Blockchain Papers

Rebeca Tonu, O. Muntean, Ciprian Pungilă

No abstract is available for this record.

Neha Deshmukh, Vaishali Khairnar, Deepali Vora, Aleksandar Jovanović · 5 authors

The accelerating adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has revealed a significant challenge: ensuring accessible, secure charging infrastructure in areas with limited internet connectivity. This study introduces EVMCSDLT, a novel payment framework that leverages Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to facilitate secure transactions between EV users and mobile charging stations in offline environments. Unlike conventional payment systems that require continuous Internet connectivity, EVMCSDLT employs a two-part blockchain security mechanism using QR code authentication and hashing techniques. This mechanism distributes security data across both the sender's & receiver's devices, enabling transactions to be validated & recorded locally before subsequent synchronization with the blockchain network. The system is implemented using React.js integrated with Web3, supporting both online & offline transaction processing via MetaMask wallet. It also features real time geospatial tracking of fixed and mobile charging stations through Google Maps, allowing users to locate nearby charging options efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate a reliable transaction range of up to 8.13 meters between devices, consistent QR code scanning with an average response time of 3.4 s under various lighting conditions, and strong resistance to cyber threats in simulated man-in-the-middle attacks. The EVMCSDLT framework marks a significant advancement in extending the accessibility of EV charging technology to underserved areas while ensuring transaction security and integrity regardless of the Internet connectivity status.

Ya-Wen Teng, De-Nian Yang, Yishuo Shi, Guang-Siang Lee · 7 authors

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have emerged as a transformative innovation in art and technology, relying heavily on social networks for promotion and revenue generation. The value of NFTs is profoundly influenced by their scarcity, rarity, and unique breeding mechanisms, which present novel challenges for viral marketing strategies. In this paper, we introduce a new research problem of NFT Revenue Maximization (NRM), which focuses on maximizing revenue from the perspective of NFT marketplaces by optimally selecting users for viral marketing campaigns (NFT airdrops) and determining the ideal quantities of NFTs to release. We prove the hardness of NRM and propose an approximation algorithm named Quantity and Offspring-Oriented Airdrops (QOOA). Our algorithm leverages the concepts of Scarcity-Conscious Revenue and Valuation-based Quantity Inequality to prune suboptimal airdrops and quantities at an early stage. To further enhance revenue through NFT breeding, QOOA identifies and incentivizes Rare Trait Collectors to acquire multiple NFTs with rare traits, facilitating the breeding of high-value offspring. Experimental results demonstrate that QOOA significantly outperforms baselines, achieving up to 3.8 times higher revenue in large-scale social networks.

Yue Wang, Lincong Zhang, Bo Qian

Fog Radio Access Networks (F-RAN) offload computational processes to the network edge and transmit the processed results to the cloud, significantly reducing the load on cloud servers and improving service efficiency. While this architecture offers convenience, it inevitably raises severe privacy concerns. To address these issues, this paper proposes a blockchain-integrated F-RAN architecture. It employs smart contracts to ensure the security of user requests and introduces Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) technology to minimize the frequent transmission of user private information across the network, thereby providing more effective privacy protection for users.

Engin Zeydan, Josep Mangues‐Bafalluy, Şuayb S. Arslan, Yekta Türk · 5 authors

The growing demand for mobile data services has made it necessary to find efficient and cost-effective ways to share networks. Blockchain technology offers a promising solution to the challenges of network sharing, such as interoperability, trust, and accountability. This article provides a comprehensive classification and categorization of blockchain-based network–sharing scenarios, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Seven network sharing scenarios are identified, ranging from centralized network sharing to fully decentralized spectrum sharing. The suitability of some selected blockchain consensus algorithms (namely Proof-of-Work (PoW) with Ethereum, Proof-of-Authority (PoA) with Ethereum, Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) with Tendermint and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) with Cosmos) is assessed for selected scenarios through extensive evaluations. This article also identifies gaps and opportunities in blockchain–based network sharing solutions and outlines future research directions.

