healthcare, smart transportation and authenticating IoT (Internet of Things) devices. This study is also disclosing various open research challenges such as scalability issues, huge power consumption and delay in completing transactions. This paper is also sharing the mitigation approaches and the future of blockchain with smart contracts.

Hong Yan

The grain supply chain not only broadens the financing channels for small and medium-sized enterprises in the supply chain and strengthens the cohesion of the supply chain but also opens up new business models and sources of profit for commercial banks. This article aims to study the use of advanced information technologies such as mobile Internet, Internet of Things (IoT) transmission, BT, and other advanced information technologies to design intelligent grain depot integrated systems based on the IoT technology, in accordance with the principles of practicality and advancement, to realize the informatization of the daily management of the grain depot and provide construction experience for the informatization construction of the food industry. This article proposes a detailed summary of several models of agricultural supply chain finance from the perspective of supply chain management and analyzes the applicable conditions and basic processes of these models. It also analyzes the structure of the agricultural supply chain through typical cases, introduces the operation of supply chain finance, and evaluates and analyzes its effectiveness and problems. The experimental results in this paper show that, compared with other storage methods, this solution has obvious advantages in data query efficiency and data storage cost. Without a central server, the entire distributed system will have a certain degree of efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. When the amount of grain data reaches 100,000, 1 million, and 10 million, the system data integrity check time is 0.0263 seconds, 0.3251 seconds, and 1.5032 seconds, respectively. The program seems very useful.

Hiren Patel, Bela Shrimali

The existing agriculture system is having several components such as supply chain management, crop insurance, the shipment of goods, and it involves numerous untrusted stakeholders such as users (farmers, retailers, customers, wholesalers, etc.), agencies (bank, insurance company) and regulators (assessor, surveyors). Due to the active engrossment of the middle man (mostly human beings or agencies operated by human beings) some key issues are raised such as transparency, timeliness, traceability, security, and immutability resulting in financial loss, crop contamination, and spoilage. Secure distributed public ledger technology and decentralized computing paradigm make Blockchain an appropriate alternative to resolve these issues and to achieve profitability & trust for all its stakeholders. In this research, we intend to propose a Blockchain-based mechanism viz. AgriOnBlock which would address the issues mentioned in the agriculture sector by connecting various stakeholders through the usage of IoT devices and smart contracts in Ethereum. We further discuss implications, constraints (methodological, awareness related, regulatory, etc.), and potential for actual adoption of AgriOnBlock.

Sahar A. El-Rahman, Ala Saleh Alluhaidan

No abstract is available for this record.

R. Saranya, A. Murugan

No abstract is available for this record.

Ashutosh Dhar Dwivedi, Rajani Singh, Keshav Kaushik, Raghava Rao Mukkamala · 5 authors

Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the digital world by connecting billions of electronic devices over the internet. IoT devices play an essential role in the modern era when conventional devices become more autonomous and smart. On the one hand, high‐speed data transfer is a major issue where the 5G‐enabled environment plays an important role. On the other hand, these IoT devices transfer the data by using protocols based on centralized architecture and may cause several security issues for the data. Merging artificial intelligence to 5G wireless systems solves several issues such as autonomous robots, self‐driving vehicles, virtual reality, and engender security problems. Building trust among the network users without trusting third party authorities is the system's primary concern. Blockchain emerged as a key technology based on a distributed ledger to maintain the network's event logs. Blockchain provides a secure, decentralized, and trustless environment for IoT devices. However, integrating IoT and blockchain also has several challenges; for example, major challenge is low throughput. Currently, the ethereum blockchain network can process approximately 12 to 15 transactions per second, while IoT devices require relatively higher throughput. Therefore, blockchains are incapable of providing functionality for a 5G‐enabled IoT based network. The limiting factor of throughput in the blockchain is their network. The slow propagation of transactions and blocks in the P2P network does not allow miners and verifiers to fastly mine and verify new blocks, respectively. Therefore, network scalability is the major issue of IoT based blockchains. In this work, we solved the network scalability issue using blockchain distributed network while to increase the throughput of blockchain, this article uses the Raft consensus algorithm. Another most important issue with IoT networks is privacy. Unfortunately, the blockchain distributed ledgers are public and sensitive information is available on the network for everyone are private, but in such cases, third party editing is not possible without revealing the original contents. To solve privacy issues, we used zkLedger as a solution that is based on zero knowledge‐based cryptography.

