Blockchain Papers

Priyanka Vern, Anupama Panghal, Rahul S Mor, Prof Vikas Kumar · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Tharindu D. Nuwarapaksha, Shashi S. Udumann, Nuwandhya S. Dissanayaka, Anjana J. Atapattu

Blockchain technology provides a disruptive way of improving transparency and tracking the food supply chain. Such a system of distributed ledgers helps establish an unalterable record of the transactions from the farm to the fork, which ultimately solves major issues in food safety, fraud, and consumer trust. The use of blockchain in the food sector can be described as holding some benefits and risks. Numerous inspiring examples Walmart, Unilever and Sinochem, prove that the use of blockchain yields great results for the industry. The technology is poised to revolutionize food safety and security by making food supply chains more efficient, transparent, and accountable as the technology evolves into maturity. It further researches and argues that despite some challenges in implementing blockchain in the food supply chain, its inherent properties of transparency and traceability make it the revolutionary technology in reshaping the food industry by building trust between food producers and consumers as well as creating safer and sustainable food systems globally.

Dinesh Kumar K, G. Vennila, Manoj Kumar D S, J. Jeno Jasmine · 6 authors

Blockchain Technology emerged to be one of the smart solutions to ease the functionality of many real time applications due to its decentralized nature, high security and distributed decentralized ledger. Many people have started questioning about the production process of food product that will ultimately be sold at market and retail shops. Blockchain provides viable solution to track the complete process of crop production from harvesting to food products. Therefore, agro business are increasingly searching for supply chain management application that may help to improve the standard of safe food handling, quality and traceability through the agricultural supply chains. Implementing blockchain into the food supply chain makes it more transparent in its operations thus boosting visibility as well as traceability of items from farms to grocery shops. Furthermore, this action mitigates financial risks and promotes all-inclusive commerce. The proposed method able to avoids trusted centralized authorities, middlemen or transaction records but rather permitting direct interaction among peers by having their own personal blockchains. The systematic capturing of transaction at each stage of manufacturing cycle with transparency in the transactions with blockchain security. The aim of this research work to enable the consumers to access the product information from the origin of their food product, including its environmental footprints, storage, food processing etc., beyond food supply chain traceability and transparency this research work aims to find new applications in farming. These may include crop management, food authentication, crop insurance etc., overall to improve the agriculture practices.

Rizwan Matloob Ellahi, Lincoln C. Wood, Alaa Ei-Din A. Bekhit

This systematic review critically examines the diverse applications of Blockchain technology in the food supply chain and identifies areas where its potential remains underutilized. By analysing 60 Blockchain-based frameworks, the study highlights the most frequently employed drivers such as transparency, traceability, and security within food supply chains. Additionally, underexplored applications such as food donation and redistribution, supply chain financing, animal welfare, food waste management, and data analysis are identified, revealing opportunities for further innovation. The research employed NVivo 14 to analyze the extent of Blockchain’s implementation in various food supply chain drivers, and the findings informed the development of a more diverse framework for Blockchain integration. Key insights demonstrate Blockchain’s transformative potential, particularly in enhancing data integrity, trust, and operational efficiency through its immutable ledger and smart contracts, which streamline transactions, cut administrative costs, and reduce fraud. In terms of sustainability and safety, Blockchain improves traceability, accelerates safety responses, promotes environmental sustainability by tracking resource usage, and enhances humanitarian efforts with transparent, efficient resource distribution. Additionally, Blockchain facilitates food waste reduction by optimizing inventory and distribution, while ensuring surplus food reaches those in need. The study concludes by offering a roadmap for future research, pointing toward untapped dimensions of Blockchain’s application in food traceability, sustainable supply chain management, and environmental & social impact. While the review provides a comprehensive understanding of Blockchain’s current usage in food supply chains, the scope is limited by the systematic review process and specific inclusion criteria. This study serves as a foundation for exploring Blockchain’s broader potential in shaping the future of food supply chains.