Sonali Sharma, Shilpi Sharma, Tanupriya Choudhury

In the era of web3, blockchain based technologies that leverage the essence of data security and content distribution are transforming the data storage mechanism by eliminating the reliance on centralized servers. Interplanetary File System (IPFS) is one such technology which provides the mechanism to distribute the data without centralization. Many critical applications are being constructed on the principles of blockchain technology to provide data security, integrity and privacy. They are facing storage challenges owing to the data volume growth of transactions. In this research paper, we propose the paradigm shift towards moving forward a more decentralized, secure and censorship-resistant internet, paving way for the next generation of Web3 applications. Our proposed framework works on the Integrated principles of blockchain and IPFS to ensure data security and eliminate the storage cost and challenges. The blockchain sharing mechanism is build using the concept of real time connection for web (WebRTC) where the connection is established between trusted peers. The block consists of essential information required for file retrieval from the IPFS nodes and the password to decrypt the files. As the files are encrypted before uploading to the IPFS nodes using a strong encryption mechanism AES-256, it makes the framework secure from man in the middle attacks which try to fetch the files from the network while being shared.

Madhusanka Liyanage, Engin Zeydan

This tutorial provides a detailed and structured examination of the latest developments in data engineering and blockchain technologies, focusing on their convergence with emerging telecommunication systems. A major focus is on mapping the data engineering lifecycle - including phases such as data connectivity, ingestion, processing and analysis, storage, visualization and orchestration - to the architecture and operational requirements of telecommunication networks. The role of blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) in enabling secure, transparent and decentralized solutions for B5G systems is also highlighted. In addition, the tutorial explores the integration of these frameworks with data science pipelines and discusses practical use cases where data engineering and blockchain intersect in telecom environments. To complement the conceptual parts, two illustrative demonstrations are also presented.

S. P. Maurya, Nitin Awathare, Vinay J. Ribeiro, Umesh Bellur

The world of finance and decentralized applications has undergone a revolution with the advent of blockchain technology, resulting in the emergence of various blockchain platforms. This underscores the necessity for conducting exchanges between different blockchains to facilitate blockchain interoperability. However, the challenges linked to the scalability of individual blockchains pose negative implications during inter-chain exchanges. A prominent solution to tackle the scalability challenge in a blockchain, particularly in terms of throughput, is a Payment Channel Network. However, creating such a solution for facilitating inter-blockchain exchange presents significant challenges, as it demands atomic state updating on two different blockchains. In this paper, we introduce a novel, fully distributed mechanism for establishing cross-chain payment channels (CCPC), designated as Tombolo protocol, designed to operate seamlessly across different blockchains. Furthermore, we provided the sequence of steps that the user should follow to facilitate further exchange without contacting either of the involved blockchains. Additionally, we showcase its resilience against malicious behaviour, specifically in situations where a participant attempts to close the channel using an outdated state or becomes inactive during exchanges. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the viability of Tombolo by implementing it on an Ethereum Virtual Machine-based blockchain using Solidity v0.8.0 based smart contracts. Through comprehensive experimentation and evaluation, we illustrate that CCPC can be established with approximately 2.5 times the gas utilization and around twice the time overhead compared to Raiden, a state-of-the-art intra-chain channel.

Oindrilla Ghosh, Binod Kumar

As the financial technology (FinTech) landscape evolves, two transformative forces are emerging: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Blockchain. These technologies are reshaping how businesses operate, enhancing transparency, and optimizing customer experiences. AI algorithms analyze vast data sets to predict market trends, streamline operations, and personalize services, enabling firms to make data-driven decisions swiftly. On the other hand, Blockchain technology offers a decentralized and secure method for conducting transactions. By eliminating intermediaries, Blockchain not only increases the speed and security of transactions but also provides an immutable ledger that enhances accountability. Together, these technologies are fostering financial inclusivity, allowing underserved communities access to banking services through decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms. Looking ahead, the integration of AI and Blockchain will enable the creation of a more efficient, secure, and user-friendly financial ecosystem.

