L'Internet des objets (IIoT) continue d'offrir de nouvelles perspectives et de nouveaux défis, ainsi que son potentiel pour améliorer son environnement commercial, une cyberattaque, une violation de la vie privée et des probabilités. La chose est la croissance de la technologie. L'avenir de la technologie et de la blockchain est une affaire stable et stable dans le monde des systèmes IIoT. La valeur de la blockchain dans le futur et l'avenir de la bourse. Identité et contrôle d'accès. Malgré ces avantages, mesure que les applications IIoT se diversifient et que les volumes de données croissent, la demande en ressources des systèmes blockchain se heurte aux ressources limitées des appareils IIoT, ce qui entraîne des contradictions non résolues et des problèmes persistants. existence manquent encore d'authentification d'identité IIoT anonymat et efficace, avec des processus de cryptage et de décryptage complexes induisant un système non surchargé La meilleure performance de la blockchain, le travail de la blockchain, l'architecture et l'architecture de l'Internet des objets. commencent à travailler sur la blockchain et la protection du public, une solution au problème de la blockchain, une solution au problème des cours boursiers et aux questions environnementales et « l'authentification » de l'IIoT de manières et sécurisées. , d'une manière qui fait la différence dans les bas et garantit l'incongruité des origines du tissu. C'est une transaction chronophage, un processus difficile à gérer dans les transactions. C'est un processus de transaction intemporel (DAG). les avantages du manioc, du sélénium et les résultats sont comparatifs. Pour les processus industriels plus contrôlés et les données sensibles et privées IIoT, cette thèse propose un schéma Un contrat intelligent qui peut vous aider dans votre activité (ABAC) C'est stable et stable, c'est un rapide. consensus et c'est une simulation, c'est un consensus, c'est un vrai problème, c'est un problème, c'est un problème, c'est un problème, c'est une demande, c'est une demande 'Algorithme Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP), intégrer le protocole et la preuve dans. un moyen traditionnel et sans interaction d'améliorer votre chiffrement (CP-ABE) IIoT. Combinant le système de publication-abonnement distribué IIoT (DPS-IoT) ultrasonique Hyperledger Fabric, améliore les éléments considérables et l'efficacité dans la bande passante et les environnements globaux IoT. expérience intemporelle, c'est le moment de confirmer que c'est un protocole, c'est minimiser la charge, c'est un système, c'est stocker des trucs, c'est gestuel, c'est global, c'est IIoT et ses applications C'est un voyage intemporel et un pas en avant dans l'IIoT, un pas. en avant dans la fabrication. Par conséquent, un signe de contribution, un nom de domaine de l'IIoT, une solution au problème et une robustesse pour les systèmes industriels actuels et futurs.
P. Chinnasamy, G. Charles Babu, Ramesh Kumar Ayyasamy, S. Amutha · 6 authors
6G mobile network technology will set new standards to meet performance goals that are too ambitious for 5G networks to satisfy. The limitations of 5G networks have been apparent with the deployment of more and more 5G networks, which certainly encourages the investigation of 6G networks as the answer for the future. This research includes fundamental privacy and security issues related to 6G technology. Keeping an eye on real-time systems requires secure wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Denial of service (DoS) attacks mark a significant security vulnerability that WSNs face, and they can compromise the system as a whole. This research proposes a novel method in blockchain 6G-based wireless network security management and optimization using a machine learning model. In this research, the deployed 6G wireless sensor network security management is carried out using a blockchain user datagram transport protocol with reinforcement projection regression. Then, the network optimization is completed using artificial democratic cuckoo glowworm remora optimization. The simulation results have been based on various network parameters regarding throughput, energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, end-end delay, and accuracy. In order to minimise network traffic, it also offers the capacity to determine the optimal node and path selection for data transmission. The proposed technique obtained 97% throughput, 95% energy efficiency, 96% accuracy, 50% end-end delay, and 94% packet delivery ratio.
