Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has emerged as an integral part of the smart health monitoring system in the present world. The smart health monitoring deals with not only for emergency and hospital services but also for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The industry 5.0 and 5/6G has allowed the development of cost-efficient sensors and devices which can collect a wide range of human biological data and transfer it through wireless network communication in real time. This led to real-time monitoring of patient data through multiple IoMT devices from remote locations. The IoMT network registers a large number of patients and devices every day, along with the generation of huge amount of big data or health data. This patient data should retain data privacy and data security on the IoMT network to avoid any misuse. To attain such data security and privacy of the patient and IoMT devices, a three-level/tier network integrated with blockchain and interplanetary file system (IPFS) has been proposed. The proposed network is making the best use of IPFS and blockchain technology for security and data exchange in a three-level healthcare network. The present framework has been evaluated for various network activities for validating the scalability of the network. The network was found to be efficient in handling complex data with the capability of scalability.
Aman Thakkar, Nilay Rane, Amey Meher, Swapnil Pawar
Counterfeiting is a global issue affecting a wide range of industries including luxury goods, clothing and pharmaceuticals among others. Proving or disproving the authenticity of an asset can be a challenge because traditional supply chains are long, complex and lack transparency. However, placing the supply chain on a decentralized technology like blockchain will ensure that goods will have provenance due to its immutable transaction history, which in turn makes it difficult to masquerade counterfeit products as real and take their place in the supply chain. Blockchain can bring all entities like the manufacturers, suppliers and distributors together in a close-knit and transparent manner. It keeps records of all transactions and other necessary information visible to all concerned parties while minimizing the possibility of records being tampered with. Therefore we intend to provide a lightweight, cost effective implementation that makes a supply chain secure, decentralized and verifiable besides omitting inadequacies in the supply of genuine products and cutting back on costs involved in detecting faulty areas.
G. Naga Nithin, Bhaskara S. Egala, Ashok Kumar Pradhan
The COVID-19 outbreak highlighted the smart healthcare infrastructure requirement to speed up vaccination and treatment. Present vaccination supply chain models are fragmented in nature, and they are suitable for a pandemic like COVID-19. Most of these vaccination supply chain models are cloud-centric and depend on humans. Due to this, the transparency in the supply chain and vaccination process is questionable. Moreover, we con’t trace where the vaccination programs are facing issues in real-time. Furthermore, traditional supply chain models are vulnerable to a single point of failure and lack people-centric service capabilities. This paper has proposed a novel supply chain model for COVID-19 using robust technologies such as Blockchain and the Internet of Things. Besides, it automates the entire vaccination supplication chain, and it records management without compromising data integrity. We have evaluated our proposed model using Ethereum based decentralized application (DApp) to showcase its real-time capabilities. The DApp contains two divisions to deal with internal (intra) and worldwide (inter) use cases. From the system analysis, it is clear that it provides digital records integrity, availability, and system scalability by eliminating a single point of failure. Finally, the proposed system eliminates human interference in digital record management, which is prone to errors and alternation.
In traditional agricultural supply chain management, due to involvement of many stakeholders in the entire procedure ranging from farmers, retailers to final vendors, it is merely the producer of the agricultural products i.e., farmers get its direct benefit. The middle stakeholders are always more beneficial than farmers and hence, the conditions of farmers are always the same though they sometimes get good earning and it is becoming a very serious concern in India. The major reason behind it, the transparency and traceability of the entire supply chain of this agricultural products journey from farm to vendor shop. In addition, consumers are becoming more conscious of where their food and food products come from. Block chains have distributed ledger technology (DLT) which has potential to provide transparency and trust for agricultural product supply chains at its different stages and even useful for improving its efficiency. This can boost confidence of all stakeholders who are involved in this farming supply chain. This research paper proposes the same concept in its subsequent sections.
Blockchain technology has a lot of potentials to solve non-financial applications though it is derived from peer-to-peer financial transactions. In the last decade, both from industry and academician much research is already done on Blockchain technology its usability to the different non-financial applications. The Blockchain is the secure decentralized network and integrated with other emerging technology like fog computing, cloud computing, and Machine learning to address many challenges existing in different domains. The Internet of Things (IoT) has been used to automate the system which provides efficient and reliable services with minimum human interaction. IoT is integrated with smart agriculture for different purposes like sensing the moisture content, monitoring water level, growth of the plant, etc. However, the authors have identified various challenges including security and privacy issues in IoT enabled smart agriculture systems. In this work, Blockchain assisted trust model for smart agriculture is proposed. The proposed Blockchain based trust model uses Ethereum network and smart contract prototype to addressed some of the security issues in IoT enabled smart agriculture.
