Blockchain Papers

Neelam Chauhan, Rajendra Kumar Dwivedi

No abstract is available for this record.

Kunal Wasnik, Isha Sondawle, Rushikesh Wani, Namita Pulgam

Supply chain management frequently faced issues such as service redundancy, poor coordination between several departments, and lack of standardization as a result of the lack of transparency. Product counterfeiting is something which is very common now-a-days and it’s almost impossible to detect a counterfeit product just by looking at it. Counterfeiters cause significant challenges for legitimate firms, yet far too many people have no idea of the entire amount of counterfeit items’ influence on brands. There are several methods devised in the past to get away with this problem of product counterfeiting. The most popular methods are using RFID tags, Artificial Intelligence, QR code based systems, etc. But each of them had few disadvantages such as the QR code can be copied from a genuine product and placed on a fake product, artificial intelligence uses CNN and machine learning which needs heavy computational power and so on. The idea of this project is to improve detection of fake products by tracking its supply chain history. This is achieved with Blockchain technology which ensures the identification and traceability of real products throughout the supply chain. Blockchain based system, makes everything decentralized that may be accessed by several parties at the same time. One of its main advantages is that the recorded data is difficult to change without the consent of all parties concerned which makes the data extremely secure and protect from all vulnerabilities. This paper presents system designed using blockchain technology for detection of counterfeit products.

Marah R. Bataineh, Wail Mardini, Yaser Khamayseh, Muneer Bani Yassein

Internet of Things (IoT) has grown increasingly in the past decade. This growth brings up several challenging issues for a successful continuous operation of IoT applications. Some of these challenges that need to be taken care of are resource constraints, central server overload, and the risk of illegal use of private data. On the other side, Blockchain technology is increasingly popular and has gained huge success in cryptocurrencies. It offers numerous vital qualities such as a technique for consensus, peer communications, confidence-building without a trustworthy third party, and a transaction controlled by conditions and functions using the intelligent contract technique. Blockchain is an excellent candidate to establish a decentralized, autonomous IoT system addressing the above issues. This study proposes an IoT-Blockchain integration architecture using an Ethereum Blockchain infrastructure within a rich-thin client IoT approach to address the challenges created by the limited IoT resources while implementing the Blockchain mining technique in IoT systems. The architecture depends on load distribution between the resources. Limited resource devices are the thin-clients, while the higher resource devices are assigned as rich-clients. Both clients can access the blockchain and collect the data, but rich-client can only execute the mining process. In addition, we implement a healthcare system based on the proposed architecture in which surgical process management is carried out. We also prove our solution’s efficiency by testing and comparing the architecture against other well-known IoT-based blockchain architectures. The obtained results show that proposed blockchain-IoT architecture is suited for many IoT applications while avoiding difficulties created by IoT devices’ limitations.

Fadi Muheidat, Dhaval Patel, Spandana Tammisetty, Lo’ai Tawalbeh · 5 authors

Blockchain and big data are the emerging technologies that are on the highest agendas of the firms. These are significantly expected to transform the ways in which the business as well as the firm run. These are on the verge of increasing the expectation of the distributed ledgers, which would keep the firms away from struggling challenges. The concept of big data and Blockchain has been used up by various other concepts that would help secure and interpret the information. The ideal solutions offered by these technologies shall address the challenges of big data management as well as for analytics. In addition to that, Blockchain provides its own consensus method, which is the primary means to create an audit trail. This enables users to verify all transactions. The audit trail is a means of verifying the correctness and integrity of every transaction, regardless of who owns the asset. The Blockchain can also verify that different parties of a transaction are following an agreement and not breaking the agreement. Moreover, there have been continuous arguments in the concept of Blockchain at which the bitcoin is fundamental and there are several popular blockchain approaches developed which would deliver performance, security as well as privacy. Apart from this, the use of Blockchain plays a major role in adding an extra data layer for the big data analytics process. Big data is considered secure which cannot be further forged with the network architecture. The current paper shall be discussing the emerging concepts that are using Blockchain as well as big data.

