In recent years, there has been a growing interest on the combination of copulas with mixture model. The combination of vine copulas incorporated into a finite mixture model is also helpful to capture secret structures in a data. This paper aims to examine the relationship between bitcoin and other crypto money indicators with the CD Vine Copula Approach method. In the study, we use closing prices of Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Ethereum, Litecoin, and IOT. The results show that there is a strong dependence between bitcoin and prominent financial indicators.
The Internet of Things (IoT) providers serve better IoT services each year while producing more IoT gateways and devices to expand their services. However, the security of the IoT ecosystem remains an afterthought for most IoT providers. This action results in many cybersecurity breaches in the field, most likely due to the lack of access control mechanisms. In this paper, we propose BorderChain, an access control framework based on blockchain for IoT endpoints. The security protocol guarantees two properties. First, our proposal assures IoT users and services that they communicate with approved IoT gateways as endpoints, holding verified IoT devices that they need. Second, BorderChain also generates access tokens that the IoT service and users can use to query IoT resources legitimately inside the IoT domains. As a result, the protocol can convince IoT domain owners that the system will only authorize IoT requests that they approve. We realize our protocol in the form of a smart contract to allow many IoT entities such as IoT domain owners, IoT devices, IoT gateways, IoT vendors, IoT services, IoT users, and Internet Service Provider (ISP) to collaborate in a unified environment. We then implement entities in BorderChain as Node JS applications connecting to the Ethereum blockchain as our peer-to-peer platform. Based on our performance evaluation using several Raspberry Pi hardware and our private server, we show that BorderChain can process entities' authentication and authorization requests efficiently using all hardware resources. Finally, we release BorderChain for public use.
Every kind of business depends on the evolving technologies that tend to take advantages of new opportunities. With every new technology, different set of challenges appear. In recent years, numerous blockchain-based applications have been proposed to solve problems in different areas. In this paper, an adaptive strategy is proposed to eliminate driving license frauds using blockchain technology. With second generation of blockchain technologies, smart contracts have helped to develop trust and automated transactions between large numbers of users. Smart Contracts are programs that run on the blockchain to take action on the records. This paper proposes a driving license registration and verification smart contract using Ethereum blockchain. The smart contract mechanism allows for registration of the officers/agents by a higher authority. It can dynamically restrict unregistered officer/fraud agents from generating fake driving license. Also, the smart contract facilitates verification of a registered driving license which includes checking its validity and authorization. It provides special rights to the traffic regulator officer to add remarks to the driving license if the driving license holder is found violating the traffic rules. Since the blockchain is an immutable ledger, this remark cannot be tampered and the apprehended person would be liable to pay the fines. This would result in reduction of traffic accidents and violation of traffic rules. This smart contract opens up doors for more innovations in this field and improves traffic regulation and management.
A way to enable full decentralisation in our P2P- oriented economy are ‘Smart Contracts’,a term coined by Nick Szabo.<br> These smart contracts enforce a set ofpredefined rules which are coded as logic to orchestrate agreement between different entities. .The current implementation makes the use of smart contracts deployed on the Ethereum blockchain that provides full-fledged car sharing functionalities along with various countermeasures to tackle malicious behaviour.
Industrial investments into distributed energy resource technologies are increasing and playing a pivotal role in the global transactive energy, as part of a wider drive to provide a clean and stable source of energy. The management of prosumers, which consume and as well as generate energy, with heterogeneous energy sources is critical for sustainable and efficient energy trading procedures. This article proposes a blockchain-assisted adaptive model, namely SynergyChain, for improving the scalability and decentralization of the prosumer grouping mechanism in the context of peer-to-peer energy trading. Smart contracts are used for storing the transaction information and for the creation of the prosumer groups. SynergyChain integrates a reinforcement learning module to further improve the overall system performance and profitability by creating a self-adaptive grouping technique. The proposed SynergyChain is developed using Python and Solidity and has been tested using Ethereum test nets. The comprehensive analysis using the hourly energy consumption dataset shows a 39.7% improvement in the performance and scalability of the system as compared to the centralized systems. The evaluation results confirm that SynergyChain can reduce the request completion time along with an 18.3% improvement in the overall profitability of the system as compared to its counterparts.