Cong Doanh Duong, Thanh Tung Dao, Trong Nghia Vu, Thi Viet Nga Ngo · 5 authors

Although the role of blockchain technology application in the organic food supply chain has been scholarly acknowledged, our understanding of how blockchain-enabled food traceability impacts consumer trust and purchase decisions is still limited. Adopting the lens from the stimulus-organism-response theory, this research draws a moderated mediation model to explore the direct and indirect impacts of blockchain-enabled food traceability system on organic food purchase behavior underlying a moderated mediation mechanism of blockchain knowledge and trust in the organic food chain. The PROCESS macro was approached using a purposive sample of 5,326 consumers in Vietnam to test the formulated hypotheses. The findings reveal that blockchain-enabled traceability significantly enhances trust in the organic food chain, which in turn positively influences organic food purchase behavior. Additionally, the study identifies blockchain knowledge as a crucial moderating factor, amplifying the direct and indirect effects of the traceability system on trust and purchase behavior. The study offers significant contributions to the literature by extending the application of the SOR model to technology-mediated environments and highlighting the role of consumer knowledge in moderating technology adoption outcomes. Some practical implications for practitioners are discussed.

Keru Duan, Helen Onyeaka, Gu Pang

Blockchain is a virtual, distributed ledger that operates across multiple peer-to-peer computing devices without the need for a centralized authority. It utilizes unique software systems to manage transaction data file (block), facilitating the transmission, processing, storing, and display of data. As a solution to combat food fraud and enhance food safety, blockchain technology is gaining traction in the global food supply chain. It provides an immutable ledger system and transparent record-keeping, which offers unmatched traceability and accountability, enabling stakeholders to track food products from farm to fork. Despite its potential, the adoption of blockchain in the food industry faces challenges such as scalability, interoperability, and data accuracy, which need to be overcome to fully utilize its capabilities. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how blockchain technology address food fraud and improves food safety. By employing a review methodology, we analyze existing literature and case studies to examine blockchain's role in enhancing transparency, traceability, and sustainability in the food supply chain. This study identifies research gaps and discusses theoretical implications, practical applications, and potential future directions for blockchain technology within the context of food safety. Our findings highlight the transformative potential of blockchain to revolutionize the food industry by providing unparalleled traceability and accountability. We also emphasize the importance of collaborative efforts among stakeholders and the integration of innovative approaches such as decentralized data adjustment and the inclusion of genomic information on blockchain platforms. Theoretically, further research is needed to explore the synergy blockchain and emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence. Practically, our study underscores the critical need for blockchain adoption to safeguard the integrity of the food supply chain and protect consumer health. Through collective action and technological innovation, stakeholders can ensure that every food product is traceable, safe, and trustworthy, thereby enhancing the sustainability and resilience of the food industry. • This study explores the role of blockchain technology in preventing food fraud. • Tangible evidence of blockchain's effectiveness can be seen through its implementation by two industry giants. • The discussion presents a balanced analysis of blockchain's limitations and benefits, as well as the challenges. • The paper offers an exciting outlook on the future, where blockchain's integration with IoT and AI.

Rosangela de Araújo Santos, Eduardo Oliveira Teles, Francisco Gaudêncio Mendonça Freires

Agriculture is one of the most economically important practices in the world; it is essential for food security and socioeconomic development in several countries. However, the use of pesticides, which are essential for fighting pests and weeds and guaranteeing agricultural yields, has brought about an environmental issue pertaining to the management of empty pesticide packaging. The improper disposal of pesticide packaging can put both environmental and human health at risk. Therefore, the implementation of reverse logistics systems will be essential if we are to ensure that packages are collected, recycled, and disposed of safely. Blockchain technology is an innovative solution that offers transparent and immutable recording of data, thereby facilitating traceability. In this study, we present the application of a circular economy-based framework to agricultural production via blockchain (and involving all actors within production and consumption) to enable the more responsible disposal of empty pesticide packaging for eventual reuse, recovery, or recycling. Bibliographical research was carried out through Scopus and Web of Science from 2018 to 2023; we principally aimed to provide an overview of this pertinent area of research using the following keywords: “blockchain”, “circular economy”, “pesticide packaging”, and “reverse logistics”. Bibliometrics using graphs and tables made it possible to refine the information collected from the databases. We analyzed how blockchain can be integrated alongside reverse logistics, highlighting how it can promote the principles of the circular economy through various methods of sustainable and responsible agriculture.