Banupriya Sadayapillai, Kottilingam Kottursamy

No abstract is available for this record.

Kanika Agrawal, Mayank Aggarwal, Sudeep Tanwar, Gulshan Sharma · 6 authors

Many security standards and cryptographic solutions exist for different applications such as agriculture, aircraft, banking systems and etc. but a more effective and efficient solution can be given by combining existing technologies with blockchain. This work addresses the problems of previous works such as scalability, immutability, robustness, network latency, auditability, and traceability. Satoshi Nakamoto introduced Blockchain (BC) to tackle the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) spoofing attacks, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), phishing problems and various security issues. Blockchain is a technology that stores the data using a chain of blocks in an encrypted form with hashing algorithms. It uses the decentralized architecture to store the information that helps users and customers to have transparency on records. The data is stored in a distributed ledger that is tamperproof and immutable. To amalgamate the research done so far, this paper presents a systematic review of ten different applications and tools used in blockchain. The applications include academics and education, agriculture, aircraft, banking, car sharing, e-voting, healthcare, Internet of Things (IoT), Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), and Supplychain (SC). Moreover, this paper presented a taxonomy for these applications and analyzed the implementation of tools used in different domains. Different open issues and challenges and key takeaways of blockchain technology were also highlighted. Hence, this paper helps give a new insight into working with blockchain and deciding on appropriate tools and approaches for a particular application.

Mohd Nordin Abdul Rahman, Mohd Fadzil Abdul Kadir, M. Khalid Awang, Suhailan Safei · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Udit Agarwal, Vinay Rishiwal, Sudeep Tanwar, Rashmi Chaudhary · 7 authors

Supply chain management (SCM) is a core corporate activity responsible for moving commodities and services from one point to another through various stakeholders. The traditional SCM is based on a centralized approach managed at the central headquarter, and all other sub-offices get instructions from the main office. Some major issues with present SCM systems are security, transactional transparency, traceability, stakeholder involvement, product counterfeiting, additional delays, fraud, and instabilities. Blockchain (BC) emerges as a technology that can manage the data and build trust efficiently and transparently. It can also aid in transaction authorization and verification in the supply chain or payments without a third party. To address the present SCM issues, BC technology is a feasible solution. Motivated by the aforementioned considerations, in this paper, we present a survey on the adoption of BC in SCM. This paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the literature on BC characteristics, implementations, and business consequences in various SCM. This Blockchain-centered study, in particular, discloses the research state and delineates future research directions by studying and analyzing 97 up-to-date publications highlighting BC’s supply chain uses. Transparency and traceability, information sharing, product anti-counterfeiting, and building trust are the major aspects propelling BC’s implementation in SCM. Further, we analyzed various applications of SCM in which BC can be used as a probable technology to secure all transactions. Then, we have highlighted open issues and research challenges for adopting BC technology in SCM that open the doors for beginners eager to start work in this amazing area.

K. B. Jyothilakshmi, Vandana Robins, A Mahesh

No abstract is available for this record.

G. Ravikumar, K. Venkatachalam, Mehedi Masud, Mohamed Abouhawwash

Recently internet of medical things (IoMT) act as a smart doctor using sensor wearable’s device in human body. This smart doctor device senses necessary medical data from human and transfer via network immediately to physician. It is important to transfer sensitive data very securely. Blockchain becomes trending technology to provide high security to both end users in the network. Traditionally security structure is relying on cryptographic techniques which is very expensive and takes more time in securely transmitting data. To overcome this issue, this paper builds a cost effective, blockchain with IoMT using fog-cloud computing. The aim of research is to provide cost effective healthcare services in the present system. This study develops an IoMT systems using fusion of scheduling techniques in blockchain. We propose a Smart Contract with Function Based Cost Efficient Task Scheduling (FTS-SCON) algorithm in blockchain framework. The proposed algorithm uses functions to schedule the task in the blockchain which is cost effective. With the help of cryptography based Blockchain schemes with smart contracts enables consistency and validation of data with symmetric cryptography. Simulation results shows the proposed outperform all existing elements regarding data security, validation by 10%, and cost of application execution by 30% in IoMT.

