Blockchain Papers

Suvradip Chakraborty, Chaya Ganesh, Pratik Sarkar

No abstract is available for this record.

Chidimma Opara, Yingke Chen, Bo Wei

No abstract is available for this record.

Qinxu Ding, Weibiao Xu, Zhiguo Wang, David Kuo Chuen Lee

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the different voting schemes used in DAO governance. We will examine the various features of these schemes and compare their differences. We propose a new hypothetical voting mechanism specifically designed for decentralized and permissionless DAO governance. This new scheme, which incorporates incentive designs, is intended to be more efficient than existing schemes and can be easily adapted to a permissioned scenario. Through this examination and proposal, we hope to contribute to the ongoing discourse on how to govern decentralized autonomous organizations effectively.

Ayman Nait Cherif, Youssef Achir, Mohamed Youssfi, Mohamed Youssfi · 6 authors

Abstract—This paper investigates the integration of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP) and OAuth 2.0 to enhance anonymity and security in multi-agent distributed systems. We propose an approach that allows agents to authenticate and prove possession of specific data without revealing the underlying details. Additionally, we outline a potential access control strategy using ZKP for anonymity, allowing agents to validate their access rights without identity exposure. When combined with OAuth 2.0, this mechanism provides a framework for secure data access. While the proposed methods offer promising solutions to security, privacy, and anonymity challenges in multi-agent systems, they also highlight the need for further research and validation to confirm their effectiveness.

Durgesh Kumar, Rajendra Kumar Dwivedi

No abstract is available for this record.

Thiago Dias Monteiro

Aim: Current scenario shows an increase in the adoption of off-chain voting applications in DAOs to avoid complexity and costs for user engagement in their governance. This exploratory research analysis shows the role of digital presence in DAOs with off-chain voting systems, respective voting properties, and general trends. Methods: Empirical hybrid approach with statistical analysis and QCA configuration analysis of datasets retrieved from most used off-chain voting system. Input data from DAOs, proposals, and votes. DAOs with the highest followers and proposals simultaneously as selection criteria for the analysis. Results: 179 DAOs (1,39%) account for 26,538 (32%) proposals and 1,268,474 followers (54%) of the entire Snapshot database in January/2023. The most preferred social media as communication channels are Twitter and GitHub. Decrease of Ethereum as main-chain, with Polygon and Binance Smart Chain already representing 22%. Basic type voting may lead to higher user engagement in the voting process. Conclusion: This research findings suggest a better understanding of the voting process, technology features, and governance knowledge towards social community engagement and decision-making in DAOs.

Yuxiao Wu, Shoji Kasahara

No abstract is available for this record.

Sachi Chaudhary, Shail N. Shah, Riya Kakkar, Rajesh Gupta · 8 authors

Purpose: With the advancement and modernization of Information and Communication Technology, electronic voting (e-voting) has been adopted across the globe for conducting a secure and efficient voting procedure. However, e-voting can be easily exposed to various malicious attacks such as denial-of-service, malware, insider, compromised credentials, etc., that can risk the voter’s privacy and affect the final voting results. Thus, we have considered the decentralized and immutable blockchain technology for completing the voting procedure securely. Nevertheless, many researchers have considered blockchain to mitigate the security and privacy issues of the voting procedure, but they ignored the aspect of cost-efficiency, latency, and response time while voting. Method: The idea of the proposed mechanism is to deploy and implement the smart contract in the Remix Integrated Development Environment (IDE) involving number of voters electing the candidate with various functionalities. Moreover, we considered the amalgamation of blockchain and IPFS to overcome the data storage cost issues of blockchain for voters and candidates communicating through 5G wireless network. The 5G network, with its low latency, high availability, and high reliability facilitates high data rate and reliable communication between voters and candidates to complete the voting procedure efficiently. Results: The deployed smart contract of the proposed voting mechanism highlight various functionalities required for electing the candidate by the voters. Moreover, the deployed smart contract is evaluated and analyzed considering various performance metrics such as gas consumption analysis for smart contract functions and number of voters, cost analysis for smart contract functions, bit error rate, and storage cost comparison with the traditional scheme. We have also verified the security of the proposed voting mechanism using Echidna security tool which shows the election of candidate without any threat. Conclusion: Finally, we have presented a blockchain-based voting mechanism in which IPFS and 5G is employed to avail the cost-efficient, reliable, and secure candidate election by the voters. Moreover, the voters and candidates can communicate with lower response time and high reliability using 5G network so that smart contract consisting of all the functionalities related to the candidate election can be executed efficiently in the Remix IDE.