K. Selva Sheela, C. V. Priya

A blockchain is a growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked together using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data. It is a decentralized, distributed and public digital ledger that is used to record transactions across many computers called nodes. Blockchain, in collaboration with the technologies like Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things, Big data, etc., provides more effective outcomes by minimizing manpower with an increase in its feasibility. IoT is all about expanding the power of the internet beyond computers and smartphones to a whole range of other things, processes, and environments. Our day-to-day life can be made interesting with the applications of IoT-enabled devices in the home, agriculture, logistics, industries, healthcare sectors, and so on. They can be combined with the disciplines like data collection, management of huge data, storage of data, data analytics, etc. These IoT devices are embedded with sensors that are vulnerable to hackers and malware. At present, we cannot give complete assurance of the security of the access and data associated with the devices as it is possible for an intruder to misuse or mishandle the scheduled process. But, in association with blockchain technology, we can acquire solutions for problems related to security.

Nouf Alharbi, Arwa Althagafi, Omamah Alshomrani, Ahad Almotiry · 5 authors

Water pollution is a major issue all over the world, and one of the great causes of water deterioration is industrial waste as the polluted water is being dumped into surface water such as seas, springs, and dams. Consequently, this will affect the whole planet, starting from destroying the agricultural crop up to the endangerment of humankind. There are plenty of industries all over Saudi Arabia, many of which are of a high category that generates dangerous fluids and other materials in their daily production activities. By discharging polluted components in water, the industry is considered to be violating the General Authority of Meteorology Environmental Protection (GAMEP)’s laws and regulations. It’s a revolutionary step to stop establishments and industries from contributing to water pollution. Currently, industries violating these laws are difficult to identify due to the manual nature of measuring industrial water tanks. This produces difficulties in pulling out a sample to measure. To tackle the aforementioned issue, a system has been proposed as it is not only detecting water pollution but will take action in order to prevent the continuation of water pollution. The integration between two technologies has been introduced in this system. First, IoT (internet of things) is used to measure water components in industrial tanks and detect any violation. Second, blockchain is applied to the appropriate penalty of the violating industry and maintain the transparency, integrity, and reliability of the violation records. The system will be capable of measuring water quality in real-time and facilitate the instant detection of any violations to carry out the appropriate penalty. An introductory experiment shows prominent results that can be used to decrease the number of water violation cases to save the planet and secure a promising future.

Sheikh Mohammad Idrees, Iflah Aijaz, Roshan Jameel, Mariusz Nowostawski

The blockchain is revolutionizing the current IT industry by increasing its integration with other prominent technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Big Data and Cloud Computing to name a few. It works as a distributed network with no central authority, where the data is continuously added in the form of blocks. The blocks are validated by the network itself, which makes it transparent and secure. It was first used as a ledger for the transactions of a crypto currency named bitcoin, but with time, innumerable industries have started to implement it. And because of its promising future, it would not take much time to spread in all the IT related areas globally. The blockchain technology is contemplated to be a technology that is still in its infancy and needs a thorough research so that it can be utilized to its full capacity. Consequently, in order to provide a thorough analysis, this paper gives a systematic and comprehensive review of architecture and working of the blockchain along with its types and important characteristics. This paper also discusses about the prominent blockchain platforms available today along with the description of diverse blockchain supported application areas. The issues related to the blockchain technology and the areas in which the work can be done in future are also pointed in this paper, which would be helpful for practitioners and researchers who are willing to work on this fast growing platform.