S. M. Hasan Sazzad Iqbal

Blockchain technology, initially developed for cryptocurrency, has shown promise in revolutionizing cybersecurity solutions. This paper explores the potential of blockchain in enhancing security across digital platforms by providing a decentralized, transparent, and tamper-resistant framework for data exchange. Through its distributed ledger system, blockchain can address key cybersecurity challenges, such as data integrity, authentication, access control, and vulnerability management. The paper further evaluates its applications in areas like secure communication, identity management, and fraud detection. By reviewing various case studies and current research, this study presents the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of implementing blockchain in cybersecurity, ultimately suggesting a comprehensive approach to integrating this technology in modern security systems.

Mrs. V. Devi, P. Amudha

All sectors have been updated with new technologies, but India's agriculture, especially Tamil Nadu, is still lagging behind. Third-party interventions are so high that reduced food chain traceability, increased costs, and security issues affect smallholder’s farmer and provide consumers with sufficient knowledge to buy products at low prices. Use of blockchain technology in smart contracts combined with the Internet of Things. This paper analyses literature studies that focus primarily on food chain traceability and explores aspects of cost analysis, time consumption, and security. Therefore, these challenges are blockchain technology in smart contracts, which is being monitored by smallholder’s farmer and consumers are also benefiting from it.

Jin Wang, Jiahao Chen, Yongjun Ren, Pradip Kumar Sharma · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Wassim Jerbi, Omar Cheikhrouhou, Abderrahmen Guermazi, Mohamed Baz · 5 authors

Abstract Blockchain is a database that contains the history of all exchanges made between its users since its creation. Blockchain is a new tool that enables essential distributed applications without the need for centralized trust. It is a transparent and secure technology for storing and transmitting information that operates without a central control body. Moreover, the large‐scale presence of wireless sensors, especially in the IoT, produce a large volume of data. This data must be protected to guarantee its correctness. However, due to the difficulty of encrypting this data, there are many problems, including limited resources, whether in terms of computation, memory, or energy, as well as the complexity of encryption algorithms. Therefore, we wanted, through this article, to show the importance of adopting the blockchain in wireless sensors. This enables it to send data as quickly and securely as possible, as little of the literature has dealt with this topic. For this, one imaginable solution must be managed in WSN which is to put the necessary keys for networks or groups at the level of each sensor for the different scenarios implemented, mobile node and orphan nodes, so that the latter can authenticate and link to these multiple networks or clusters, using our blockchain security IoT (BSI) protocol. The latter makes it possible to design a decentralized, transparent, and scalable authentication system, which does not negatively impact the performance of sensors or that of networks. This system must provide complete freedom to change the state of the sensor from one network to another, while ensuring the safety of the latter. This means that if a sensor is authenticated in a legitimate network, it becomes reliable and accepted by all other networks. This allows you to have a global vision on all networks. We evaluate the performance of our protocol with simulations using MATLAB. The results confirm that the BSI protocol is robust and efficient, provides lower power consumption and fast computing time.

Harsha Chauhan, Deepali Gupta, Sheifali Gupta, Mohammad Junedul Haque

In countries like India, stealing of newborn babies is common now. Despite the CCTV Cameras installed on the healthcare baby centers premises left police with lack of solid evidence to zero on the person who stole the infant. Moreover, there are so many babies who are under supervision in the baby ward. It is difficult for the healthcare center staff to track each and every infant for changing their wet nappies, which leads to severe infection and rashes. However, with the help of emerging technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain Technology (BT) can provide a solution, as these are the interrelated computing technologies which provides the ability to share the data on a network without any human interference. In this research article the authors have proposed a solution based on IoT and BT for monitoring the infants or toddlers. This proposed solution will help to reduce the burden of parents and healthcare staff by enabling the features of security and alarm systems.

