Blockchain technology is gaining prominence after its first famous implementation as part of the digital currency Bitcoin. It is made up of a series of blocks (the ledger) that give a secure, unchangeable, and auditable list of records. Once a block is recorded using encryption and a distributed database, it cannot be modified. The ledger in the case of Bitcoin stores the history of all monetary transactions. In three sections, this paper provides a review of blockchain technology for an interface design audience: (1) The fundamentals that enable block-chain technology are briefly discussed. (2) Specific examples include the use of HCI in blockchain research and development. (3) In the form of a fledgling research agenda, opportunities and difficulties for HCI and interface design are presented.
Cherlina Helena Purnamasari Panjaitan, Lisda Juliana Pangaribuan
Protocol Zero Knowledge Proof is one of the protocols in Cryptography that has a fairly good level of security, because it applies the concept of "Truly Zero Knowledge Proof" which is not leaking any information. This protocol is used in the Fiat Shamir, Guillou Quisquater and Schnorr Feige Algorithms, all of which are Cryptographic Algorithms using private keys and public keys. In the Public key, all three of these Algorithms use a random number generator at the values p and q to get the public key. In this study, the author will generate a public key generation test using CPRNG (Cryptographically-secure Pseudo-Random Number Generator) with the Blum Blum Shub algorithm. The test will be conducted on the Fiat Feige Algorithm, the formation of the key will use the Blum Blum Shub Algorithm, but the Identification Protocol still uses the Fiat Shamir Feige Algorithm. The results of this study show the Feige Fiat Algorithm with the Blum Blum Shub Algorithm as the key builder successfully identifies the pattern sent by the signer.
Hyperledger Fabric refers to a blockchain technology regulated by the Linux Foundation, which implements a blockchain network, namely the permission blockchain. The network provides a membership service concept, which means that only certain parties can transact and access data. This research will show the blockchain architecture design of the hyperledger fabric, which is designed for the purchasing strategy of recycled waste products. The design will be used to make purchases for managing distributors in buying recycled waste products from waste banks as raw materials to be processed. The traditional purchasing process using the bank as a third party will take longer and will be more expensive. Therefore, this research aims to improve data security and transparency between the authorities and direct the payment process in an instant and dramatically reduce transaction costs. Besides, this design can also be applied to any e-commerce. The method used is blockchain, which focuses on hyperledger fabric design. The position on the hyperledger fabric is only applied to the transaction processing of the hyperledger fabric. This study's results apply a design to a blockchain system using a hyperledger fabric to overcome several technical problems related to blockchains such as throughput, scalability, and interoperability and contribute to purchasing strategies.
Ratul Amin Md., Muhammad Yasar Khan, Megat F. Zuhairi
Distributed ledger technology is an immutable data storage and transparent system, which is a constituent component that empowers the FSCM (Food supply Chain Management). Due to the autonomous and immutable data feature, the scalability of blockchain technology is quite a challenge. A supply chain is a network that flows product from suppliers to the final consumer, which produces a high volume of data. In the blockchain, processing high volume of data is quite a significant issue and may affect business profit. To overcome the issue, Big Data and User Controllable Code for Smart Contracts (UCCSC) will be integrated with the blockchain-based FSCM system. Big data technology is typically used to analyze high volume of both structured and unstructured data, which is very difficult to process using habitual database and software techniques. The UCCSC integrates the blockchain and big data and manage the user in the FSCM system. This paper mainly discusses the integration of blockchain-based FSCM and Big Data, and the mechanism that supports such system.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Distributed ledger-based technology crowdfunding is an appealing method for e-economy and its revolutionary concept enable improved credibility and confidentiality in transaction. It has a unique data security concept, which provides immutability, traceability, increased trust and faster settlement. An interesting use case of distributed ledger is the conventional crowdfunding. In the recent years, the acceptance of blockchain for commercial and businesses has significantly increased. Some of the industries, where the blockchain method can be applied are food supply chain, healthcare, crowdfunding, and government services. In this paper, the crowdfunding use case is chosen to be reviewed. Nonetheless, the conventional approach of crowdfunding has a few downsides, which drive away genuine investors into a legitimate business. To date, crowdfunding i.e., monetary funding is typically unregulated, and a lack of end-to-end monitoring system has led to many fraudulent projects. In addition, the traditional crowdfunding lacks transparency and proper agreement (contract) for investors. This paper aims to survey the security issues and challenges of crowdfunding and highlighted the benefits of using blockchain for such use case.