Anshul Wagh, Mangal Singhal, Rachana Patil

The conventional space title industry is overwhelmed by centralized recorders that force tall recharging expenses, limit possession rights, and show security vulnerabilities due to single focuses of disappointment.This paper presents Domyn, a decentralized space title commercial center leveraging blockchain innovation and NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) to empower genuine possession of advanced spaces.Built on the Ethereum blockchain, Domyn utilizes ERC-721 keen contracts to tokenize space names, permitting clients to mint, purchase, offer, and exchange proprietorship without mediators.Furthermore, IPFS (InterPlanetary Record Framework) guarantees decentralized capacity, making the framework censorship-resistant and tamper-proof [8].Through an in-depth investigation of its design, exchange stream, and savvy contract execution, we illustrate Domyn's capacity to supply security, straightforwardness, and productivity compared to conventional space enlistment centers.The paper assist presents execution measurements, test case comes about, and a security assessment to approve the viability of the proposed framework.We moreover investigate future upgrades, counting Layer 2 scaling arrangements and multi-chain interoperability, to progress gas proficiency and selection.

V. Hemamalini, R. Jagathrajah, K. Annapurani Panaiyappan

The Domain Name System (DNS) is an indispensable part of the internet’s infrastructure, allowing humans to enter human readable domain names into a computer and the computer will translate it to machine readable IP addresses. However, both the traditional DNS systems have several security, privacy, and scalability issues because of the centralized nature. This paper describes the design and implementation of a Web3 decentralized DNS system on top of the blockchain technology based on Ethereum smart contracts. The Web3 DNS system distributes domain registration, resolution and management in a way that is transparent and unbreakably secured, scalable and insanely fast. It’s a system with integrated criticals such as Proof of Request (PoR) for logging all actions and rate limiting to stop abusing the system. In this paper we explore the root components of the Web3 DNS system such as: domain management via a smart contract, PoR logging and rate limiting. This Web3 DNS is tested with the performance tests and compared to the traditional DNS systems for the handling of domain related transactions with improved security and decentralization. Furthermore, blockchain usage in the system leads to the immutable and transparent record of all actions, decreasing the danger of DNS hijacking and other evil activities. This work tries to bring a robust, transparent and censorship resistant alternative to existing DNS infrastructures. Future work will attempt to scale the system and enhance the capability of interoperating with existing, legacy DNS infrastructure.

Xingchen Liu, Wenming Wang, Xiong Yang, Hao Wu · 7 authors

With the integrating development of Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing, data sharing among various IoT devices has become the trend for extensive applications. However, data sharing in IoT environments is challenged by limited terminal resources and distributed data storage, which places higher demands on security and effectiveness. Even though existing searchable encryption technologies provide feasible solutions, there remain challenges in terms of trustworthy retrieval and execution efficiency. To address these issues, this paper proposes an efficient supply-demand-aligned and trustworthy multi-keyword (ESTM) search scheme in edge-assisted IoT environments, where encrypted documents are stored in edge servers. Furthermore, blockchain-based smart contracts are employed so that search results are consensus on the Fabric ledger and data users can verify whether the returned encrypted documents are reliable using encrypted hashes. To achieve the supply-demand-aligned requirement, the RoBERTa (Robustly optimized BERT approach) model is introduced for text classification and data users can judge which edge server stores data best suits their demands. Meanwhile, coordinate (COO) format is adopted into index vectors and search vectors, which can decrease the time required for constructing an index tree to about 2.7% and the time required for generating trapdoors to about 4.6%. Finally, we conducted an in-depth security analysis and performance comparison with existing works, results show that the proposed scheme is effective and feasible.

Hanze Guo, Yebo Feng, Cong Wu, Zengpeng Li · 5 authors

Privacy remains a significant challenge in public blockchain ecosystems. Mainstream add-on privacy solutions, such as Stealth Address Protocols (SAPs) and Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP)-based mixers, have recently attracted considerable attention. However, existing SAPs offer only ephemeral anonymity for users' transaction data, and their implementation and evaluation within the highly concurrent Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) model remain largely unexplored. ZKP-based mixers are limited to native coin transfers with fixed denominations and require additional security assumptions, employing out-of-band encrypted channels to transmit notes. To overcome these challenges, we unify the core principles underlying both SAPs and ZKP mixers and formally introduce StealthHub, a UTXObased SAP. Compared with the widely adopted dual-key-based Umbra protocol prevalent on Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)-compatible chains, StealthHub reduces computational overhead for the prepare and scan announcements stages by over 71% and 32%, respectively. Furthermore, by leveraging Merkle Mountain Range (MMR) commitments and off-chain batch aggregation, our StealthHub implementation lowers deposit and shielded transfer transaction costs to approximately 76% of those for a standard transfer, substantially improving practical usability.