Behzad Maleki Vishkaei, Pietro De Giovanni

Abstract This study examines how smart food‐sharing platforms (SFSP) can help reduce food waste and suggests a method for using smart contracts to share extra food among different partners effectively. For smart contracts to work automatically and prevent food wastage, artificial intelligence systems can recognize how smart clauses should be executed. This will involve analyzing several factors like the selling price, expiration dates, offers from other partners, transport costs, wholesale price, shelf life, donation rates, and demand rates. The findings indicate that adopting an SFSP is an efficient solution for preemptively adopting redistribution strategies and improving social outcomes through donations as well as achieving positive environmental outcomes through reduced waste. However, we also identify cases in which reducing food waste to achieve social sustainability may negatively impact economic performance.

V. Sri Vigna Hema, Annamalai Manickavasagan

Food safety has emerged as the topmost priority in the current fast-paced food industry era. According to the World Health Organization, around 600 million people, approximately 1 in 10 individuals worldwide, experience illness due to contaminated food consumption, resulting in nearly 0.42 million fatalities annually. The recent development in software and hardware sectors has created opportunities to improve the safety concerns in the food supply chain. The objective of this review is to explain the fundamentals of blockchain and its integration into the supply chain of various food commodities to enhance food safety. This paper presents the analysis of 31 conceptual works, 10 implementation works, 39 case studies, and other investigations in blockchain-based food supply chain from a total of 80 published papers. In this paper, the significance of adapting conceptual ideas into practical applications for effectively tracing food commodities throughout the supply chain has been discussed. This paper also describes the transformative role of blockchain platforms in the food industry, providing a decentralized and transparent ledger to access real-time and immutable records of a product's journey. In addition, both the positive impacts and challenges associated with implementing blockchain technology in the food supply chain have been evaluated. In summary, the blockchain-based food supply chains offer greater transparency, traceability, and trust, ultimately resulting in higher standards of food safety and quality.

Hongping Yuan, Li Zhang, Bing‐Bing Cao, Wenwen Chen

No abstract is available for this record.

Sugandh Arora, Sumit Oberoi, Tawheed Nabi, Balraj Verma

• We assessed the intellectual structure that enhanced the cognizance of blockchain in food security. • Emergent keywords (Q4) remain imperative, even in the early stages of blockchain advancement. • We employed the “Multiple Correspondence Analysis” approach to identify future research areas. • We developed a conceptual framework focusing on key indicators, stakeholders and adoption drivers. • The study discerns AI, Big Data and Data Analytics as novel research areas in food security. Blockchain technology can enhance sustainable food security because of its distinct characteristics such as traceability, decentralized and unchangeable databases, and smart contract protocols. Nevertheless, blockchain technology in agricultural applications is still in the early stages of development. Therefore, this study aims to ascertain the efficiency and cognitive framework of blockchain technology for attaining long-term food security. This study used a review-based approach to ascertain the intellectual framework. A literature search was conducted using the "Scopus" database to locate research articles published between 2017 and 2023. A “systematic literature review” was performed using the PRISMA framework on the 52 eligible publications. The study results indicated that traceability, real-time information availability, and immutably distributed databases were the most influential factors. The results showed that blockchain technology has benefits beyond facilitating reliable data dissemination and establishing intimate bonds between manufacturers and clients. Furthermore, blockchain technology may pave the way for less food waste, improved supply chains and agricultural working environments, and more environmentally responsible eating practices. This study is the first of its kind to assess the intellectual structure of food security and augment the cognition of the in-depth examination of the benefits of blockchain technology that might ultimately provide a way to achieve zero-hunger goals.

G. Megala, T. Vigneshwaran, Ramarathnam Venkatesan, B Natarajan

Food traceability is crucial for food quality and safety to reduce vulnerabilities of product globalization. The traditional Agri-food production system does not offer easy traceability of the product at any point of the supply chain. Blockchain based production system resolves the challenges by reducing the complexity of traceability. Still no other study has presented Blockchain-based traceability platform with a lower impact on the environment and lower cost for each transaction sent by the supply chain. In the existing system, proof of work consensus protocol is used in blockchain which consumes more energy for transactions. The proposed traceability system is based on Ethereum Blockchain, which uses the Proof-of-Stake mechanism of consensus that requires minimal computational power, is highly scalable and environmentally sustainable. The user interface of consumer is specially designed that provides all the tracking information of the agro-food. The developed traceability platform digitizes the entire production chain making the data immutable and available in realtime.