Intelligent blockchain is an emerging field that integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques with blockchain networks, with a particular emphasis on improving the performance of blockchain, especially in cryptocurrencies exchanges. Meanwhile, arbitrage bots are widely deployed and increasing in intelligent blockchain. These bots exploit the characteristics of cryptocurrencies exchanges to engage in frontrunning, generating substantial profits at the expense of ordinary users. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing a more efficient asynchronous Byzantine ordered consensus protocol, which can be used to prevent arbitrage bots from changing the order of the transactions for profits in intelligent blockchain-based cryptocurrencies. Specifically, we present two signal asynchronous common subset protocols, the more optimal one with only constant time complexity. We implement both our protocol and the optimal existing solution Chronos with Go language in the same environment. The experiment results indicate that our protocols achieve a threefold improvement over Chronos in consensus latency and nearly a tenfold increase in throughput.
Abstract Health insurance plays a vital role during medical emergencies in the coverage against medical expenses. Insurance fraud is an international challenge that affects most economies worldwide. Government and private companies offer many insurance schemes. The successful implementation of numerous health insurance programs offered for the public by and large are often threatened by corruption, fraud, and numerous other data‐related issues. Further the procedure for acclaiming the insurance money is not only critical in terms of verification of claims but tedious and time consuming also. To help redress these problems, blockchain technology can be utilised as is it offers improved security, transparency, auditability, privacy, accountability along with many other advantages. The goal is to create and implement a blockchain‐based solution for efficient functioning of insurance system and to prevent such health insurance systems from going bankrupt. The authors have proposed an insurance claim model, MedBlockSure using blockchain architecture for creating interoperability between the insurer, the hospital and the insurance company. The model will aid in maintaining transparency between the insurer and the company while eliminating the requirement of middlemen or agents. The conceptual view of the proposed system using sequence and use case diagrams and data management framework and smart claim processing system is demonstrated.
E. S. Vani, K. Raja Kumar, Keshav R Poojary, Praveen Naik
Online trading requires trust between unfamiliar parties, often facilitated by third-party services. This thesis explores leveraging blockchain technology to enhance trust in such transactions, building on its decentralized nature introduced by Bitcoin for peer-to-peer money transfers.A decentralized application (dApp) is developed for storing product tracking and agreement data on a blockchain, aiming to reduce fraud and enhance trust while enabling real-time product tracking. This blockchain-based system demonstrates a significant reduction in fraud risks and an improvement in overall trust compared to traditional third-party services by establishing a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) environment [12]. Importantly, it eliminates transaction value limitations.However, the inherent limitations of blockchain technology, such as data storage and transfer speed, present usability challenges. Integrating logistics companies into blockchain contracts exacerbates these issues. While blockchain solutions may not address all aspects of online trading services, their potential improvements make them appealing to certain users. This research underscores the importance of considering both the technical capabilities and limitations when implementing blockchain-based trade agreements and highlights the tradeoff between scalability and security.
The grain supply chain is crucial for any nation’s self-sustainability due to its huge impact on food security, economic stability, and the livelihoods of several people. The path grain takes from farmers to consumers is opaque and complicated, due to which consumers cannot trust grain quality and its origin. Although blockchain is widely used for fair and secure transactions between farmers and buyers, issues related to transparency and traceability in the grain supply chain, such as counterfeiting and middlemen involvement, have not been adequately addressed. To tackle these issues, a blockchain-based solution is proposed that unites farmers, warehouses, government central and state agencies, transporters, and food corporations on a single platform to enhance transparency, traceability, and trust among all parties. This system involves minting a non-fungible token (NFT) corresponding to each lot of grain approved by government officials. The NFT comprises grain quality, type, temperature data from sensors, weight, and ownership information, which updates as the grain lot moves across the supply chain from central agencies to state agencies and so on. NFTs enable stakeholders to track the grain lot from cultivation to end-users, providing insights into grain conditions and quality. An Internet of Things-based circuit is designed using a Digital-output relative humidity & temperature (DHT22) sensor, which offers real-time temperature and humidity readings, and geolocation coordinates are gathered from the GPS module across the supply chain. Farmers can directly interact with warehouses to sell grains, eliminating the need for middlemen and fostering trust among all parties. The proposed four-tier framework is implemented and deployed on the Ethereum network, with smart contracts interacting with React-based web pages. Analysis and results of the proposed model illustrate that it is viable, secure, and superior to the existing grain supply chain system.