Patrick Spiesberger, Jan Droll, Hannes Hartenstein

In the Ethereum system, the exclusion of specific transactions is currently feasible with minimal effort due to a power imbalance among entities. This censorship opportunity threatens the dependability of time-sensitive services deployable on Ethereum. In this paper, we look at this threat from an access control perspective and attribute it to a lack of accountability for censorship, a lack of policy definition and enforcement, as well as to the lack of disincentivization of policy violation. We propose an approach to enforceable policies in Ethereum. Furthermore, we demonstrate how a specific policy can address the shortcomings of existing censorship mitigation techniques, particularly Inclusion Lists. Under the assumption that block assemblers are unwilling to incur significant financial penalties as well as that the local view on the network messages is sufficiently consistent, the proposed approach guarantees the inclusion of a transaction in a block within 27 seconds in a non-saturated network. The empirical validation of sufficiently consistent views on outstanding transactions is currently in progress.

Juan Cano-Benito, Andrea Cimmino, Sven Hertling, Heiko Paulheim · 5 authors

Data spaces are emerging as decentralised infrastructures that enable sovereign, secure, and trustworthy data exchange among multiple participants. To achieve semantic interoperability within these environments, the use of semantic web technologies and knowledge graphs has been proposed. Although distributed ledger technologies (DLT) fit as the underlying infrastructure for data spaces, there remains a significant gap in terms of the efficient storage of semantic data on these platforms. This paper presents a systematic evaluation of semantic data storage across different types of DLT (public, private, and hybrid), using a real-world knowledge graph as an experimental basis. The study compares performance, storage efficiency, resource consumption, and the capabilities to update and query semantic data. The results show that private DLTs are the most efficient for storing and managing semantic content, while hybrid DLTs offer a balanced trade-off between public auditability and operational efficiency. This research leads to a discussion on the selection of the most appropriate DLT infrastructure based on the data sovereignty requirements of decentralised data ecosystems.

Yanan Gong, K. P. Chow, Siu Ming Yiu

Cryptocurrency-related crimes are on the rise and have a wide-ranging impact across various areas. To effectively combat and prevent such crimes, cryptocurrency forensics, which relies on blockchain analysis, is essential. Despite advancements in Bitcoin de-anonymization techniques, several challenges persist. The absence of authentic data labels introduces uncertainty in de-anonymization results, especially in the context of address clustering. This issue is further compounded by the development of privacy-enhancing technologies that obscure address linkages, thus undermining the reliability of outcomes as forensic evidence. To address these limitations, this study focuses on Bitcoin blockchain analysis and the improvement of address clustering. Specifically, the work presents an enhanced simulation model designed to accurately simulate real Bitcoin transactions, offering a stable platform for evaluating address clustering algorithms that utilize transaction details, thereby facilitating the assessment of the admissibility of clustering results. Meanwhile, we introduce a new heuristic algorithm aimed at identifying one-time change addresses, with experimental results demonstrating that it achieves more precise clustering outcomes than existing heuristic methods. Furthermore, our blockchain analysis reveals overarching patterns and recent changes in the Bitcoin blockchain, particularly following the introduction of the BRC-20 token.

Christian Nii Aflah Cobblah, Qi Xia, Jianbin Gao

As data-driven applications and user demands grow, managing content delivery in Named Data Networking (NDN) has become more challenging. Traditional caching methods struggle to scale in dynamic and decentralized environments where content popularity changes and collaboration among routers is needed. This paper introduces a decentralized collaborative caching framework for NDN, combining Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL) and blockchain technology. MADRL enables routers to autonomously adjust caching strategies based on local states and interactions with neighboring routers, improving cache hit rates and reducing retrieval costs. Blockchain technology ensures fair and transparent rewards through a cryptocurrency-based token system, incentivizing collaboration and minimizing free-riding risks. The framework also integrates Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) for efficient, secure validation of caching actions. Simulations demonstrate that the approach significantly enhances caching efficiency, reduces latency, and improves scalability, addressing the challenges of dynamic decentralized environments.