Adel Binbusayyyis

The path towards Industry 4.0 have pushed the workforce to continuously develop their skills to stay at the forefront of their careers and remain attractive to their employers. In this case, the electronic portfolio is designed as a promising tool for professionals and employers, in assessing and presenting guidance for further learning in the workplace environment. However, the implementation of electronic portfolios faces huge challenges, especially due to the lack of interoperability to collect and share competition evidence among multiple organizations and institutions. The growing trend of professional (learning) interoperability has brought other challenges that must be addressed in order to fully utilize the potential of the electronic product portfolio in the context of the fourth industry. This article proposes a framework taking the benefits of blockchain, decentralized storage systems, smart contracts and session management in achieving professional-centric interoperability while creating electronic portfolio and share evidences among multiple organizations without giving up the confidentiality, integrity and availability of shared evidence. The simulation of the proposed model for proof of concept on Ethereum proved its viability in real world practice. In expansion, the assessment of the proposed model proved its effectiveness in terms of cost, storage space and security as a possible solution in electronic portfolios implementation and assisting professionals to stay competitive in global labor market.

Atul Lal Shrivastava, Rajendra Kumar Dwivedi

In the modern era developments in many technologies and customers’ ability to link gadgets such as cellphones to home PCs, the future of IoT is essentially infinite. Despite its growing popularity around the world, the Internet of Things (IoT) still has privacy and security concerns. There are enabling technologies for a variety of essential applications in the vehicular Internet of Things (IoT), such as collaborative automatic driving and enhanced transportation systems. Traditional centralized control fails to provide sufficient quality of service for connected vehicles, due to vehicle mobility, strict application requirements, and limited communication resources. It requires a decentralized approach to meet the needs of delay-sensitive and mission-critical applications. This paper presents a brief survey on Security in Vehicular Internet of Things using blockchain. In this paper, we are going to develop an understanding of the concept of blockchain technology as well as recent research advances. We are going to focus on how to adapt blockchain security to Internet of Vehicles in detail, as well as the available secure options.

Anmol Singh

This paper provides an alternative design, analysis and implementation of present E-examination system using concepts of consortium blockchain mixed with public blockchain concepts like PoW consensus protocol giving a heterogeneous solution which is more secure in terms of data mutability of the candidates. The experiment performed propose a decentralized application(D-APP) which use SHA-256 hashing cryptography to encode the blocks. Also, it covers the core concepts of distributed ledger containing student details in a decentralized network of examination centers forming different levels of blockchain and how it's distribution throughout the network. The proposed model diversifies the future of blockchain in the field of education.

Afaq Ahmed, Areeb Aamir, Tabish Raza, Muhammad H.D. Khan

Healthcare supply chain refers to the process of procurement and distribution of medicines and other healthcare products as they move from the manufacturing plant to the patient. This is a very complex and distributed process that comes with a set of challenges like scalability, synchronization and trust between the involved parties. The increase in adoption of Radio-frequency Identification (RFID) based systems in the healthcare supply chain shows that RFID technology is a very promising technique for traceability, identification and communication. However, these RFID systems still face issues of privacy and security which need to be addressed to get their full benefit. In this research work, we have integrated RFID systems belonging to the Healthcare supply chain with secure decentralized storage such as Blockchain. Blockchains provides a secure and transparent decentralized mechanism that is used to keep track of all transactions. It offers a new kind of implementation focused on trust, transparency, and accountability. Information about the RFID enabled medicines and other Healthcare products can be added to our proposed framework via a blockchain-based decentralized application (Dapp). The proposed system is based on an Ethereum node, and this information can be stored in a Blockchain using multi-stage interfaces provided by the Smart Contract. Our proposed system has been deployed both on an offline and online environment, and it offers many advantages like monitoring and tracing of medicine through the Blockchain network, determining if the medicine is genuine or counterfeit, and reducing the number of counterfeit and unapproved medicine entering the Healthcare system. Based on simulation results, the proposed framework successfully provides the needed security and privacy required for the healthcare supply chain.