A substantial number of people are presently making use of decentralised cryptocurrencies that are built on blockchain technology. These crypto currencies have garnered a lot of interest over the course of the last few years and are currently being used by their users. Being the first use of blockchain technology, Bitcoin has been a resounding success, which drives further research and improvement in the sector concerned with blockchain technology. Bitcoin was the first usage of blockchain technology. Bitcoin, on the other hand, is susceptible to significant performance issues due to the fact that it has a high transaction latency and a limited throughput. The operations of the cryptocurrency are considerably impacted as a result of these concerns. As a result of the fact that other cryptocurrencies that rely on proof-of-work also carry over its deficiencies, there has been an increase in the number of concerns about the scalability of blockchain technology. The fact that this is the case makes scaling blockchain technology more challenging. All during the course of this investigation, an effort is made to analyse and classify the various scaling mechanisms that are now being used for blockchains. In addition to this, we are going to look at a variety of various approaches and present a list of possible solutions to the issue of scalability that the blockchain technology is now dealing.
Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have been applied to the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) to provide convenience services such as traffic flow prediction. However, concerns regarding privacy and security are on the rise as huge amounts of data are aggregated to form large models (LMs). Although federated learning (FL), which trains and updates a model without sharing the actual datasets, has been intensively researched to prevent privacy breaches, there are still potential security threats like a single point of failure and intentional tampering with malicious data. This is because of the vulnerability of a central curator and a lack of authentication. As participants, they (i.e., vehicles) may unintentionally update low-quality data caused by poor wireless connectivity, unstable availability, and insufficient training datasets. They may also intentionally update unreliable data to carry out poisoning attacks. The divergence among local models, trained on non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data, can slow convergence and diminish model accuracy when these models are aggregated. Therefore, it is important to carefully select trustworthy participants. In this paper, we propose a new reliable and secure federated learning for IoV based on decentralized blockchain and reputation management. To cope with a single point of failure, injection of malicious data, and lack of authentication while ensuring privacy and traceability, our scheme combines blockchain and a lightweight digital signature. Moreover, we employ the concept of the reputation of vehicles to select suitable participants with reliability, ultimately improving accuracy. Security analysis results, including comparisons with previous works, prove that the proposed scheme can address security concerns. The results of performance evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.
Haotian Yang, Pujie Jing, Zihan Wu, Lu Liu · 5 authors
The image integrity of real-time monitoring is crucial for monitoring crop growth, helping farmers and researchers improve production efficiency and crop yields. Unfortunately, existing schemes just focus on ground equipment and drone imaging, neglecting satellite networks in remote or extreme environments. Given that satellite internet features wide area coverage, we propose SEAIS, a secure and efficient agricultural image storage scheme combining blockchain and satellite networks. SEAIS presents the mathematical model of image processing and transmission based on satellite networks. Moreover, to ensure the integrity and authenticity of image data during pre-processing such as denoising and enhancement, SEAIS includes a secure agricultural image storage and verification method based on blockchain, homomorphic encryption, and zero-knowledge proof. Specifically, images are stored via IPFS, with hash values and metadata recorded on the blockchain, ensuring immutability and transparency. The simulation results show that SEAIS exhibits more stable and efficient processing times in extreme environments. Also, it maintains low on-chain storage overhead, enhancing scalability.
Blockchain has emerged as a solution for ensuring accurate and truthful environmental variable monitoring needed for the management of pollutants and natural resources. The immutability property of blockchain helps protect the measured data on pollution and natural resources to enable truthful reporting and effective management and control of polluting agents. However, specifics on what to measure, how to use blockchain, and highlighting which blockchain frameworks have been adopted need to be explored to fill the research gaps. Therefore, we review existing works on the use of blockchain for monitoring and managing environmental variables in this paper. Specifically, we examine existing blockchain applications on greenhouse gas emissions, solid and plastic waste, food waste, food security, water usage, and the circular economy and identify what motivates the adoption of blockchain, features sought, used blockchain frameworks and consensus algorithms, and the adopted supporting technologies to complement data sensing and reporting. We conclude the review by identifying practical works that provide implementation details for rapid adoption and remaining challenges that merit future research.