Emmanuel Kingsford Owusu, Albert P.C. Chan, Gabriel Nani, Daniel Y. Agymang
Research into smart contracts (SC) over the past decade has increased substantially, with colossal efforts stemming from the computer science and engineering domains. As SC remains a relatively new research paradigm for many areas, efforts from the construction management (CM) field has not been noted yet. This study examines the SC research trend right from the publication on the subject matter until 2018. It focuses on the longitudinal examination of SC research in terms of subject area concentration, and countries, contributions towards SC research and the key sources of SC research. The study also attempts to investigate the efforts made by construction management researchers towards the exploration and application of SC in construction management processes. A comprehensive bibliometric search of SC documents generated a search result of 1,002 publications. A total of 182 publications were examined since only peer-reviewed journal papers were considered for this review study. 2018 recorded the highest number of publications (over 400% increase of the previous year, 2017). China, the U.S., and the U.K. have been the leading countries contributing immensely towards SC research. Despite the tremendous efforts over the past decade of SC research, the results show a significant lack of interdisciplinary collaborations among researchers. Moreover, a huge gap of SC research in construction/project management-related domains was identified, revealing the need for critical explorations on SC research and the applicability of SC during the planning, procuring, executing, and managing construction project-related processes. This study is, therefore, intended to incite a deeper engagement in SC research from construction management (CM) researchers, identifying the benefits and challenges of the application of SC systems in CM processes. Thus, contributing to a deepened understanding of SC in CM.
Increased adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in multiple domain areas continuously increases the volume of data and transactions from the IoT devices. The IoT systems are vulnerable to more attacks because of increased adoptions and technology adoptions. Protecting the data and providing security to the data and transactions is one of the critical issues for the effective quality of service (QoS) in the IoT environments. An adaptable IoT framework is proposed based on the research approach of 'ADOPT' that leverages the blockchain technology and features considering security as one of the QoS parameters. In the proposed model of a three-layer IoT architecture with an application layer, network layer, and perception layer, the blockchain features are adopted for the resource-constrained IoT environment. In the perception layer, the model uses a local and temporary memory to maintain the local chain, which is managed based on the memory size and time constraints. The application layer nodes manage the synchronization of the data from the corresponding local chain at the edge node. The implementation of the proposed model uses Ethereum, an open-source public blockchain, and using mobile devices as an edge node. The results are verified for security factors like access, authorizations, confidentiality, and computing resources.
Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency with the highest market value. It was said to have potential in changing the way of trading in future. However, Bitcoin price prediction is a hard task and difficult for investors to make a decision. This is caused by nonlinearity property of the Bitcoin price. Hence, a better forecasting method is essential to minimize the risk from inaccuracy decision. The aim of this paper is to first compare three different neural networks which are Feedforward Neural Network (FNN), Nonlinear Autoregressive with Exogenous Input (NARX) Neural Network and Nonlinear Autoregressive (NAR) Neural Network by obtaining the predicted result for each model. The best model is identified by evaluating the performance measurement of each model. After obtaining the best model, it is used to undergo 30 days ahead forecast. The result showed that the performance of NARX out-performed FNN and NAR. It is proven NARX is the suitable neural network to forecast Bitcoin price. The resulting model provides new insights into Bitcoin forecasting using NARX which directly benefits the investors and economists in lowering the risk of making the inaccurate decision when it comes to investing in Bitcoin.
Keamanan data sangat penting dilakukan dalam menjaga kerahasiaan informasi itu sendiri, terutama bila informasi tersebut hanya boleh diketahui pihak yang tertentu saja. Pengiriman data atau informasi tanpa dilakukan pengamanan akan beresiko terhadap penyadapan. Sehingga informasi yang ada di dalamnya dapat mudah diketahui oleh pihak-pihak yang tidak berhak, dan hal seperti itu sangat merugikan.Hingga saat ini, kriptografi merupakan salah satu solusi untuk menjamin keamanan dari suatu informasi. Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP) merupakan protokol kriptografi yang dapat digunakan seseorang untuk membuktikan kepemilikan seseorang (prover) akan suatu informasi rahasia kepada orang lain (verifier), tanpa perlu mengungkapkan informasi tersebut atau memberikan cara bagi orang lain untuk mengetahui rahasia tersebut. Hasil pengujian adalah Zero Knowledge Proof membagi satu aliran data menjadi blok-blok kecil Masing-masing blok ini dienkripsi secara terpisah. Dalam implementasi tanpa bukti pengetahuan, kunci untuk mengenkripsi hanya akan berada pada pengguna, dan dengan itu, ia akan dapat mengenkripsi dan mendekripsi informas, Algoritma zero knowledge proof adalah metode yang unik dimana pengguna dapat membuktikan kepada pengguna lain bahwa dia tahu informasi tambahan.