Efficient energy distribution and utilization play a significant role in the energy grid, especially with renewable sources. The existing grid system has problems in resource utilization, data privacy, wireless communication, and dynamic demand handling. An energy grid is proposed based on IoT, blockchain, and machine learning techniques to solve the problems. The proposed energy grid architecture controls energy flow according to the demand, predicts expected load, analyzes consumer behavior, and enables the users in the grid trade energy in peer to peer manner. Energy flow in storage modules controlled with high voltage relays, and it automates the charging and discharging of respective battery pools in the grid. Energy consumption and battery status in the grid uploaded to the distributed file system. The data clustering model deployed in the server analyses those data and divides the consumers into three groups according to the consumer’s consumption behavior: high, moderate, and low consumption. The Time series analysis model deployed to forecast the load and predict peak hours. The codes deployed as a smart contract in an Ethereum blockchain platform. Machine learning algorithms are deployed for forecasting and clustering. In forecasting, the average error rate is 37% less than other generally used algorithms, and in the clustering algorithm, the accuracy increases as the dataset increases, which is 30% more than other cluster models. The controlled energy storage model in this grid provides up to 500–600 extra charge cycles for batteries than other traditional methods. The distributed IPFS storage provides data security, and smart contracts support grid operational security and data privacy. The data analyzation module of the grid helps effective resource utilization.
João F. Ferreira, Pedro E. D. Cruz, Thomas Durieux, Rui Abreu
Over the last few years, there has been substantial research on automated analysis, testing, and debugging of Ethereum smart contracts. However, it is not trivial to compare and reproduce that research. To address this, we present SmartBugs, an extensible and easy-to-use execution framework that simplifies the execution of analysis tools on smart contracts written in Solidity, the primary language used in Ethereum. SmartBugs is currently distributed with support for 10 tools and two datasets of Solidity contracts. The first dataset can be used to evaluate the precision of analysis tools, as it contains 143 annotated vulnerable contracts with 208 tagged vulnerabilities. The second dataset contains 47,518 unique contracts collected through Etherscan. We discuss how SmartBugs supported the largest experimental setup to date both in the number of tools and in execution time. Moreover, we show how it enables easy integration and comparison of analysis tools by presenting a new extension to the tool SmartCheck that improves substantially the detection of vulnerabilities related to the DASP10 categories Bad Randomness, Time Manipulation, and Access Control (identified vulnerabilities increased from 11% to 24%).
Benjamin Mariano, Yanju Chen, Yu Feng, Shuvendu K. Lahiri · 5 authors
This paper aims to shed light on how loops are used in smart contracts. Towards this goal, we study various syntactic and semantic characteristics of loops used in over 20,000 Solidity contracts deployed on the Ethereum blockchain, with the goal of informing future research on program analysis for smart contracts. Based on our findings, we propose a small domain-specific language (DSL) that can be used to summarize common looping patterns in Solidity. To evaluate what percentage of smart contract loops can be expressed in our proposed DSL, we also design and implement a program synthesis toolchain called Solis that can synthesize loop summaries in our DSL. Our evaluation shows that at least 56% of the analyzed loops can be summarized in our DSL, and 81% of these summaries are exactly equivalent to the original loop.
This paper proposes a decentralized framework for the orchestration of Cloud Services using heterogeneous resources residing in the homes of private individuals or small-scale clusters. The framework makes use of Ethereum Smart Contracts to provide a decentralized mechanism for discovering the different interfaces exposed by Cloud Components. The paper introduces a novel concept of Component Administration Networks, which are peer-to-peer networks that monitor and ensure the availability of the software components. The concept applied for the Orchestration process to ensure that the deployment of an Application continues in the presence of Orchestrator component failure. Checkpoints are used to address the continuity of the Management components, in general, and of the Orchestrator, in particular. In our proposal, checkpoint metadata is stored in a Smart Contract to assess the execution time of a Service to reimburse the participants that ensure its execution.
