Electronic voting system has great potential to decrease organizational cost of traditional voting system and also it has ability to maximize the voters turnout. When real time voting system is used for election, it must be convenient, secure, accurate, safe and legitimate. This paper evaluates blockchain framework and implement real time voting system by using blockchain technology which increase the security and decrease the total organizational cost for election. Proposed model is divided into three parts i.e., admin, voter and registration phase. Here admin responsible for managing the life cycle of each and every election. It has not allowed to cast a ballot. Registration phase checks voters’ recognizable proof and register represents them in the framework. In this, accounts are held by authorities in surveying station found close by local locations. We used RPC server for network and solidity as a programming language for smart contract. Here protocol execution uses consensus mechanism which is responsible to secure the Ethereum blockchain. We tested proposed model by using Rinke by test network for ensuring the feasibility.
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Pekka Koskela, Anni Karinsalo, Jori Paananen, Laura Salmela
Since the mid-2000s, the digitalisation of border checks has often referred to the increased adoption of automated border control (ABC) solutions at border crossing points in all border environments from air- ports and seaports to land border crossings. Key prerequisites for the operational implementations of the so-called eGates have been the electronic machine-readable travel document together with biometric technologies that have facilitated the automation of much of the tasks performed by border guards at manual control booths for selected groups of nationalities. Now, the next wave of major changes is emerging with the development of electronic identification (eID), with certain implementations particularly designed for crossborder use cases supplementing and possibly replacing the traditional physical identity document in a long-term future. The evolution of eID strongly aligns with the increased demands for data privacy to ensure that individuals can better control how much information is shared about themselves, with whom and for what purpose. One possible technology to provide the so-called data self-sovereignty is distributed ledger technology (DLT), including blockchains. DLT is being developed for instance by the Linux foundation, dispensing several distributed ledger projects and associated solutions for digital and self-sovereign identity. One of these projects is Hyperledger Indy. In this study, we present a distributed ledger implementation based on Hyperledger Indy applied as a border check use case. Our aim is to investigate the suitability of DLT in providing data self-sovereign facility in border checks, and to discuss the benefits and disadvantages the technology might entail for this security domain.
M. M. Rakibul Hasan, Md. Mahinur Alam, Kanita Jerin Tanha
The present land document reservation process that is done manually provides a lot of insecurity, unsafely, and many scopes for land deed fraud in terms of storing land documents and maintaining the details of ownership of specific land property. So, the current land deed reservation and verification method don’t seem reliable and efficient. To make it a reliable and safe transaction, we will use blockchain technology. We have created a blockchain system for land deed authentication utilizing the data encryption algorithm SHA-256. Using this system, land deed transactions will be safer and can store, verify, and preserve all of the relevant information of a land deed document. This proposed architecture store retrieves and detects attempts to modify copies using a variety of approaches, including several efficient technologies like Zero Knowledge proof, Public-key cryptography, and IPFS; It generates far more efficient solutions than the other systems. This method has been put out as a potential means of thwarting fraudulent land deeds and bringing delight to the public.
Dec 16, 2022·2022 Second International Conference on Advanced Technologies in Intelligent Control, Environment, Computing & Communication Engineering (ICATIECE)
C Vasanthakumar, V Kabilan, M Kathiravan, Ragashanmugam RG
Since the 1970s, several types of E-voting, have been employed with a number of important advantages over current voting systems, E-voting increased efficiency and reduced errors. At the same time cost of regular voting system is very compare to e-voting based on block chain is very low the current Electronic voting machine have lot of flaws the vote can be change after the election. The security of the machine secured by humans, so in block chain based system doesn't allow you to change the value which is enter by peoples. But there are also obstacles to overcome of worldwide adoption of such systems, significantly in relation of strengthening their susceptibility to possible flaws. The Ethereum block chain's benefits, such as its transparency and decentralized nature, are discussed in this article. The use of cryptographic foundations to build a reliable E-voting system.
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Darshana M Chigari, Dashvath R, Chandrakanth K J, Bhavya Das D · 5 authors
The evolution of Blockchain has given way to a Smart World where there is improved security and integration of devices, systems, and processes with humans through all-pervasive connectivity. There are numerous secure applications using Blockchain like smart cities, Cloud Computing, Smart Management of the Environment and Healthcare, etc.A decentralized voting system is an option for the paper ballot system and EVM (Electronic Voting Machines). Democracies need a decentralized voting system that offers security, integrity, immutability, transparency, and privacy to voters. Blockchain is an emerging technology that offers integrity, immutability, and decentralization of data. Moving our traditional voting system to Blockchain technology can increase voter confidence. This paper describes an attempt to influence the advantages of Blockchain, such as cryptography and transparency, to accomplish an efficient scheme for a decentralized voting system using the Ethereum network. Smart contracts are profound chunks of codes, which are included in the Blockchain and then execute written code as planned in each stage of Blockchain updates. Decentralized voting is one of the trending topics, but is yet to be significant, compared to the other e-services.