The digital economy and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) are developing rapidly into our business and private life. The technology enables a way to secure decentralized datasets without involvement of third parties or intermediates in a secure, auditable and incorruptible way. Storing data on worldwide peer-to-peer networks makes these applications difficult to regulate as they are not residing in a specific area of influence of any given regulation or jurisdiction. Blockchain applications based on DLT offer an extensive level of anonymity to their stakeholders. In future artificial intelligence could start to optimize the applications and trigger decisions automatically which will become a major challenge for competition and anti-trust regulators. Based on the Bitcoin technology we will see that there are fair possibilities to regulate the ledgers indirectly through existing legal and regulatory systems. Also, strong self-regulation will play a part to make these technologies widely acceptable. Capacity building has to be emphasized to keep the asymmetry of information between regulators, industry and consumer as small as possible. Some scholars already claim that blockchains have already started to create a supranational economy in which the classical idea of a legal person is obsolete whereas the supranational law is not really designed to address these new developments yet.
Recently, 6G-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining attention and addressing various challenges of real time application. The artificial intelligence plays a significant role for big data analytics and presents accurate data analysis in real time. However, designing big data analysis through artificial intelligence faces some issues in terms of security, privacy, training data, and centralized architecture. In this article, blockchain-based IoT framework with artificial intelligence is proposed which presents the integration of artificial intelligence and blockchain for IoT applications. The performance of the proposed architecture is evaluated in terms of qualitative and quantitative measurement. For qualitative measurement, how the integration of blockchain and artificial intelligence addresses various issues are described with the description of AI oriented BC and BC oriented AI. The performance evaluation of proposed AI-BC architecture is evaluated and compared with existing techniques in qualitative measurement. The experimental analysis shows that the proposed framework performs better in comparison with the existing state of art techniques.
Abstract Agriculture in rural areas facing critical issues such as irrigation with the increase in water crises followed by some other issues line seed quality, poor fertilizers and many others. The recent advances suggest that IoT and Blockchain Technology along with artificial intelligence will be most dominant technologies in near future. In this article, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) with Blockchain technology is implemented for monitoring agricultural fields efficiently. An efficient seed quality monitoring and smart water management system is design using IoT and Blockchain Technology for managing and coordinating the use of good quality seeds and water resources among communities. The Blockchain network is implemented for securing the information and supporting trust among the members of community. The Blockchain network is also implemented for sporting trust among commercial resource constrained systems, which are communicating with the Blockchain network consisting of a hardware platform. The design of a prototype and its performance evaluation based on implementation is also presented.
The Internet of Things (IoT) concept enables the connectivity and sending and receiving of data across millions of intelligent objects. This paradigm continues to evolve and increase tremendously, just as the dangers and assaults on IoT infrastructures do. Wireless sensor networks are viewed as excellent prospects for a variety of applications, including industrial monitoring, data gathering in hazardous settings, and military operations. The technology of Blockchain has emerged in recent years as among the most revolutionary technologies. This technology was developed to facilitate digital transactions and to enable safe and trustworthy access to the distributed ledger. Blockchain technology combined with smart contracts enables users to conduct safe transactions without trusting external parties or intermediaries. Attacks and dangers are increased in centralized IoT systems, particularly when data is transferred and shared with other companies between devices. To avoid such circumstances, this study proposes a decentralized approach that ensures an IoT system’s autonomy and security. This paper addresses the recent approaches that are based on blockchain, we will review the present models and discuss their advantages and drawbacks to find out the solutions and the way to other studies.
Ammara Karim Noon, Omer Aziz, Insia Zahra, Muhammad Awais Anwar
Blockchain is an emerging technology to ensure the security and trustworthiness for data sharing in different areas such as the economic sector, supply chain management, food industry, energy sector, education, internet of things, and healthcare. In healthcare, balancing patient care with the privacy of information, ease of accessibility and comprehensiveness has been a challenge. Healthcare directly affects humanity and so is one of the first areas where blockchain is implemented because the healthcare system has various problems that should be addressed. Blockchain can solve not only the data management issues between different stakeholders but also saves millions of dollars, reduce forging, and empower the patients. It has contributed to the transparency of insurance claims, management of Electronic Health Record (EHR), and also helps in genome research and so much more. This paper presents a systematic review of the recent research done in the application and major challenges for blockchain technology in the healthcare system. We have reviewed almost 56 papers selected from various search engines. This review focuses on some key areas that are discussed in many pieces of research such as interoperability, security management, fraud prevention, and financial issues. Major challenges and opportunities in the implementation of this technology are also discussed in this review. The basic issue in the healthcare industry is extraordinary costs of the medical facility and subsequent insurance claims. Where the involvement of various parties (hospitals, doctors, insurance companies, and government) makes it very difficult to ensure transparency which casts doubts among stakeholders. It is also observed that despite the favorite area for researchers the technology is not yet implemented on vast levels. Still, a lot of work is required to identify and then resolve the major challenges and issues in the way to transform the health system. The investors need to be convinced about the benefits of blockchain in the healthcare system so that the technology can be implemented on large scale.