Academic credentials are precious assets as they form an evidence for one’s identity and eligibility. Fraud inissuance and verification of academic certificates have been a long-standing issue in academic community. Due to lack of antiforgery mechanisms there has been substantial increase in fraudulent certificates. The need of the hour is to have a transparent and reliable model for issuing and verifying academic certificates to eliminate fraud in the process. Decentralized, Auditable and Tamper-proof properties of Blockchain makes it possibly the best choice for issuing and verifying academic certificates. In this paper we propose a model, where regulatory body authorizes higher education Institutes (universities and colleges) for issuing academic certificates to students in a decentralized way. Anyone in the world can verify the authenticity of the certificate by triggering appropriate smart contract functions, thus eliminating any possibility of fraud in the process. In addition we used multi signature scheme where certificates are required to be signed by designated authority from Higher Education Institutes, thus allowing for multi-level checks on certificate contents before being successfully deployed on Blockchain. We have also provide Proof of Concept in Ethereum Blockchain and evaluated its performance in terms of cost, security and scalability.
Contents that are uploaded on the centralized video platform are mostly controlled by the platform owner instead of the content creator. On the other hand, decentralized blockchain-based video platforms are trying to decrease ad pressure and removes intermediaries but some content creators upload garbage content to earn free cryptocurrency, generated by the blockchain algorithm which demoralizes other creative content makers. Also, copyright infringement, illegal distribution of protected content is a big issue in mainstream video platforms. Therefore, copyright protection, illegal access control and legitimate video file distribution are needed with proper pay off for the creator's creative content. The paper proposes a composition of robust copyright protection algorithm, a secured encryption method and access control system designed with modified version of IPFS and Ethereum Smart Contract to develop an effective Blockchain-based decentralized video streaming platform.
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The Internet of Things (IoT), which uses the internet to connect users (devices) from various fields, has become widely popular nowadays. It is predicted that IoT will play an increasingly important role and be deployed in people ' s daily life. However, there are still various security issues to be addressed in IoT, such as decentralized authentication, low power device and lightweight cryptographic framework, privacy problems, and so on. Blockchain technology, with the characteristics of decentralization, permissionless, transparency, and immutable, has received great attention. To address these security risks, especially the decentralized authentication problem of IoT, and improve the credibility of the authentication, this paper presents a Blockchain-Based Secure Framework (BBSF) for IoT applications. With a smart contract, BBSF supports certificate issuance, update, revocation, and audit functions. We also conduct security analysis and show that the proposed BBSF provides confidentiality, availability, data integrity, and so on. In addition, We deploy BBSF with Ethereum to verify the system stability, scalability, and efficiency.
Electronic Healthcare services are nowadays very popular for providing low-cost medical services. Security is a major challenge in this area, and Blockchain technology can help us to provide a high-level of security of sensitive health records. In this paper, the basic concept of Blockchain Technology is discussed first and after that we have discussed the evolution of Blockchain: Blockchain 1.0 (Bitcoin, Algorand), Blockchain 2.0 (Ethereum) and Blockchain 3.0 (Hyperledger Fabric). In this paper, a system has been designed for maintaining healthcare records involving different actors: patients, doctors, insurance company, pharmacy and many more so that patients, doctors, researcher, medical institutes, hospital, etc. get benefited from the previously saved medical history of patients without breaching into their privacy and maintaining availability, confidentiality and integrity.
Christoph Meinel, Tatiana Gayvoronskaya, Maxim Schnjakin
Der Begriff Blockchain ist in letzter Zeit zu einem Schlagwort geworden, aber nur wenige wissen, was sich genau dahinter verbirgt. Laut einer Umfrage, die im ersten Quartal 2017 veroffentlicht wurde, ist der Begriff nur bei 35 Prozent der deutschen Mittelstandler bekannt. Dabei ist die Blockchain-Technologie durch ihre rasante Entwicklung und die globale Eroberung unterschiedlicher Markte fur Massenmedien sehr interessant.
So sehen viele die Blockchain-Technologie entweder als eine Allzweckwaffe, zu der aber nur wenige einen Zugang haben, oder als eine Hacker-Technologie fur geheime Geschafte im Darknet. Dabei liegt die Innovation der Blockchain-Technologie in ihrer erfolgreichen Zusammensetzung bereits vorhandener Ansatze: dezentrale Netzwerke, Kryptographie, Konsensfindungsmodelle. Durch das innovative Konzept wird ein Werte-Austausch in einem dezentralen System moglich. Dabei wird kein Vertrauen zwischen dessen Knoten (z.B. Nutzer) vorausgesetzt.