Andrews Tang, Eric Tutu Tchao, Andrew Selasi Agbemenu, Eliel Keelson · 6 authors

This review paper delves into the global agricultural food supply chains through the lens of African perspectives, examining the role of blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in transforming food traceability. It assesses the applicability and efficacy of these innovations in addressing critical issues such as food fraud, contamination, and systemic inefficiencies from an African viewpoint. By engaging in an in-depth analysis of relevant studies, this work dissects the technical, economic, legal, and operational facets of employing blockchain and IoT in the agri-food sector. The findings illuminate the transformative potential these technologies hold for enhancing food safety and transparency across supply chains. However, the review also brings to light significant hurdles related to scalability, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory frameworks that must be surmounted. Advocating for a context-sensitive application of blockchain and IoT, the paper highlights the importance of adapting these technologies to fit the diverse socio-economic and infrastructural realities prevalent in African countries. Offering valuable insights to stakeholders in agricultural technology and food safety, this comprehensive review outlines a roadmap for future research and strategic implementation efforts aimed at leveraging blockchain and IoT for the development of secure, sustainable food systems.

Sulagna Roy, Pankaj R. Kaushik, Pradeep Sangwan, Sunil Herat

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a critical role in addressing solid waste management (SWM) challenges in remote mountain communities, including the ecologically fragile Himalayan region. This study evaluates the impact of Healing Himalayas, an NGO, in Rakchham village, Himachal Pradesh, India. The objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of Healing Himalayas' decentralized SWM model in promoting stakeholder engagement and resource recovery, assess the role of collaborations between local authorities and the NGO in financing waste management practices, investigate the influence of tourism and seasonal variations on solid waste generation patterns and waste management practices in Rakchham, and material recovery facilities, followed by glass (36.7%), paper/cardboard (18.4%) and metal (4.1%). A fee-based system involving the local village council funded waste operations. Waste generation exhibited significant seasonal fluctuations, with tourism influxes driving increased volumes. Healing Himalayas' initiatives promoted community participation, with over 15 awareness workshops conducted. Key challenges included limited financial resources, inadequate infrastructure, lack of advanced treatment facilities and need for context-specific solutions like efficient wet waste management in cold climates. The study highlights Healing Himalayas' decentralized model's success in fostering stakeholder engagement, behavioural change and resource recovery. The findings inform effective strategies for NGO-led waste management initiatives tailored to remote Himalayan communities.

Matilde Reitano, Gioacchino Pappalardo, Roberta Selvaggi, Carla Zarbà · 5 authors

The agri-food system plays a critical role in meeting global food demand, with traceability and food safety becoming key priorities for producers and consumers. Consumer trust, influenced by perceptions of food safety, quality and origin, has been declining due to the complexity of the food supply chain. Blockchain technology (BCT) has emerged as a promising solution to increase transparency, ensure data immutability, and improve food safety and quality. This study employs a systematic literature review methodology to analyze consumer perceptions of BCT in the agri-food sector. Using the PRISMA method, articles from Scopus®, Web of Science®, and PubMed® were reviewed, focusing on publications from 2019 to 2023. A total of 34 relevant studies were identified and examined to determine the key factors influencing consumer acceptance of BCT-tracked foods. Results indicate that trust, ngness to pay, perception of traceability, perceived risk and perceived safety are critical variables influencing consumer perceptions of BCT. Trust in BCT is supported by its ability to ensure data integrity and transparency, which significantly influences consumer behavior and adoption intentions. Consumers' willingness to pay for BCT-tracked products is influenced by their awareness and understanding of the benefits of BCT in improving food safety. In addition, BCT's potential to reduce perceived risk and improve supply chain transparency further enhances consumer trust. In conclusion, promoting consumer confidence through transparent information provided by BCT is essential for its widespread adoption in the agri-food sector. In order to educate consumers about the benefits of BCT and promote greater acceptance, the study recommends targeted communication strategies. Future research should focus on real-world applications and consumer education to further validate the impact of BCT on improving food safety and trust.