In traditional machine learning approach, data gathered from all the edge devices are sent to centralized server for training and prediction of the output. In the centralized approach, user has to compromise on the data privacy and integrity in sharing their own data to centralized server. To overcome this issue federated machine learning approach was introduced, in which model and data are decentralized and the machine learning model will be trained on the data in local devices and parameters will be sent to cloud server for consensus change, enhancing the data privacy of the users. But still authentication of the nodes to cloud server and vice versa is a major concern to be addressed in federated machine learning as malicious nodes can impersonate as authenticated node and communicate to cloud server. In the proposed model, node authentication is implemented using Ethereum based blockchain with smart contracts thereby enhancing security of Federated machine learning approach. The efficiency of the node authentication is measured and compared with machine learning algorithms which achieves 99% accuracy.
In recent years, the internet of things (IoT) growth has brought about many technological changes, including the emergence of the notion of the smart city. The development of a smart city requires the integration of IoT devices and information and communication technologies to improve the quality of lives of citizens in many areas such as health, economy, business, agriculture, and transport. However, with this evolution, many cybersecurity risks and challenges have been raised, so it is necessary to develop these technologies in a protected way to avoid being compromised by attackers. Blockchain, being a new technology based on cryptographic principles, can play an important role in securing smart cities. In this survey, we discussed different applications of blockchain technology in smart cities and also studied how blockchain features (transparency, democracy, decentralization, and security) can help in the improvement of smart city services. This analysis will help us to implement an electronic voting model using a smart contract based on the Ethereum blockchain to highlight how blockchain technology can be implemented in smart cities to promote security.
Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum achieve decentralized payment by maintaining a globally distributed and append-only ledger. Recently, several researchers have sought to achieve privacy-preserving auditing, which is a crucial function for scenarios that require regulatory compliance, for decentralized payment systems. However, those proposed schemes usually cost much time for the cooperation between the auditor and the user due to leveraging complex cryptographic tools such as zero-knowledge proof. To tackle the problem, we present T-PPA, a privacy-preserving decentralized payment system, which provides customizable and efficient auditability by leveraging trusted execution environments (TEEs). T-PPA demands the auditor construct audit programs based on request and execute them in the TEE to protect the privacy of transactions. Then, identity-based encryption (IBE) is employed to construct the separation of power between the agency nodes and the auditor and to protect the privacy of transactions out of TEE. The experimental results show that T-PPA can achieve privacy-preserving audits with acceptable overhead.
Abstract: Voting is a primary right of every citizen living ina country. Traditional methods used for voting includes paper ballot system, EVMs (Electronic Voting Machines), etc. which are still followed and trusted by every voter or citizen blindly. These voting systems can have ambiguity as the data is maintainedunder a centralized environment whether it is counting the paper ballots or storing the vote caste on a computer server. Thisuse of a centralized database for the voting system has some security issues such as Data modification through the third party in the network due to the use of the central database systemas well as the result of the voting is not shown in real-time, or manipulation with the data which can hamper the result and thus have an impact on not only system integrity but also lose faith in democracy, government, nation, etc. The voting methods used in an election should be legal, accurate, safe, and convenient.
Recent advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) offer a plethora of new opportunities for several intelligent services and applications. As the IoT connects a massive number of devices, inevitable security threats must be addressed. On the one hand, machine learning (ML), especially federated learning (FL), is proposed as a promising distributed ML paradigm to improve attack detection performance in the IoT network due to its privacy-preserving and lower latency advantages. On the other hand, blockchain is proposed as a decentralized technology to establish a secure and decentralized environment for IoT devices. However,$F$L and blockchain solutions are not well suited for the IoT context that suffers from resource limitations, such as limited communication bandwidth and scarce computing resources of IoT devices. In addition, traditional FL and blockchain solutions are unable to guarantee the reliability of data. In this paper, we present a decentralized FL framework powered by blockchain for security attack protection in IoT systems. In addition, we propose an oracle blockchain network that protects privacy and guarantees data reliability. The oracle blockchain acts as a trusted third party to verify the reliability of data and pattern formation at the network edge. Finally, we will formulate a resource allocation problem to allocate the necessary bandwidth to selected devices meticulously. The goal is to minimize communication between devices in the framework and prioritize devices with reliable behavior.