A. Gómez Ramírez, Loui Al Sardy, Francis Gomez Ramirez

Blockchain security is becoming increasingly relevant in today's cyberspace as it extends its influence in many industries. This paper focuses on protecting the lowest level layer in the blockchain, particularly the P2P network that allows the nodes to communicate and share information. The P2P network layer may be vulnerable to several families of attacks, such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), eclipse attacks, or Sybil attacks. This layer is prone to threats inherited from traditional P2P networks, and it must be analyzed and understood by collecting data and extracting insights from the network behavior to reduce those risks. We introduce Tikuna, an open-source tool for monitoring and detecting potential attacks on the Ethereum blockchain P2P network, at an early stage. Tikuna employs an unsupervised Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) method based on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to detect attacks and alert users. Empirical results indicate that the proposed approach significantly improves detection performance, with the ability to detect and classify attacks, including eclipse attacks, Covert Flash attacks, and others that target the Ethereum blockchain P2P network layer, with high accuracy. Our research findings demonstrate that Tikuna is a valuable security tool for assisting operators to efficiently monitor and safeguard the status of Ethereum validators and the wider P2P network

Maria-Victoria Vladucu, Ziqian Dong, Jorge Medina, Roberto Rojas‐Cessa

The utilization of electronic voting systems for the election of public offices is becoming widespread globally. This trend can be attributed to the benefits provided by these systems, including remote voting capabilities and accelerated vote counting. Furthermore, electronic voting systems offer improved privacy and enhanced protection against voting bias. Blockchain technology enhances the robustness of the voting process through its immutable vote storage mechanism, thereby reducing the threat of vote tampering and safeguarding the legitimacy of elections. This technology has been adopted by countries such as Germany, Russia, Estonia, and Switzerland for use in their e-voting systems. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the blockchain-based e-voting systems currently being implemented by various countries and companies and proposed for academic research. Additionally, this study analyzes the challenges faced by blockchain e-voting systems and identifies areas for future research to enhance the trustworthiness of such systems.

Zaher Haddad

No abstract is available for this record.

Shichen Wu, Zhiying Song, Puwen Wei, Peng Tang · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Kelsie Nabben

The term ‘Web3’ refers to the practices of participating in digital infrastructures through the ability to read, write and coordinate digital assets. Web3 is hailed as an alternative to the failings of big tech, offering a participatory mode of digital self-organizing and shared ownership of digital infrastructure through software-encoded governance rules and participatory practices. Yet, very few analytical frameworks have been presented in academic literature by which to approach Web3. This piece draws on the theoretical lens of infrastructure studies to offer an analytical framework to approach the emergent field of Web3 as an exploration in ‘how to infrastructure’ through prefigurative self-infrastructuring. Drawing on qualitative examples from digital ethnographic methods, I demonstrate how the origins of Web3 reveal the intentions of its creators as a political tool of prefiguration, yet its practices reveal the inherent tension of expressing these ideals in coherent technical and institutional infrastructure. Thus, I argue that one of the fundamental challenges Web3 is negotiating through technical and governance experiments is ‘how to self-infrastructure?’.

Carsten Baum, James Hsin-yu Chiang, Bernardo David, Tore Kasper Frederiksen · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

E H Khan, Md. Hinoy Rahman, Shobnom Mustary, Iyolita Islam · 5 authors

Blockchain is a distributed ledger shared among the participants ensuring transparent and secured transactions over the network. Existing voting systems for selecting eligible candidates may be unable to maintain transparency, privacy, and security. A blockchain-based voting system can resolve these issues through decentralized nodes and end-to-end verification advantages. Thus, integrating blockchain into the traditional voting system may provide a more reliable and secure electronic voting procedure. This research aims to propose an alternative solution to the conventional voting system named ‘BE-Voting’ using blockchain technology in the context of Bangladesh that will preserve the integrity of the votes with distributed, non-repudiation, and security protection characteristics. A prototype of the proposed system was developed and evaluated regarding data analysis and comparison with existing systems.