Yu Gong, Heng‐Yi Zhang, Tom Morris, Chen Zhang · 5 authors

This study explores the recycling of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) in the UK, analysing the recycling models and practices, and investigating the application of blockchain technology (BCT) from Z company’s Southern European project to UK’s WCO recycling. Employing a multi-method qualitative approach, including unstructured and semi-structured interviews, the research delves into the experiences of current WCO recycling methods in the UK and Z company’s project. Through thematic analysis of both primary data and archival data, the study identifies seven distinct recycling models in the UK and assesses the implementation of BCT using the Technology, Organization, and Environment (TOE) framework. The research underscores the current state of WCO recycling in the UK, highlighting the industry’s challenges and providing recommendations for future implementation. Its significance lies in addressing the academic gap in WCO recycling studies and offering insights into recycling models and BCT application, potentially guiding future commercial endeavours.

Patrick Burgess, Funlade Sunmola, Sigrid Wertheim‐Heck

The growing demand for transparency in sustainable food production creates a challenge for supply chains to meet the diverse information needs of stakeholders. This research addresses this challenge by identifying and prioritising information needs within sustainable food supply chains. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study identified 14 information needs, categorised them into three clusters: a) product and quality details information, b) production and processing information, and c) sustainability information, and prioritised the information needs. Experts highly prioritised information needs on quality and safety, followed by product origin and nutrition/ingredients. The research suggests that blockchain technology can play a role in supporting consumer decision-making. These findings can inform the development of information-sharing systems that enhance transparency and support consumer decision-making in sustainable food supply chains.

Sajid Safeer, Cataldo Pulvento

This study addresses significant concerns highlighted by the European Parliament regarding the decline of the Italian tomato processing industry, which possess a threat to Italy’s culinary heritage and global market position. This research offers a solution that leverages blockchain technology to enhance transparency, traceability and operational efficiency within the tomato supply chain. By integrating Solidity, Remix IDE, MetaMask wallet and Sepolia Testnet, our proposed model establishes a robust blockchain-based smart-contract system. This system actively engages cultivators, wholesalers, retailers and end-users facilitating seamless real-time updates across the entire supply chain. Implementing this model in key tomato-producing regions such as Apulia, utilizing platforms like Mainnet or Hyperledger Fabric, aims to stabilize the industry. Furthermore, this study promotes automating smart contracts, integrating IoT devices and developing decentralized applications (DApps). This strategy ensures transparency for end-users, enhances organic food availability and mitigates contamination risks. This study also recommends government involvement to upgrade transportation and storage facilities, aiming to reduce post-harvest losses. This research establishes the groundwork for the sustainable management of the Italian tomato processing industry.

Peter Sasitharan Gandhi Maniam, Nirmal Acharya, Anne-Marie Sassenberg, Jeffrey Soar

Blockchain technology (BCT) is emerging as a key enabler of sustainability in various sectors, including agriculture. This study explores the impact of BCT adoption on sustainability within the Australian agriculture sector. Through a systematic literature review (SLR) of studies published between 2015 and 2021, ten key themes influencing BCT adoption were identified: transparency, traceability, contract exchange, transaction efficiency, trade finance management, quality control, real-time information dissemination, security, trust, and legislative frameworks. The findings suggest that BCT adoption in agriculture can lead to improved sustainability outcomes. By enhancing transparency and traceability, BCT enables stakeholders to track the provenance of products, reducing the risk of fraud and ensuring compliance with environmental standards. The automation and efficiency gains afforded by BCT streamline supply chain processes, reducing waste and resource consumption. BCT enhances trust among stakeholders, fostering collaboration and information sharing to address sustainability challenges. This study contributes to the literature by highlighting how BCT can drive sustainability in agriculture through improved transparency, efficiency, and collaboration.