Demand for revolution in technology is necessary. The Healthcare Industry needs to make out most of the changes and equip itself with the best possible solution it can provide. This blockchain enables patients to access medical data. They can connect themselves anywhere to collect their medical history automatically. This technology helps transform into viable health systems. This technology changes the way to how a medical expert accesses a patient’s data. The current healthcare system relies on the interaction of a patient and medical expert on limited data. Currently, because the current framework does not allow for the quick and simple exchange of patient information from their primary care provider, they are obliged to create a new clinical record. In this article, we will be conducting a systematic literature review explaining the role of blockchain in the healthcare sector. The features and applications of blockchain healthcare that play a vital role in solving the problems are discussed.
Globally, disruptive technologies play a vital role in ordinary people’s lives to technocrats, small-scale industry to multinational companies, and private sectors to government sectors. Providing security and privacy preservation of the sensitive data in various applications related to a bank, healthcare sectors, etc., are becoming significant issues with advanced technologies. Unauthorized persons and also attackers get benefits from the features. Permissionless and open access features will become advantages to the cyber attackers to crack the data. These issues will be resolved by adopting some knowledge management systems (KMSs) like blockchain technology, and Artificial Intelligence. Therefore, this chapter proposed a web-based knowledge management decentralized application using blockchain technology in healthcare sectors. Especially in the healthcare centers, people’s sensitive personal data such as name, address, financial details, and cause maintain as records. Cyber attackers treat the medical records as treasure. Advanced featured technology, blockchain incorporation with web-based applications can reduce the attacks like ransomware, phishing, Brute force, steals credentials, and Man in the middle attack. The technology’s main inherited features are distributed, immutable, transparency, security, and peer-to-peer network communication. This hybrid approach, a combination of Web 3.0 and blockchain technology, increases the privacy and preservation of official medical documents issued by healthcare centers. This chapter illustrated the process of a proposed decentralized application using Ethereum-based Blockchain with Metamask wallet. This work’s main strength is the proposed application deployed results over an ethereum blockchain platform on test RPC, which are laps in the maximum related literature survey works currently available. Furthermore, presented comprehensively about the deployment cost of the application operations in terms of smart contracts and execution time for uploading credential requests.
The welfare of farmers has been the agenda for elections in world’s largest democracy since 1947. Political parties made fortunes by exploiting the fragile economic status of farmers and making promises of farmer dare in every election, just to repeat them in next election, but with nothing changing for farmers. Urban workers earn eight times more than agricultural worker in India. Technology can bring prosperity to Indian farmers and reduce poverty. Blockchain is a distributed ledger of transactions and digital events shared among the participating parties. Blockchain technology and financial technology (fintech) can provide cost effective accessibility of finance, insurance, smart contracts, e-payments, weather updates, land registrations, supply chain, and future trading solutions. An enhanced income for farmers offers a multiplier effect by boosting the demand for products, services, and investment. Better supply chains will reduce supply shocks and control inflation. This chapter reviews the synergy of existing information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure in India, stable and technologically well informed central government, predominantly young demographic profiles and an emerging start-up culture for transition to Agriculture 5.0 by developing blockchain and fintech solutions for the agriculture sector. Blockchain is relatively unexplored technology in India. Blockchain is hard to implement due to complexity and lacks regulatory clarity. Political will and vision can make blockchain and economic prosperity a reality for Indian farmers. A care model is proposed to enhance the adoption of technology in India for Agriculture 5.0.
Abstract Frequent visit of doctors during pandemicis not recommended due to COVID-19 scenario. Internet of Things (IoT) based sensors can be used to measure andto do certain tests at home. The blockchain-based strategy promises to aid in the delivery of health-care services while maintaining data privacy. To maintain transparency in the health record, medications, claim history, etc., up-to-dated distributed ledger is required. Doctors have sometimes necessitate patients to undergo lab tests or buy drugs from those organisations merely in order to generate personal profit, even if the medical shop or pathology labs have a bad reputation. Therefore, blockchain technology provides trust among multiple parties so that any party could not be misguided. At times, the patient visits the hospital in critical condition and they may not be in situation to explain about medical history. In such scenario, the information stored in distributed leger may be helpful to the doctors for further treatment. The medical emergencies such as cardiac arrest and breathing issues, the patient requires immediate treatment or medicine at his/her location, the intelligent drone is useful for faster delivery of medicines and needed medical accessories.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that is commonly employed in the development of new digital currencies. Many new successes in industry and academia have resulted from the rapid development of blockchain technology. This architecture is currently widely employed in e-finance as a generally acknowledged electronic money. It has crucial qualities like immutability, decentralization, and transparency that could help with critical healthcare challenges also. These issues may include incomplete records at the point of care, restricted access to patients’ own health information, etc. Multiple copies of a single data are stored in various locations and on several devices of a blockchain architecture. In spite of lose or damage of one copy of data, multiple copies remain safe and secure. The connection between the blocks prevents any of the information from being modified or a block from being put between two existing blocks. In this paper, a healthcare data management system based on blockchain technology has been proposed. The proposed model is a multilayer architecture where different entities related to healthcare system will be different components. The entities are patients, doctors, clinic or hospitals, medical records etc. Effective medical data sharing is one of the important aspect of this research work.