Humaira Ashraf, Uswa Ihsan, Ata Ullah, Sayan Kumar Ray · 5 authors
Blockchain and AI have revolutionized how distributed systems can work. Combining blockchain and generative ai to enhance data integrity and cooperation in the treacherous field may find innovative ways blockchain and generative AI can develop distributed systems in terms of data integrity, transparency, scalability, security, cooperation, and decision-making. Through an investigation, it is understood how blockchain secures AI models, makes them more transparent and traceable, decentralizes training, and makes distributed models more efficient and scalable. Examples from real applications across worlds will guide how blockchain and generative AIs are used in fields such as health, finance, film, supply chains, and electrical transmission.As a result, different sources' knowledge is adopted as proven to propel the process of supplementing blockchain and AI towards a future of intelligent, flexible, and secure distributed systems.
The sensitivity and exclusivity attached to personal health records make such records a prime target for cyber intruders, as unauthorized access causes unfathomable repudiation and public defamation. In reality, most medical records are micro-managed by different healthcare providers, exposing them to various security issues, especially unauthorized third-party access. Over time, substantial progress has been made in preventing unauthorized access to this critical and highly classified information. This review investigated the mainstream security challenges associated with the transmissibility of medical records, the evolutionary security strategies for maintaining confidentiality, and the existential enablers of trustworthy and transparent authorization and authentication before data transmission can be carried out. The review adopted the PRSIMA-SPIDER methodology for a systematic review of 122 articles, comprising 9 surveys (7.37%) for qualitative analysis, 109 technical papers (89.34%), and 4 online reports (3.27%) for quantitative studies. The review outcome indicates that the sensitivity and confidentiality of a highly classified document, such as a medical record, demand unabridged authorization by the owner, unquestionable preservation by the host, untainted transparency in transmission, unbiased traceability, and ubiquitous security, which blockchain technology guarantees, although at the infancy stage. Therefore, developing blockchain-assisted frameworks for digital medical record preservation and addressing inherent technological hitches in blockchain will further accelerate transparent and trustworthy preservation, user authorization, and authentication of medical records before they are transmitted by the host for third-party access.
Sharding is a critical technology for enhancing blockchain scalability. However, existing sharding blockchain protocols suffer from a high cross-shard ratio, high transaction latency, limited throughput enhancement, and high account migration. To address these problems, this paper proposes a sharding blockchain protocol for enhanced scalability and performance optimization through account transaction reconfiguration . Firstly, we construct a blockchain transaction account graph network structure to analyze transaction account correlations. Secondly, a modularity-based account transaction reconfiguration algorithm and a detailed account reconfiguration process is designed to minimize cross-shard transactions. Finally, we introduce a transaction processing mechanism for account transaction reconfiguration in parallel with block consensus uploading, which reduces the reconfiguration time overhead and system latency. Experimental results demonstrate substantial performance improvements compared to existing shard protocols: up to a 34.7% reduction in cross-shard transaction ratio, at least an 83.2% decrease in transaction latency, at least a 52.7% increase in throughput and a 7.8% decrease in account migration number. The proposed protocol significantly enhances the overall performance and scalability of blockchain, providing robust support for blockchain applications in various fields such as financial services , supply chain management , and industrial Internet of Things . It also enables better support for high-concurrency scenarios and large-scale network environments.
As the device complexity keeps increasing, the blockchain networks have been celebrated as the cornerstone of numerous prominent platforms owing to their ability to provide distributed and immutable ledgers and data-driven autonomous organizations. The distributed consensus algorithm is the core component that directly dictates the performance and properties of blockchain networks. However, the inherent characteristics of the shared wireless medium, such as fading, interference, and openness, pose significant challenges to achieving consensus within these networks, especially in the presence of malicious jamming attacks. To cope with the severe consensus problem, in this paper, we present a distributed jamming-resilient consensus algorithm for blockchain networks in wireless environments, where the adversary can jam the communication channel by injecting jamming signals. Based on a non-binary slight jamming model, we propose a distributed four-stage algorithm to achieve consensus in the wireless blockchain network, including leader election, leader broadcast, leader aggregation, and leader announcement stages. With high probability, we prove that our jamming-resilient algorithm can ensure the validity, agreement, termination, and total order properties of consensus with the time complexity of$O(n)$. Both theoretical analyses and empirical simulations are conducted to verify the consistency and efficiency of our algorithm.