Mit dieser Studie mochte das Hasso-Plattner-Institut den Lesern helfen, ihren eigenen Standpunkt zur Blockchain-Technologie zu finden und dabei dazwischen unterscheiden zu konnen, welche Eigenschaften wirklich innovativ und welche nichts weiter als ein Hype sind.
Die Autoren der vorliegenden Arbeit analysieren positive und negative Eigenschaften, welche die Blockchain-Architektur pragen, und stellen mogliche Anpassungs- und Losungsvorschlage vor, die zu einem effizienten Einsatz der Technologie beitragen konnen. Jedem Unternehmen, bevor es sich fur diese Technologie entscheidet, wird dabei empfohlen, fur den geplanten Anwendungszweck zunachst ein klares Ziel zu definieren, das mit einem angemessenen Kosten-Nutzen-Verhaltnis angestrebt werden kann. Dabei sind sowohl die Moglichkeiten als auch die Grenzen der Blockchain-Technologie zu beachten. Die relevanten Schritte, die es in diesem Zusammenhang zu beachten gilt, fasst die Studie fur die Leser ubersichtlich zusammen.
Es wird ebenso auf akute Fragestellungen wie Skalierbarkeit der Blockchain, geeigneter Konsensalgorithmus und Sicherheit eingegangen, darunter verschiedene Arten moglicher Angriffe und die entsprechenden Gegenmasnahmen zu deren Abwehr. Neue Blockchains etwa laufen Gefahr, geringere Sicherheit zu bieten, da Anderungen an der bereits bestehenden Technologie zu Schutzlucken und Mangeln fuhren konnen.
Nach Diskussion der innovativen Eigenschaften und Probleme der Blockchain-Technologie wird auf ihre Umsetzung eingegangen. Interessierten Unternehmen stehen viele Umsetzungsmoglichkeiten zur Verfugung. Die zahlreichen Anwendungen haben entweder eine eigene Blockchain als Grundlage oder nutzen bereits bestehende und weitverbreitete Blockchain-Systeme. Zahlreiche Konsortien und Projekte bieten „Blockchain-as-a-Service“ an und unterstutzen andere Unternehmen beim Entwickeln, Testen und Bereitstellen von Anwendungen.
Die Studie gibt einen detaillierten Uberblick uber zahlreiche relevante Einsatzbereiche und Projekte im Bereich der Blockchain-Technologie. Dadurch, dass sie noch relativ jung ist und sich schnell entwickelt, fehlen ihr noch einheitliche Standards, die Zusammenarbeit der verschiedenen Systeme erlauben und an die sich alle Entwickler halten konnen. Aktuell orientieren sich Entwickler an Bitcoin-, Ethereum- und Hyperledger-Systeme, diese dienen als Grundlage fur viele weitere Blockchain-Anwendungen.
Ziel ist, den Lesern einen klaren und umfassenden Uberblick uber die Blockchain-Technologie und deren Moglichkeiten zu vermitteln.
Prosper Lamothe Fernández, Prosper Lamothe López, Manuel Ángel Fernández Gámez, Sergio M. Fernández-Miguélez
El presente estudio tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de nuevos modelos para determinar con alta precisión los factores que explican el precio de las principales criptomonedas. Para ello, se ha utilizado una amplia base de datos de variables relacionadas con el bitcoin y el ethereum, y se han aplicado técnicas de redes neuronales artificiales. Los resultados obtenidos han permitido identificar que los aspectos relacionados con el número de publicaciones en foros, el volumen de transacciones en blockchain y la tasa de hash proporcionan una excelente estrategia para predecir el precio del bitcoin. También, que el volumen de transacciones, el tamaño de los bloques, las comisiones de mineros y los precios del petróleo son los mejores predictores del valor de mercado del ethereum
Kimberly Michelle Sandoval-Guzmán, Mardo Iván López-Ortega, Pedro Ernesto Domínguez-Rivera, Nelson Ernesto Rivera-Díaz
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la factibilidad de la implementación de criptomonedas como un medio para el financiamiento de la deuda pública externa de El Salvador. La estrategia utilizada corresponde a un modelo econométrico de medias móviles que utilizan las cotizaciones del Bitcoin y Ethereum. Paralelamente, se complementa con un análisis de escenarios propuestos.