 Kata Kunci: Keamanan ,data,penyadapan ,Zero-Knowledge proof
The growing blockchain technology proves promising opportunities for enhancing the industrialized system and the Internet of Things (IoT) by given that idleness, storage space, and encryption for applications.Over the last few years, many new applications have started to emerge in industrial IoT, and blockchain technologies have attracted the attention of many researchers in academic and industrial.Decentralized security and privacy system based in Blockchain provide an enormous lift to the infrastructure of the IoT.In a smart home, Blockchain technology serves as the perfect gatekeeper for all communication packages.Authentication of identity is required before the terminal accesses the service to prevent access to unauthorized.The fact that trustworthy third parties are introduced destroys not only the independence and flexibility of the IoT system but also source problems such as a breakdown position and unilateral control dangers.A dynamic trust-right method was developed to advance the blockchain output and decrease the no. of authenticated communication in new blocks.A review and verification solutions based on the blockchain technology of the state of the art identity organizations.This article describes a decentralized model of identity verification that can guarantee autonomy and security initiative.
In the past eight years of Bitcoin's history, the economy has seen the price of Bitcoin rapidly grow due to its promising outlook on the future for crypto currencies. Investors have taken note of several advantages Bitcoin provides over the traditional banking system. One such trait is that Bitcoin allows for decentralized banking, meaning that Bitcoin cannot be regulated by powerful banks. There is also a market cap of 21 million Bitcoins that can be in circulation, therefore a surplus of Bitcoins cannot be "printed" which would result in inflation. Bitcoin resolves the issue with transaction security by using a block chain, or a ledger, which records the history of every transaction ever made into one long hexadecimal "chain" of anonymous transactions, which keeps transaction history transparent, but also confidential. Bitcoin as a result has become a very bullish investing opportunity, and due to the huge volatility of the Bitcoin market price, this paper attempts to aid in investment decision making by providing Bitcoin market price prediction. Our team explored several Machine Learning algorithms by using Supervised Learning to train a prediction model and provide informative analysis of future market prices. We start with Linear Regression models, and train on several important features, then We proceed with the implementation of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) with Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) cells. All code is written in Python using Google's Tensor Flow software library. We show that the price of Bitcoin can be predicted with Machine Learning with high degree of accuracy.
Cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Ethereum etc. is increasingly well known nowadays among cryptocurrency miners and enthusiasts.Our goal is to estimate the various cryptocurrency accurately considering various parameters that impact the cost.We use various deep learning and machine learning algorithms to be able to recognize the value pattern on the closing value thus giving us the predicted price.The point of this is to determine the precision of cryptocurrency values utilizing various AI algorithms and predict their estimated prices.The dataset that we will be using contains consolidated financial information for the top 10 cryptocurrencies sorted by Market Cap which also have various attributes for each type of cryptocurrency such as open, close, high, low, value and date.Therefore, we are going to use Linear Regression, SGD Regression, Support Vector Regression, and LSTM algorithms to predict the various cryptocurrencies prices.
Blockchain is a trending technology that has paved way to solving various challenges in different sectors.It has received much interest from researchers over the years, as it is known to be a transparent, secured, no third party and tamper-proof public records repository system for documents, contracts, properties and assets.land title as being a major challenge in Nigeria due to the fact the existing traditional system, used to manage the sector is not effective, thus brought about issues such as, double spending, tamper, third party interference, it is not transparent.Hence the need for blockchain technology.The methodology considered for this research is ethereum blockchain with smart contract which is written in solidity programming language.The research clearly shows the result of using ethereum blockchain to manage land title and how the challenges of land title has been solved.This paper examines Blockchain Smart Contract for managing land titles in Nigeria.Specifically, it presents a detailed smart contract for land title and transfer between owner (government) and buyer.
During the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era, the block chain was used as a digital record of transactions that is simultaneously used and shared within a large decentralized, publicly accessible network. In order to maintain the healthcare sector in Industrial Revolution 4.0, smart contracts are used to provide those addresses which provide transparent ways to do transactions among entities. In the other hand, the adoption has challenges, such as the adoption curve, the complexity of the business ecosystems and standardization, data privacy, and people expectations in the healthcare industry.
This paper recommends a blockchain framework that secures the e-learning platform. The proposed framework was used to build a widely manageable and safe data delivery facility that will connect to existing educational data. Institutions can simply have amassed their data history without demanding a copy from central servers. The proposed blockchain framework enhances data security and removes trust concerns amongst users or between third-party institutions accessing applications and services. Data distribution can be used with smart contracts to warranty that institutions will continue to be in control of their data entrance, are alert of the source of collected data sources, and are up-to-date when their data is log on by others. Immutable audit logs are generated through data source and contact history to keep institutions informed of the time their data are retrieved. Blockchain has the potential that could provide a system with massive openness, online secure database that e-learning platforms needed. The blockchain can be implemented on different learning platforms based on the information security policies of the institutions.