Engin Zeydan, Luis Blanco, Josep Mangues‐Bafalluy, Abdullah Aydeger · 6 authors
In this paper, we propose an innovative integration of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Blockchain-based Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) within the Open RAN (O-RAN) framework for 6G networks to address the critical need for enhanced security and robust identity management. We first present a general architecture that takes a multi-layered approach and is carefully designed to leverage the different capabilities of quantum security and blockchain technology. The architecture ensures seamless and secure operation across different layers of the O-RAN, focusing on the Distributed Identity Management (DIM) and Management & Orchestration layers, and explains the interactions between these layers to improve the security and operational efficiency of the network. We also investigate detailed case studies and applications that demonstrate the practicality and transformative potential of integrating QKD-secured blockchain identity management systems in real-world 6G scenarios. We also address the inherent challenges and limitations of such integration and propose viable solutions to overcome them. Finally, we provide insights into future research and implementation directions and highlight the critical role of quantum-secured blockchain systems in the evolution of telecommunication networks toward a more secure, decentralized, and user-centric paradigm.
The integration of machine learning (ML), blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) in smart cities represents a pivotal advancement in urban innovation. This convergence addresses the complexities of modern urban environments by leveraging ML’s data analytics and predictive capabilities to enhance the intelligence of IoT systems, while blockchain provides a secure, decentralized framework that ensures data integrity and trust. The synergy of these technologies not only optimizes urban management but also fortifies security and privacy in increasingly connected cities. This survey explores the transformative potential of ML-driven blockchain-IoT ecosystems in enabling autonomous, resilient, and sustainable smart city infrastructure. It also discusses the challenges such as scalability, privacy, and ethical considerations, and outlines possible applications and future research directions that are critical for advancing smart city initiatives. Understanding these dynamics is essential for realizing the full potential of smart cities, where technology enhances not only efficiency but also urban sustainability and resilience.
With its decentralized, immutable, and consensus-based validation features, blockchain technology has grown from early financial applications to a variety of different sectors. This paper aims to outline various applications of the blockchain, and systematically identify general challenges and key threats regarding its adoption. The challenges are organized into even broader groups, to allow a clear overview and identification of interconnected issues. Potential solutions are introduced into the discussion, addressing their possible ways of mitigating these challenges and their forward-looking effects in fostering the adoption of blockchain technology. The paper also highlights some potential directions for future research that may overcome these challenges to unlock further applications. More generally, the article attempts to describe the potential transformational implications of blockchain technology, through the manner in which it may contribute to the advancement of a diversity of industries.
Yongkang Gong, Haipeng Yao, Zehui Xiong, C. L. Philip Chen · 5 authors
Space-air-ground (SAG) integrated heterogenous networks can provide pervasive intelligence services for various ground users (GUs). The network can help cellular networks release network resources and alleviate congestion pressure. Moreover, one important application of the network is that digital twin (DT) can enable nearly-instant wireless connectivity and highly-reliable data mapping from physical systems to digital world in a real-time fashion. The integration of SAG and DT (SAG-DT) reduces the gap between data analysis and physical status, which can further realize robust edge intelligence services. However, the random computation task arrival, time-varying channel gains, and the lack of mutual trust among ground GUs hinder better quality of service in the promising SAG-DT network. In this paper, we envision a SAG-DT integrated blockchain model to transfer the task data to the aerial network, and then perform the computation offloading, energy harvesting and privacy protection. Moreover, we propose a Lyapunov-aided multi-agent deep federated reinforcement learning (MADFRL) algorithm framework to optimize the CPU cycle frequency, the size of block, the number of DTs, and harvested energy to minimize the execution costs and privacy overhead. Extensive performance analyses indicate that the MADFRL algorithm framework can strengthen the data privacy via blockchain verification mechanism and approaches the optimal performance on the basis of lower computation complexity. Finally, simulation results corroborate that the proposed Lyapunov-aided MADFRL algorithm is superior to advanced benchmarks in terms of execution costs, task processing quantities and privacy overhead.