E-voting plays a vital role in guaranteeing and promoting social fairness and democracy. However, traditional e-voting schemes rely on a centralized organization, leading to a crisis of trust in the vote-counting results. In response to this problem, researchers have introduced blockchain to realize decentralized e-voting, but the adoption of blockchain also brings new issues in terms of flexibility, anonymity, and usability. To this end, in this paper, we propose WeVoting, which provides weight-based flexibility with solid anonymity and enhances usability by designing a voter-independent on-chain counting mechanism. Specifically, we use distributed ElGamal homomorphic encryption and zero-knowledge proof to achieve voting anonymity with weight. Besides, WeVoting develops a counter-based counting mechanism to enhance usability compared with those self-tallying schemes. By critically designing an honesty-and-activity-based incentive algorithm, WeVoting can guarantee a correct counting result even in the presence of malicious counters. Our security and performance analyses elaborate that WeVoting achieves high anonymity in weighed voting under the premise of meeting the basic security requirements of e-voting. And meanwhile, its counting mechanism is sufficient for practical demands with reasonable overheads.
Elections make a fundamental contribution to democratic governance and are very important to select the appropriate person to determine the fate of a nation while a large number of citizens do not trust the ballot-paper-based voting system. As a result, e-Voting is being adopted by various countries throughout the world. With advantages, there are a number of constraints of e-voting systems, a single vulnerability can lead to large-scale manipulations of voting results. Leveraging and intersecting both cutting-edge technologies including biometric and blockchain technology can address the limitations of current e-Voting frameworks. In this research, we analyze the requirements for systems modeling of voting technology and possible opportunities to adopt biometrics and blockchain technology. Based on the requirements analysis, we propose a biometric-enabled and hyperledger fabric-based voting framework to automate identity verification that will ensure transparency and security of electronic voting. We utilize the software architecture analysis method and active reviews for intermediate designs for evaluating the proposed framework. Demonstration indicates the efficiency and quality attributes of architectural design that shall lead us to implement the system in real-world scenarios in future studies. Initially, we develop a Webbased prototype to demonstrate the framework. In future studies, we aim to implement on large scale and evaluate the prototype against the requirements and security standard.
Блокчейн - це тип технології розподіленого реєстру (Distributed Ledger Technology або DLT), який складається зі зростаючого списку записів, які називаються блоками, що надійно пов'язані між собою за допомогою криптографії [1]. В першу чергу, метою блокчейну є надати здатність користувачам записувати та розповсюджувати цифрову інформацію без змоги редагування.
V. Anitha, Orlando Juan Márquez, R. Sudharsan, S. Yoganandan · 5 authors
The aim of this paper is to create a decentralized transparent voting and analysis system that can be implemented with blockchain to provide an efficient and highly secure justifiable method of election systems in countries where traditional physical voting with gameable securities is used, increasing the chances of rigged elections. This system is designed to focus on a secure voting system, lower costs, faster wait times, no disparities due to various erroneous proxies, high scalability, and geographic independence. Overall, an effective election mechanism to strengthen the democratic process. The proposed dApp allows voters to vote from the comfort of their own homes, saving time and reducing the number of false votes registered.
Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin have become a popular weapon for illegal activities. They have the characteristics of decentralization and anonymity, which can effectively avoid the supervision of government departments. How to de-anonymize Bitcoin transactions is a crucial issue for regulatory and judicial investigation departments to supervise and combat crimes involving Bitcoin effectively. This paper aims to de-anonymize Bitcoin transactions and present a Bitcoin transaction traceability method based on Bitcoin network traffic analysis. According to the characteristics of the physical network that the Bitcoin network relies on, the Bitcoin network traffic is obtained at the physical convergence point of the local Bitcoin network. By analyzing the collected network traffic data, we realize the traceability of the input address of Bitcoin transactions and test the scheme in the distributed Bitcoin network environment. The experimental results show that this traceability mechanism is suitable for nodes connected to the Bitcoin network (except for VPN, Tor, etc.), and can obtain 47.5% recall rate and 70.4% precision rate, which are promising in practice.
Stefan More, Sebastian Ramacher, Lukas Alber, Marco Herzl
Authentication, authorization, and trust verification are central parts of an access control system. The conditions for granting access in such a system are collected in access policies. Since access conditions are often complex, dedicated languages -- policy languages -- for defining policies are in use. However, current policy languages are unable to express such conditions having privacy of users in mind. With privacy-preserving technologies, users are enabled to prove information to the access system without revealing it. In this work, we present a generic design for supporting privacy-preserving technologies in policy languages. Our design prevents unnecessary disclosure of sensitive information while still allowing the formulation of expressive rules for access control. For that we make use of zero-knowledge proofs (NIZKs). We demonstrate our design by applying it to the TPL policy language, while using SNARKs. Also, we evaluate the resulting ZK-TPL language and its associated toolchain. Our evaluation shows that for regular-sized credentials communication and verification overhead is negligible.