With the prosperity of wireless and mobile communications, the allocation of wireless resources, e.g., spectrum channels, femtocell access permissions, and resource blocks of D2D connections, has become a matter of great concern, which leads to the emergence and popularity of electronic auction. However, the lack of privacy protection and fairness guarantee in the existing market has posed great obstacles to user participation in electronic auctions. Without privacy protection, users will be worried about the unauthorized exposure of their commercial secrets, which may hurt their payoffs in the long run. Without fairness guarantee, selfish/malicious users may prematurely abort the auction to avoid unsatisfactory payment, thus causing loss to honest users and wasting system resources. Furthermore, the lack of fairness guarantee will incur an exchange dilemma, where mutually distrusting parties may refuse to initiate the goods/money exchange, hindering the market-clearing of auctions. Although extensive efforts have been made to develop privacy-preserving auction mechanisms for wireless markets, the fairness issue, to the best of our knowledge, has never been taken into account in the context of auctions. Moreover, a truly practical framework that can be applied to most mainstream auction formats is also missing in the literature. In this article, we present the first general framework, named SAFE, for representative auctions in (but not limited to) wireless markets. SAFE achieves a wide range of security goals with much higher efficiency than existing solutions. Furthermore, SAFE ensures auction fairness in a trust-free manner by developing a full set of carefully-designed modular protocols that can be easily adapted to any auction format. We implement the SAFE framework over a simulated Ethereum network. Extensive experimental results confirm that SAFE can indeed achieve high economic efficiency in terms of social welfare and participation satisfaction at very low computation and communication overheads.
Syada Tasmia Alvi, Mohammed Nasir Uddin, Linta Islam, Sajib Ahamed
Democracy plays a significant part in voting. If the voting process is not clear, stable and tamper proof, the integrity and legitimacy of the entire system is at risk. In recent years, neither civilians nor elected leaders have appreciated traditional ballots. Elections are surrounded by vote falsification, bribery and other voting problems. Often an individual must stand in a long line of people while casting votes and the procedure is quite lengthy. There has to be an exceptional feature of modern technologies to upgrade the existing system. Block chain provides the various features that will alter the scenario. But to implement ethereum based blockchain is expensive as for each transaction there is a computation cost. So we have used the sidechain concept to provide a cost effective blockchain based voting mechanism as sidechain extends the capabilities of blockchain by performing some operation besides it using duplicate currency and returns the result to mainchain for its use.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
A growing stream of research finds several relations between the economic growth and corruption. Government implements various strategies to diminish the corruption and also technology often plays a dominant role to face it. Among various technologies alterations, Block-chain technology that becomes an effective and efficient way to resolve these issues related to corruption. This paper represents a brief knowledge related to the Block-Chain technology as it is a kind of distributed database or public ledger of all transactions that have been executed and shared among participating parties. Each and every transaction in the public ledger is verified by a majority of the participants registered in the system. The possible risk related to current scenario and give brief idea for resolving that problem with the help of blockchain technology. Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) which aim is to tackle some of the issues faced by the society. NGO faces difficulty in terms of maintaining and gaining the support from donors in terms of funds. In recent decades there have been multiple examples of corruption misconduct scandals impacting the public image and reputation of NGOs. It is clear that trust of the people in NGOs is affected adversely by such events. Doubts arise in terms of where does the donation ends up? Who is leading the organization? Is donated money are used in a proper direction? So as a part of it, a need is raised to solve such issues for the betterment of the society. For the above stated problem regarding management of funds in NGOs, we propose a solution by using the Blockchain technology among various technologies alteration available. Blockchain offers the way to eliminate the doubts by providing data security, immutability and transparency. So, Blockchain Technology can offer the NGO industry to regain the trust of public.