Haya R. Hasan, Ahmad Musamih, Khaled Salah, Raja Jayaraman · 7 authors

Current conventional agricultural practices have exacerbated the depletion of soil, loss of biodiversity, and intensified the substantial challenges of food security including monoculture dependence, resource intensiveness, access and distribution issues. This has raised consumers awareness towards monitoring the resources of their food consumption. Nevertheless, greenwashing and deceptive food labels are prevalent leading to sales of items with misaligned labels, underpinning the need to authenticate, trace, and track the agricultural supply chain from the farm to shop. Consumers should be able to select fresh produce and verify its origin through a transparent, trustworthy, accountable, and reliable process. This paper introduces a blockchain-based solution that leverages intrinsic features of this innovative and disruptive technology to harness transparency, reliability, authenticity, and accountability within an agricultural supply chain. Additionally, our solution eliminates misleading food labels on fresh produce by enabling consumers to reliably trace and verify the origin and authenticity of the food source in a transparent manner. Through the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), the well-being of the soil, air, and crops is consistently monitored. The sustainable solutions employed are transparent, aligning with the standards set by various sustainable food certifications and agencies, including organic, non-Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), and Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). The paper presents detailed algorithms that represent the smart contract code, sequence diagrams along with testing results and security analysis. The smart contract code is made publicly available on GitHub.

Ashkan Pakseresht, Sina Ahmadi Kaliji, Karin Hakelius

Blockchain is seen as a disruptive fundamental technology that will transform agri-food sectors in the near future. Blockchain is a digital, immutable, decentralized ledger of transactions that is replicated and distributed throughout the chain of computer systems on the blockchain’s network. This systematic review examines the literature to identify the enabling characteristics of blockchain technology that support its application in the agri-food sectors. The literature reviewed indicated essential characteristics such as transparency, immutability, redundancy, versatility, automation, and remittance. Among these features, immutability and automation have a salient role in the current implementation, particularly in food traceability. However, the application of blockchain in the agri-food sector is not without controversies. More research is needed regarding technical improvement and its environmental impact.

Manoj Aggarwal, Pritam Rani, Prity Rani, Pratima Sharma

No abstract is available for this record.

Dhanashri Joshi, Atharva Naikwadi, Sitanderpal Singh, Rohit Mokashi · 5 authors

Blockchain technology has emerged as a game changer in many sectors particularly supply chain management. To enhance transparency, security and efficiency within the supply chain operations, this study focuses on developing and implementing a blockchain-based system. By using latest technologies like ReactJS for front-end development, Solidity for smart contract creation and Ethereum blockchain as the underlying layer, this work introduces an innovative way of handling movements in the supply chain. Specifically, it enables real-time tracking of goods; worker roles management; and keeping valid data records for supply chains through unchangeable files. In this case, it is providing up to date information on transactions taking place regarding these systems of exchange. In order to ensure that some key challenges are addressed, such as those related to traditional models of supply chain, there is a need for cryptocurrency transactions to be mandatory within the framework of this system so as to eliminate any possible risks involved making it secure from tampering actions with this medium. The paper will therefore present a detailed discussion about the architectural design of this system; how it was put into practice and finally what tangible benefits were derived out of its implementation in relation to supply chain management in India (as illustrated by a case study). The research findings demonstrate that besides its suitability as a tool for upgrading existing frameworks along the entire global value chains, blockchain can play an important role towards trust building and encouraging accountability on different sides at the core of modern-day business workflows.

Vedant Sharma, Anitha Palakshappa, Syed Adil Naqvi

The work highlights exploring the usage of blockchain technology for enhancing traceability in agricultural supply chain management.The aim is to develop a secure and transparent system, which improves the easy tracking and tracing of agricultural products from the point of origin until it reaches the end consumer.Currently, Blockchain is a technology, which provides security in various fields of transactions.The work utilizes to improve supply chain efficiency, increase transparency and accountability, and enhance consumer trust in the agricultural products.The system will utilize smart contracts to automate processes and ensure compliance with regulations and standards, which improves supply chain efficiency.Smart contracts enable agreement between two parties present in the supply chain.Further, the financial transactions can be improved with the help of block chain.Additional, the work will also provide recommendations for companies and organizations looking to implement blockchain-based results in their supply chain management.The work implements an application using ganache, solidity and truffle.Ethereum block chain is used as primary infrastructure for the application.Smart contracts generated using solidity is deployed into Ethereum network using truffle.The deployment of the application in agricultural sectors improves the accountability in the field of the supply chain.The deployment in a wider range will avoid manipulation of the data.Agricultural supply chain tracing website involves the use of several tools and technologies, including Ganache, Solidity, and Truffle.The system uses the Ethereum blockchain as the underlying infrastructure to store and manage supply chain data securely and transparently.The smart contracts in the supply chain tracing system are generated using Solidity and deployed to the Ethereum network using Truffle.