M. Poongodi, Mohit Malviya, Mounir Hamdi, V. Vijayakumar · 7 authors

Abstract The evolution of 4G telecommunication propagated various resource‐crunched clients to experience rate‐effective resources at ease. However, it extends its underlying centralised architecture, which arouses various challenges correlated with network data availability, network information protection, and operational infrastructure charges. With the recent revolution of telecommunication, 5G networks promised to provide credible schemes like the high quality of service, ultra‐low latency, and much security over the pre‐existing architecture. However, the deployment of end‐to‐end 5G network cutting‐edge systems in the present heterogeneous world limits its core idea of extensive data privacy, native interoperability, risk‐free interference, and radio spectrum sharing. Perhaps, to achieve its true capability, improved versions of blockchain technology could be aligned to strengthen various real‐time complex applications at a flourishing rate. One of the multiplexed real‐time enterprise applications is a keyword search engine where the integrity of user data files and keyword searches are bound to come under cyber hackers. On the one hand, it was found that when a 5G‐based blockchain emulated network gets deployed with intact encryption techniques, the entire system facilitates to give reliable, efficient, and risk‐free keyword search over variegated 5G network data and its complex computational calculations. Consequently, the use of blockchain‐based decentralised cloud orchestration scheme at various levels enabled the architecture to remain incorruptible and protects all the confidential files and keywords in a fully controlled file access environment. The results of the simulation kernel shows that proposed architecture which, when combined with blockchain‐based decentralised cloud orchestration network system, justify all the essential characteristics and effectuates the optimal use of 5G network sharing by each network entity.

Sara Mostafa Soleman Sara Mostafa Soleman

The Internet of Things (IoT) is considered a high-impact technology in many major markets. It promises many opportunities, but there are several risks and drawbacks associated with this technology stand in the way of realizing its potential opportunities, such as the IoT devices limited capabilities (restricted resources) as well as the current access control systems based on central structures and central hierarchies. with all IoT devices, the security risks and threats are enormous. Blockchain is defined as tamper-proof, tamper-resistant digital ledgers that are executed in a distributed fashion, i.e., without a central repository and usually without central authority, allowing all parties to track information over an insecure network without the need for third-party verification. This technology could be a solution to the problems facing the Internet of Things, however the integrating between blockchain and Internet of Things system comes with many challenges as such blockchain suffers from high resource consumption, slow response, etc. In this research we will propose a new architecture for how to integrate blockchain with the Internet of Things. This structure consists of the smart home responsible for its own data (own chain) and the service provider which considered indirect manager of the network. The performance of the proposed architecture will be studied in terms of expansion, decentralization, security and permanent availability.

Saurabh Shukla, Subhasis Thakur, Shahid Hussain, John G. Breslin · 5 authors

The healthcare Internet-of-Things (IoT) offers many benefits including data transmission in real-time mode, the ability to monitor the physiological state of the patient in a different interval of time. Devices such as blood-pressure monitors, glucose meters, heart monitoring implants, Electroencephalography (EEG), Electrocardiogram (ECG), and Electromyography (EMG) wearable devices allow health providers to collect the patient health information locally and make a real-time decision based on the Patient Health Data (PHD). Hospitals have been adopting the IoT for many years and now they have healthcare IoT devices in patients’ rooms and their bodies. However, the medical agencies, hospitals, and companies do not consider the security risk of healthcare IoT devices connected to a Local Area Network (LAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN). The IoT devices can be easily hacked and may lead to several potentially life-threatening risks due to poor authentication and encryption practices. Existing machine learning algorithms and blockchain approach working in the cloud computing environment are unable to meet the Quality of Service (QoS) like reliability, authentication, identification, and security requirements of healthcare IoT devices. Most of the traditional machine learning algorithms and techniques for healthcare IoT lacks the real-world implementation for secure data transmission. Therefore, blockchain is introduced for secure and reliable transaction in healthcare IoT. Whereas Fog Computing (FC) is introduced to extend the services of the cloud at the edge of networks. Integration of FC with blockchain can overcome the issue of healthcare IoT device identification, authentication, and verification for scalable frequent data transmission in a decentralized environment. Hence, a novel solution for the abovementioned problem is proposed using FC and blockchain. It includes an FC-based three-tier architecture, an analytical model, a mathematical framework, and an Advanced Signature-Based Encryption (ASE) algorithm for healthcare IoT device identification, verification, and Patient Health Data (PHD) authentication. The aim is to extend secure data transmission for healthcare IoT and end-users availing the real-time services. The proposed model and algorithm will be able to provide services for transaction and transmission near the edge in a secure manner. By analyzing the generated results from the proposed novel ASE algorithm for throughput, packet error, reliability, and malicious node detection accuracy; it is observed that the ASE algorithm in the FC environment easily outperforms the cloud and the other existing state of the art techniques such as FogBus, Femto cloud, Blockchain Fog-based Architecture Network (BFAN), and BeeKeeper. The malicious node detection accuracy of the ASE algorithm in the FC environment is 91% and in the cloud is 83%. Whereas the reliability percentage of the ASE algorithm in FC is 95% and in the cloud is 87%. The proposed approach is tested on simulators iFogSim (Net-Beans) and SimBlock.