Rose Kavitha, Ashish Kumar, B.Sheeba Pearline, Rajiv Agarwal · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Pratima Sharma, Nageswara Rao Moparthi, Suyel Namasudra, Vimal Shanmuganathan · 5 authors

Abstract Nowadays, blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) are two emerging areas of the Information Technology (IT) sector. These two emerging areas are used in various fields, such as supply chain, logistics and automotive industry. Due to the low processing power and storage space of IoT devices, users' medical information is usually saved in a centralized third party like a clinical repository or a cloud computing environment. Thus, in many cases, users lose control of their medical information, which can result in security disclosure and a single‐point impediment. So, an advanced solution is required to improve the data sharing process, while restricting it in terms of security. Blockchain technology with IoT can significantly affect the healthcare industry by improving its efficiency, security and transparency, as well as can provide more business opportunities. The efficient sharing of Electronic Health Record (EHR) can improve the treatment process, diagnosis accuracy, security and privacy. This article proposes a blockchain‐based IoT architecture to provide enhanced security of healthcare data by using Identity‐Based Encryption (IBE) algorithm. Here, the smart contract defines all the basic operations of the healthcare system, which can be beneficial to all stakeholders. Many experiments are executed to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed scheme. The results show that the proposed scheme is better than the existing renowned schemes.

Shahanawaj Ahamad, Priti Gupta, Purnendu Bikash Acharjee, K P Kiran · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

B. Jaishankar, Santosh Kumar Vishwakarma, Prakash Mohan, Aditya Kumar Singh Pundir · 6 authors

The Healthcare system is an organization that consists of important requirements corresponding to security and privacy, for example, protecting patients’ medical information from unauthorized access, communication with transport like ambulance and smart e-health monitoring. Due to lack of expert design of security protocols, the healthcare system is facing many security threats such as authenticity, data sharing, the conveying of medical data. In such situation, block chain protocol is used. In this manuscript, Efficient Block chain Network for securing Healthcare data using Multi-Objective Squirrel Search Optimization Algorithm (MOSSA) is proposed to generate smart and secure Healthcare system. In this the block chain is a decentralized and the distributed ledger device that consists of various blocks linked with digital signature schemes, consensus mechanisms and chain of hashing, offers highly reliable storage capabilities. Further the block chain parameters, such as block size, transaction size and number of block chain channels are optimized with the help of MOSSA. With the evolution of the MOSSA provide new features for enhancing security and scalability. The simulation process is executed in the JAVA platform. The experimental result of the proposed method shows higher throughput of 26.87%, higher efficiency of 34.67%, lowest delay of 22.97%, lesser computational overhead of 37.03%, higher storage cost of 34.29% when compared to the existing method such as Block chain-ECIES-HSO, Block chain-hybrid GO-FFO, Block chain-SDN-HSO algorithm for healthcare technologies.

Amir Masoud Rahmani, Rizwan Ali Naqvi, Mazhar Hussain Malik, Tauqeer Safdar Malik · 7 authors

The suspension of institutions around the world in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 virus did not stop the learning process. E-learning concepts and digital technologies enable students to learn from a safe distance while continuing their educational pursuits. Currently, the Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most rapidly increasing technologies in today’s digital world; and e-learning is one of the most powerful learning methods available. In today’s world, smart devices and new technologies assist teachers in concentrating on new models of student learning while avoiding time wastage. By examining the characteristics of the Internet of Things and the challenges that exist in the field of e-learning, the potential functions, benefits, and advancements of utilizing the Internet of Things in online education are identified and discussed. This article examines the existing and future condition of the Internet of Things world as it pertains to the topic of education and sophisticated capabilities available through the Internet of Things that enable the application of e-learning after an architecture has been designed. Students’ pulse rates, brain waves, and skin resistance are measured in real time by a collection of IoT sensors, including cameras, microphones, and wearable gadgets. By utilizing the proposed architecture, universities can change their distance learning tactics to maximize resources and boost efficiency without changing their overall academic activities. According to the study’s findings, e-learning has a favorable and statistically significant impact on students’ flexibility, learning experience, educational productivity, and overall quality of education.