Blockchain is a secure and distributed ledger structure and each block is a cryptographic hash of some other factors like a timestamp. The chain is formed by linking the blocks and distributed data is present on multiple computers. The blockchain made system are more fault-tolerant and has high availability even in times of database failures. Though Linux is considered a benchmark for security, it is susceptible to various attacks. With the use of blockchain, Linux logs can be made more transparent among multiple root users and secured by hosting the logs on a decentralized Ethereum blockchain which is customized as per the requirement. It has been observed that in a scenario with multiple root users working simultaneously on same system, transparency between multiple root users can be compromised if some appropriate changes are made in few lines containing the history, Hence, with the help of Ethereum blockchain and log monitoring using log monitors, it is much easier to track the intrusions to identify the source of unauthorized access to logs or changes in them.
Digital streaming also experiencing rapid expansion, the digital streaming application enables us to access and download videos using the existing electronic platform. All this time, services require the content provider to register the copyright to the marketplace or third party. With the existence of blockchain technology makes it possible for the customer to control their data, the available blockchain technology is Smart Contract. Smart Contracts enables instant payment without delay, without obstacles, and without a third party (mediator) which are performed in a decentralized network. Based on the reasons above, this paper will be focusing on a discussion about the smart contract blockchain on digital video streaming application by creating design a streaming video platform with a decentralized peer-to-peer concept.
PT PLN (Persero) as one of the state-owned companies in Indonesia, has the business of selling electricity as one of the core businesses of the company. Business. With customers in 2018 reaching 71.92 million customers, PT PLN (Persero) has entered into a power purchase and purchase contract with customers with the same number of 71.92 million customers. Smart Contracts are expected to be a substitute for written contracts because smart contracts do not require storage space for written documents and are safe from contract changes made by unauthorized parties because they are protected by cryptographic techniques.
In the situation of the Covid-19 plague, many organizations are raising funds to help local governments to obtain additional sources of funds that will be distributed to those in need. Trust is an important factor for the parties involved in raising these funds, both in terms of the funder, the service provider of fundraising platform and even the fundraiser. On this occasion, the author tries to analyze how to implement blockchain technology and smart contracts in the dominant schemes of crowdfunding process. the results of this study indicate that blockchain-based smart contracts can be applied to the dominant schemes of crowdfunding process.
Di Mokhammad Hakim Ilmawan, Budi Warsito, Sugito Sugito
Bitcoin is one of digital assets that can be used to make a profit. One of the ways to use Bitcoin profitly is to trade Bitcoin. At trade activities, decisions making whether to buy or not are very crucial. If we can predict the price of Bitcoin in the future period, we can make a decisions whether to buy Bitcoin or not. Artificial Neural Network can be used to predict Bitcoin price data which is time series data. There are many learning algorithm in Artificial Neural Network, Modified Artificial Bee Colony is one of optimization algorithm that used to solve the optimal weight of Artificial Neural Network. In this study, the Bitcoin exchage rate against Rupiah starting September 1, 2017 to January 4, 2019 are used. Based on the training results obtained that MAPE value is 3,12% and the testing results obtained that MAPE value is 2,02%. This represent that the prediction results from Artificial Neural Network optimized by Modified Artificial Bee Colony algorithm are quite accurate because of small MAPE value.
Blockchain is a distributed public ledger that contains all the digital transactions which is shared amongst the parties who participate in those transactions. It stores these transactions in such a way that it does not undergo any changes. Bitcoin is the popular application which makes use of the block chain technology. Many other applications like finance, real estate, IoT, supply chain etc use blockchain technology. The idea of the blockchain can be used by the content delivery networks to deliver the content to the customers in the reliable and secure manner. This technology has its own challenges and business opportunities which make it a fascinating concept from the perspective of research.
The article deals with the content of the tax on cryptocurrency, which is an innovative IT instrument of economic development. It has been established that there was no common understanding of the official status of cryptocurrency given that each state establishes it in the framework of its national legislation independently, and the introduction of taxes is one of the instruments of state influence on the cryptocurrency circulation. It has been found out that the EU member states had only one restriction on the taxation of cryptocurrency, namely cryptocurrency transactions were not liable for VAT. Foreign experience in taxing cryptocurrency transactions is considered in the article. It has been established that Ukraine offered the most optimal tax rate on income from cryptocurrency transactions for individuals and legal entities. At the same time, the significance of the economic effect of the cryptocurrency tax in the form of revenues to the state budget due to the unstable cryptocurrency exchange rate is disproved, which raises the issue of the feasibility of search for new areas of state influence on cryptocurrency.