D. Malathi, Vijayakumar Ponnusamy, S. Saravanan, D. Deepa · 5 authors
The Public Distribution System (PDS) distributes the subsidized food and non-food items to poor populations through fair price shops (FPS). The PDS has been criticized for its urban bias and its failure to serve the underprivileged sections of the community effectively. The Current system manual-based data management and ledger management gives rise to much corruption in the process of extricating the poor from those who are less needy. There are chances for the block market because of the current methodology of data management. This article proposes a blockchain technology-based smart ration shop system that uses immutable smart contract-based transactions to overcome the issues. The proposed mechanism will provide more transparency and enable access to all the transactions by everyone. The system utilizes IoT technology for asset tracking while moving the food items from distribution centers to a particular ration shop, which avoids malpractice during the transportation of the goods. Voice-based and text-based user-friendly interfaces in local languages were also developed to provide an effective interaction and improve the usability of the system. The performance of the proposed blockchain network is evaluated and reported.
Blockchain technology is a collection of records called blocks, and it is characterized by several features including transparency, which means that everyone in the network can view all information stored in the blockchain, and blockchain technology is also decentralized, meaning that there is no authority within it. This technology is used in many areas, including digital identities. Digital auctions as well as cryptocurrency and so on. Blockchain technology plays a large role in healthcare in terms of its many services, as it helps healthcare researchers decode the genetic code and securely transmit patient medical records, and it also manages the drug supply chain. All Blockchain-based systems are exposed to various attacks by attackers, which threatens the security of information and data stored on blockchain systems, and among these systems are blockchain-based healthcare systems. This paper focuses on the recent attacks and countermeasures of blockchain technology in the healthcare field. Several expected attacks are discussed and countermeasures that can be used to prevent or reduce the risk of these attacks are mentioned.
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected almost all facets of peoples' lives, various economic areas and regions of the world. In such a situation implementation of a vaccination can be viewed as essential but its success will be dependent on availability and transparency in the distribution process that will be shared among the stakeholders. Various distributed ledgers (DLTs) such as blockchain provide an open, public, immutable system that has numerous applications due the mentioned abilities. In this paper the authors have proposed a solution based on blockchain to increase the security and transparency in the tracing of COVID-19 vaccination vials. Smart contracts have been developed to monitor the supply, distribution of vaccination vials. The proposed solution will help to generate a tamper-proof and secure environment for the distribution of COVID-19 vaccination vials. Proof of delivery is used as a consensus mechanism for the proposed solution. A feedback feature is also implemented in order to track the vials lot in case of any side effect cause to the patient. The authors have implemented and tested the proposed solution using Ethereum test network, RinkeyBy, MetaMask, one clicks DApp. The proposed solution shows promising results in terms of throughput and scalability.
Bitcoin cryptocurrency was proposed in 2008 and its open-source implementation was released in 2009. Blockchain was underlying technology in the implementation of bitcoin. Blockchain is decentralized which facilitate transactions across a peer-to-peer network. Researchers have been trying to explore its applications in non-financial domains. Healthcare is one such industry in which blockchain can play significant role. Blockchain technology has the potential to strengthen the healthcare industry in a variety of ways, health monitoring devices, clinical trial data, sharing and storing of patient medical records, insurance related information storage and claim settlement. The proposed system is an attempt to use Blockchain technology to address issues about healthcare data privacy, security, and ownership.
In blockchain technology, all registered information, from the place of production of the product to its point of sale, is recorded as permanent and unchangeable, and no intermediary has the ability to change the data of other members and even the data registered by them without public consensus. In this way, users can trust the accuracy of the data. Blockchain systems have a wide range of applications in the medical and health sectors, from creating an integrated system for recording and tracking patients’ medical records to creating transparency in the drug supply chain and medical supplies. However, implementing blockchain technology in the supply chain has limitations and sometimes has risks. In this study, BWM methods and VIKORSort have been used to classify the risks of implementing blockchain in the drug supply chain. The results show that cyberattacks, double spending, and immutability are very dangerous risks for implementation of blockchain technology in the drug supply chain. Therefore, the risks of blockchain technology implementation in the drug supply chain have been classified based on a literature review and opinions of the experts. The risks of blockchain technology implementation in the supply chain were determined from the literature review.