Ethereum, the largest blockchain for running smart contracts, has been widely used, especially in financial and cryptocurrency exchange applications. Among them, Tornado Cash is a typical financial application that protects the privacy of users with anonymous transactions. However, users need to pay prohibitively high gas (transaction fees for smart contract calls) for anonymous transactions, which hinders Tornado Cash from wide applications. To address this issue, we introduced a new approach that shifts the high gas-consuming operations on smart contracts to local users. Furthermore, we use zero-knowledge proofs to ensure the operations are properly executed. The smart contract only needs to verify and update the results, which significantly reduces the gas fees of Tornado Cash. To validate our approach, we implemented a prototype and showed that our proposed method could save more than 61% of gas consumption of current operations while maintaining the privacy feature of Tornado Cash. Finally, we discussed further applications and open problems of our approach.
With the wide application of blockchain technology, the user privacy information involved in Ethereum is increasingly rich. But with the introduction of de-anonymization technologies, more and more attacks may lead to the disclosure of user privacy information. In this paper, as a user privacy protection approach, RandomMix is proposed based on account mixing and transaction value encryption. We conduct experiments on the real transactions on Ethereum and find out that RandomMix can resist account clustering attack, transaction fingerprint analysis attack and Sybil attack. Meanwhile, RandomMix consume less gas compared with other approaches.
Dec 1, 2022·2022 IEEE 24th Int Conf on High Performance Computing & Communications; 8th Int Conf on Data Science & Systems; 20th Int Conf on Smart City; 8th Int Conf on Dependability in Sensor, Cloud & Big Data Systems & Application (HPCC/DSS/SmartCity/DependSys)
As an innovative technology of great significance, blockchain has been widely used in various walks of life. Meanwhile, scams have experienced rapid growth on the blockchain, the phishing scam is a classic fraud among them. Ethereum is the largest blockchain platform that supports smart contracts, and its ecosystem has been under serious threat due to phishing scams. Consequently, phishing scam detection is particularly critical for Ethereum to avoid economic loss. However, accounts on Ethereum are represented as strings without features, which brings great difficulties for detection. To combat this challenge, we propose an effective method based on Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) with Conditional Random Field (CRF) to detect phishing scams. Firstly, we process accounts and their neighbors with transaction records to build transaction graphs. Due to lack of portrait information, we adopt DeepWalk to provide initial features for each node. Then graph representations are learned through GCN with CRF. The extensive experiments show that the proposed model performs better than comparison methods on both precision and recall, which indicates that our method can effectively identify phishing scams on Ethereum.
Mohammad Saim, Mohd Mamoon, Ilma Shah, Abdus Samad
The proposed work is a blockchain-based E-Voting system which is designed to incorporate privacy, authenticity, and verifiability in the electoral process. Solidity programming language is used to implement smart contracts stored on the Ethereum blockchain which are executed automatically when predefined conditions are met. An Ethereum-based E-Voting decentralised application is deployed which authenticates users with the help of biometric factors and verifies it with the existing E-Aadhaar database.In this model, the paper presents the novel idea of deploying an upgradable smart contract where the election manager can decide whether the voting application would require either a version change, virtual upgrades or feature modifications in the future. This is achieved by using the OpenZeppelin plugin deployed on truffle which uses the concept of ‘‘proxy pattern.’’ This methodology helps us to improve and enhance the logic of smart contracts that are normally non-editable once deployed. The parameters used for authentication include the user’s EmailID, Registration ID(Aadhar), and facial scan for biometric verification along with other details related to the voter’s biodata.
Normal cash has developed and appears numerous downsides such as inaccessibility. It is inclined to burglary and is intensely directed by government offices. Cryptocurrencies have risen as a egotistic money related framework. They depend upon secure disseminated ledger data structure. Mining plays a critical portion in this framework [1]. Basically, our cryptocurrency could be a conveyed database that keeps up tamper-proof information structure pieces containing his bunches of person exchanges. Blockchain innovation can be a widely emerging approach to data innovations. Bitcoin as a cryptocurrency has made several considerations since it was one of its earliest implementations. They discuss the key elements driving the development of sophisticated cryptocurrencies alongside Ethereum, a blockchain implementation with a focus on informed contracts [1]. In its most basic form, our cryptocurrency may be thought of as a distributed database that keeps track of tamper-proof data structure blocks comprising batchesof individual transactions [1].
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, are becoming increasingly prevalent mainly due to their anonymity, decentralization, transparency, and security. However, the completely public ledger makes the trace and analysis of each account possible as long as the identity behind the public address is revealed. Theoretically, social networks could make that happen when addresses are posted on social network platforms using accounts containing personal information. To verify such a possibility, we have collected public data from two major platforms, i.e. Twitter and Reddit, aiming to find potential privacy leakage behind the ETH public address. In the end, an easy-to-use retrieval application is also built for a better illustration.