Zainab Ali Kamal, Rana Fareed Ghani

The primary concerns with manual transactions include corruption, lack of transparency, fraud, and mismanagement of distribution operations, all of which are created by traditional centralized applications, necessitating the migration to blockchain technology. In this work, a system is presented to secure and monitor correspondence between several nodes and store it in a decentralized database in order to secure distributed ledger transactions and safeguard against fraud and tampering when transactions are shared by multiple parties. The hashing that blockchain technology delivers in each transaction ensures a high level of security. The hashing associated with each transaction confirms all sending and receiving transactions. When a transaction is sent from one node to another, the other node checks the hash accompanying the transaction to see if it came from a registered node or an external node. Within the blockchain system, the nodes will check transaction correspondences. The system has demonstrated its effectiveness by delivering a more secure messaging system with high credibility and tamper resistance. In addition, the time it takes to authenticate will be in real time. Index Terms— Blockchain, Consensus procedure, Hashing, Blockchain in Governance.

Abdallah Al-Zoubi, Mamoun Aldmour, Rakan Aldmour

Digital voting is increasingly important in both established and emerging democracies. Some of the advantages of digital voting are faster vote count and tabulation; accurate results; increased voters’ participation and convenience; and effective handling of complex electoral system formats that require laborious counting procedures. However, transparency, credibility, and integrity concerns, as well as the limited possibility of recount, usually make traditional digital voting systems unpopular. Digital voting using blockchain technology, however, is safe, transparent, and immutable, which makes it a suitable choice for future decentralized voting systems. In particular, the Ethereum blockchain is proposed as an appropriate platform for the backbone of an e-voting system due to its widespread use, transparency, consistency and provision of smart contracts. Initial piloting on the implementation of a blockchain-based voting framework in Jordan shows promising results on its transparency and integrity by incorporating a space for representatives and observers to monitor the election procedure and results as an additional measure to ensure its efficiency and reliability. The uptake of the proposed system calls for further debate and dialogue amongst governments and people, especially in developing countries where democracy is still in its infancy.

Neelam Singh, Prashant Rohila, Kashif Anwar, Tanweer Alam · 5 authors

Designing a safe electronic voting system offering secrecy with impartial approach while being transparent and flexible is a challenging task. Full Stack decentralized applications are smart contract decentralized application that runs on a Decentralized Blockhain Network. Problems constructing a vote casting software at the Central Web Server are: the votes at the database will be modified and will be counted extra or eliminated entirely, also the supply code at the net server can also be modified at any time. Rather than having a separate central server database we can deploy Blockchain. Blockchain is a network and database which handles all the transaction. Blocks on the network are added if the transaction is valid and the Blocks also ensure that the data distributed across the Blockchain network are valid. In this paper, we will elaborate the design and development of a Decentralized Approach for Election Voting System using Solidity language to make our smart contract. This Decentralized Approach will have the option for the voter to cast a vote in an election by their Ethereum account address which has public and private key address. This approach aims to provide a secure and trusted voting transaction.

Harsh Kasyap, Arpan Manna, Somanath Tripathy

Because of the widespread presence and ease of access to the Internet, edge devices are the perfect candidates for providing quality training on a variety of applications. However, their participation is restrained due to potential leakage of sensitive and private data. Federated learning targets to address these issues by bringing the model to the device and keeping the data in place. Still, it suffers from inherent security issues such as malicious participation and unfair contribution. The central server may become a bottleneck as well as induce biased aggregation and incentives. This article proposes a blockchain assisted federated learning framework, which fosters honest participation with reduced overheads, facilitating fair contribution-based weighted incentivization. A new consensus mechanism named PoIS (Proof of Interpretation and Selection) is proposed based on honest clients’ contributions. PoIS uses model interpretation techniques for evaluating and calculating individual contributions. The aggregation of feature attributions in PoIS, is able to detect the adversaries, and the label-wise aggregation of attributions across the participants helps to define the prominent contributors. Further, we devise a credit function based on the contribution, relevance as well as the past performance for calculating incentives. Extensive experiments have been carried out for the proposed architecture with different settings, models, and datasets, to verify our claim. It successfully restricts the attack to less than 5%, and selects the prominent (top-${k}$) contributors. Theoretical analysis provides the guarantee for byzantine-robust aggregation, in a malicious setting.