Muhammad Raheel Raza, Asaf Varol, Walayat Hussain

The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the human world by transforming ordinary everyday objects into smart devices. These autonomous devices have reshaped our lives. The emerging technology is expanding day-by-day with the increasing need for smart devices as so the issues are also increasing w.r.t security, data reliability, maintenance and authentication. On the other hand, another innovative technology- Blockchain- has transformed our financial world by introducing sophisticated security. An integrated Blockchain-IoT system can resolve the problems they face individually and serve the technological world better. The paper provides a comprehensive study of both technologies by highlighting their features and challenges. The article further critically analyses existing approaches that discussed various issue about IoT and Blockchain.

Indra Eluubek kyzy, Huaming Song, Ahmadreza Vajdi, Yongli Wang · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Anisha Desai, Payal Shah, Dayanand Ambawade

Blockchain Technology has grabbed a lot of attention in the past few decades as an emerging technology majorly for crypto-exchanges. However, in 2-3 years, blockchain technology has gone through a path of diffusion across domains which are way on the far side, from its initial fintech applications. Media, Telecommunication, life sciences, defense, healthcare, government, etc., are industries where rapid adoption of this technology is seen. The education sector can also benefit from this technology's pertinent features, such as immutability, distributed ledger, and transparency. Record management, course evaluation, assistive learning environment, transcripts protection, and verification are the potential areas where institutional organizations can utilize blockchain. VerifyB is a blockchain-based system that promotes interoperability between institutions/ organizations to manage and assure students' records without any third-party entity intervention. The system is deployed on Ethereum Blockchain. It defines how blockchain technology can be adopted and leveraged to store students' educational records using IPFS (Interplanetary File System). It proposes how students can share their transcripts with institutions and employers using QR codes. Also, institutions can sign those records with access control using web3, and the authenticated employers can verify those transcripts and the signatures on the same platform. This system will help students as well as institutions to maintain security and transparency at the same time. Based on the analysis, VerifyB is a reliable, completely decentralized, secure, and tamper-proof system that implements storage, maintenance, and verification of educational records.

Monika Parmar, Harsimran Kaur, Rinku

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the next paradigm in the communication information age. Through using IoT, smart devices can be activated to automatically build, collect, and share the data. Existing and potential IoT technologies bring additional consumers’ degree of comfort, productivity, and functionality. So, for this, it needs high data protection, anonymity, and restoration from breaches to be able to incorporate such an environment. Blockchain, a distributed ledger technology, capable of maintaining data privacy in a decentralized system, is widely implemented in various fields especially in the field of IoT. Blockchain has recently been gaining recognition because of its conjunction with the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Therefore, in this paper, we analyzed the various security threats in IoT architecture and its possible Blockchain solution is presented. The core functionality of our system is to monitor the real-time values of Humidity 78 and temperature of remote locations through Internet after securing it using blockchain-based technology. The live values of Humidity, the temperature can be seen through the channels of ThingSpeak Cloud. We can easily get any malicious activity in the infrastructure as with the help of Blockchain, a Secured Hash Algorithm can be applied on each block, and changing something inside a block will change its hash value. So, our paper aims at Secured data transmission by storing sensor data in the blockchain and transmitting the blocks onto the cloud. At last, we examine the challenges and future scope for research in the protection safeguarding of blockchain-based IoT frameworks.

Shankar Nawale, Rahul Konapure

The delivery of medicine directly from the manufacturer to the end-user is the highest priority of today's healthcare system. Several stakeholders, including distributors, suppliers, wholesalers, and consumers, are involved in the pharmaceutical supply chain. However, verifying the source of raw materials and maintaining visibility of goods and merchandise as they move across the supply chain network has become increasingly difficult thus, forming opportunities for counterfeits to enter the authentic supply chain. This paper proposes using the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain to improve traceability in the pharmaceutical supply chain. Blockchain-based on the IoT is a type of distributed ledger (DLT) that keeps an immutable record of all transaction data that cannot be falsified and is transparent to all stakeholders. Implementing an IoT-based blockchain system will give pharmaceutical industry the resources it needs to enhance drug traceability across the supply chain, resulting in more effective and safe healthcare.

Asad Abbas, Roobaea Alroobaea, Moez Krichen, Saeed Rubaiee · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.