Yidan Lai, Yang Liu, Haoxiang Luo, Gang Sun · 8 authors
Blockchain, a groundbreaking technology known for its distributed ledger system, records digital transactions and information in a decentralized manner. Broadcast protocols, fundamental components of computer networks, play a crucial role in disseminating information effectively. Blockchain networks often exhibit lower throughput rates compared to centralized payment systems due to the intricate node verification process during data propagation. Improving blockchain performance requires mitigating transaction and block propagation delays within network dissemination processes. This study delves into the development and significance of blockchain broadcast protocols, exploring their applications within blockchain networks. We introduce various broadcast protocols designed to optimize performance metrics such as energy efficiency, fault tolerance, and consistency. A comprehensive analysis, including detailed comparisons through tables, sheds light on the strengths and weaknesses of these protocols. In addition, the evolution of broadcast protocols in the context of Blockchain and the Web 3.0 era is explored, highlighting their emerging characteristics and associated challenges. Lastly, we address potential future challenges and directions for the evolution of broadcast protocols in the blockchain ecosystem.
Xuanxia Yao, Jinyuan Zhou, Xiaojiang Du, Shurong Zhang
Nowadays, we are living in an open network environment with varieties of smart devices, which makes individual privacy face unprecedented threats. For one thing, a plenty of sensitive information may be gathered without the owner’s knowledge. For the other, the Internet of Things (IoT)-based services and various intelligent applications require a large amount of perceptual data. And in practice, these data are usually encrypted and stored in storage providers like cloud for security and cost saving. To fully harness the productivity value of data and protect privacy, ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) is widely used. Nevertheless, most existing CP-ABE schemes cannot work well for IoT because of the heavy overhead and the open and distributed environment. To lower the cost, a lightweight CP-ABE scheme without pairing is proposed and proved in the set-selective mode. Both the theoretical analysis and experiments show its advantages in computation, communication, and storage overhead. For flexible access control in IoT, we attempt to employ the masked authenticated message (MAM) mechanism of the IOTA to manage authorization for our CP-ABE scheme. Comparisons with similar schemes show that it can overcome the low throughput and monetary cost in other distributed ledger-based access control schemes.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have become increasingly more popular in recent years as a manner to represent particular virtual assets on the blockchain. However, the creation of NFTs can be a complicated and technical process that calls for an understanding of blockchain technology and programming. To make the procedure more accessible to a wider target audience, NFT turbines have been developed to enable customers to create their very own NFTs without the want for technical knowhow. This paper pursues to discover the consumer experience of NFT mills and their capability effect on the adoption of NFTs. We conducted a literature evaluation to study present studies on NFTs and case studies of NFT generator structures and remarks from popular NFT generator systems to gain insights into the person revealed. Our analysis revealed that NFT turbines can substantially simplify the procedure of making and selling NFTs. By supplying person-pleasant interfaces and automation of technical duties, NFT turbines can allow a much broader audience to take part in the NFT marketplace. There also are demanding situations that want to be addressed to make sure a fine user enjoy. These encompass issues around the protection, transparency, and authenticity of NFTs. We identified numerous key layout concerns for NFT turbines, which include ease of use, customization alternatives, and assistance for a couple of blockchains. we discovered that Mintable gives a streamlined and consumer-friendly revel in for developing and selling NFTs, with several customization options and aid for multiple blockchains. NFT generators will possibly play an increasingly vital function in permitting users to take part in this emerging economy. Overall, this research highlights the significance of personal experience within the design of NFT generators and gives insights and hints for designers looking to create NFT generator systems that are consumer-friendly, on-hand, and secure.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
In this paper, we investigate the secure task offloading and computation resource allocation issues in a consortium blockchain-enabled multi-access edge computing (MEC) system. Specifically, edge servers and a cloud center provides user equipments (UEs) with augmented computing power for task processing, while consortium blockchain can provide trust and secure guarantee to UEs in task offloading. Within the MEC system, we intend to minimize the task processing cost of all UEs by jointly optimizing the binary task offloading decision and the computation resource block allocation. Meanwhile, in the blockchain system, we first enhance the consensus procedure by proposing an improved practical Byzantine fault tolerance (IPBFT) consensus algorithm, and then conduct consensus committee selection, thus to minimize consensus delay and fail ratio. The two systems are jointly optimized, subjecting to the computation power of edge nodes, the node number limitation of IPBFT, the task processing and blockchain consensus delay, etc. To address the problem effectively, we reform it into a Markov decision process (MDP) and use proximal policy optimization (PPO) to dynamically learn the optimal joint solution. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm converges fast, and performs well in total reward maximization, and UEs’ cost, consensus delay and fail ratio minimization.