Ayodeji Ibitoye, Halleluyah Oluwatobi Aworinde, Esther T. Adekunle

Originally, manual voting systems are surrounded with issues like results manipulation, errors and long result computation time, ineligible voters, void votes among others. Electronic voting system helped in overcoming the challenges with manual voting system, to engendered other problems of phishing, men in the middle attack alongside voter’s impersonation. By these challenges, the integrity of an election results in a distributed system has become another top concern for e-voting system based on reliability. To achieve an improved voters’ authentication and result validation with excellent user experience, here, a Facial Recognition Electronic Voting System that is power-driven by Blockchain Technology was developed. The entire election engineering activities are decentralised with improved security features to enhance transparency, verifiability, and accountability for each vote count. The self-service voting system was built by smart contract and implemented on the Ethereum network. The obtained reports and evaluations reflected a non-editable and self-sufficiently certifiable system for voting. It also has a competitive edge over fingerprint enabled e-voting system. Aside it’s excellent usability and general acceptance, the developed method discarded to a larger extend, intended fraudulent actions from election activities by eliminating the involvement of a middleman while facilitating privacy, convenience, eligibility and satisfactory voters’ right.

Soumya Prakash Otta, Subhrakanta Panda, Chittaranjan Hota

The agricultural sector and other Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in India operate with more than 90% migrant workers searching for better employment opportunities far away from their native places. However, inherent challenges are far more for the migrant workers, most prominently their Identity. To the best of our knowledge, available literature lacks a comprehensive study on identity management components for user privacy and data protection mechanisms in identity management architecture. Self-Sovereign Identity is regarded as a new evolution in digital identity management systems. Blockchain technology and distributed ledgers bring us closer to realizing an ideal Self-Sovereign Identity system. This paper proposes a novel solution to address identity issues being faced by migrant workers. It also gives a holistic, coherent, and mutually beneficial Identity Management Solution for the migrant workforce in the Indian perspective towards e-Governance and Digital India.

Bithin Alangot, Paweł Szałachowski, Tien Tuan Anh Dinh, Souhail Meftah · 7 authors

Decentralized identity (DID) systems aim to give users full control over their identities by using completely decentralized technologies, such as blockchain or distributed ledgers, as identity providers. However, when user credentials are compromised, it is impossible in existing DID systems for the users to detect credential misuse. In this paper, we propose new DID authentication protocols with two properties: auditability and privacy. The former enables the detection of malicious authentication events, while the latter prevents an adversary from linking an authentication event to the corresponding user and service provider. We present two protocols that achieve auditability with varying privacy and performance guarantees. The first protocol has high performance, but it reveals information about the user. The second protocol achieves full privacy, but it incurs a higher performance overhead. We present a formal security analysis of our privacy-preserving protocols by using the Tamarin prover. We implemented them and evaluated their performance with a permissioned blockchain deployed over the Amazon AWS and a local cloud infrastructure. The results demonstrate that the first protocol is able to support realistic authentication workloads, while the second is nearly practical.

Hind S. Hassan, Rehab F. Hassan, Ekhlas Khalaf Gbashi

Electronic voting methods are gaining popularity in contemporary culture. It has the potential to reduce administrative expenses and enhance voter participation. Electronic voting systems must be lawful, accurate, secure, and convenient when utilized in elections. This paper aims to establish a project to make electoral systems more decentralized and scalable. As functionality increases, it significantly enhances the Proof-of-Work idea embraced by Bitcoin and Ethereum. Through Solana, it will be simple to implement business logic and ensure that it assists in resolving the world's common problems. We used Solana libraries and the Anchor framework to implement our system to provide convenient tools for developing secure Solana programs and rust programming language.

Marah Mohammed Taha, Mafaz Alanezi

A peer-to-peer network called a blockchain, a secure ledger of transactions, such as buying, selling, and transferring, is in charge of organizing and managing the Cryptocurrencies. In contrast with physical money, they are decentralized, which implies neither governments nor other financial organizations issue them. In a cryptocurrency blockchain, transaction data is permanently preserved. A block contains some or all of the most recent transactions the network still needs to confirm. The block is closed once the data has been confirmed. A series of verifications are applied to the transactions that blockchain participants submit to ensure their integrity and for most network security standards to be met. In this paper, we will discuss a set of them.