Birou Gao, Rui Zhang, Yang Tao, Shihan Qin

Abstract The breaches of the blockchain wallet keys greatly harm the security of blockchain transactions. To protect the secret keys, the known solutions, such as hierarchical deterministic wallets proposed in BIP32 or stealth addresses adopted in Monero, have been extensively researched. However, most of the existing works assume the key is safe, in the sense that it cannot be stolen or damaged, which is not true in practice. Moreover, current key revocation mechanisms either rely on centralized authorities, compromising decentralization, or require economic incentives to ensure nodes remain consistantly online. In this paper, we introduce Cocoon, the first blockchain wallet scheme that supports stealth addresses and provides a wallet revocation mechanism without the need for certificates. Cocoon not only ensures the privacy of wallet secret keys but also can individually revoke compromised keys with high performance. Our contributions are three-fold: First, we present the formal model and the related security definitions. Next, we give a generic construction based on the hierarchical identity-based signature, identity-based key encapsulation mechanism and non-interactive zero-knowledge proof. We then extend the scheme to the hierarchical setting for diverse scenarios. Finally, we give the implementation, and the results show that the scheme is practical.

VENKATARATHNAM KORUKONDA, Rohita Yamaganti

The emergence of decentralized file-sharing platforms has introduced new challenges in ensuring secure data transmission, preserving node reputation, and preventing unauthorized access. This study presents an advanced peerto-peer (P2P) file-sharing system that integrates encrypted communication channels with blockchain-based consensus mechanisms to strengthen data confidentiality and trust evaluation. By employing protocols such as Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS), the proposed architecture establishes a tamper-resistant and verifiable ledger of interactions. Cryptographic techniques are used to protect data in transit and maintain privacy-preserving trust scores without revealing user identities. The system's reputation module continuously aggregates behavioural metrics, adjusting trust values through dynamic weighting and anomaly detection. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that this approach achieves high resilience against Sybil and eavesdropping attacks while preserving the integrity and confidentiality of shared content. The proposed model offers a scalable and secure foundation for next-generation decentralized file-sharing systems.

Nipun Sharma, Swati Sharma, Kumud Kumari, C. Komalavalli · 6 authors

The Inter Planetary File System (IPFS) is a decentralized, peer-to-peer file storage and sharing protocol designed to make the web faster, more open, and resilient. It allows users to store and share files in a distributed network without relying on central servers, similar to a BitTorrent-based approach, but with a few unique optimization features. In contrast to traditional HTTP, which fetches data from a single location (typically a server), IPFS retrieves data from multiple nodes holding the content. This can improve access speeds and ensure availability even if some nodes go offline. In this paper we discuss, the evolution of IPFS, key features, prime applications and future challenges. The results and concluding sections discuss the potential application areas and uniqueness offered by the storage related blockchain projects. An estimated of 10 billion USD is the market capitalization of the storage projects across top rankers which is estimated to rise exponentially over the next decade.

Іван Пархоменко, Roman Ohiievych

The paper presents a novel approach to enhancing the crypto-economic resilience of decentralized networks by employing a mechanism of Random Time Challenge Tokens (RTCT). Contemporary consensus mechanisms (Proof-of-Work, Proof-of-Stake, Proof-of-Burn) and their ability to deter 51% attacks and Sybil attacks are analyzed. It is shown that classical approaches secure the network by imposing substantial economic barriers to attackers – for example, miners are forced to invest in hardware and electricity, raising the cost of a 51% attack to a prohibitively high level. However, vulnerabilities remain: attackers can rent computational resources or exploit under-active validators. The proposed RTCT mechanism involves generating random cryptographic challenges at unpredictable time intervals, which network nodes must answer with a cryptographically verifiable token, followed by burning of that token. This process creates unpredictable load and continuous costs for network participants, significantly increasing the economic cost of attacks. The RTCT process is mathematically formalized and the dependence of attack cost on the challenge complexity parameter m is evaluated. The results confirm that as complexity m increases, an attack requires exponentially higher expenditures, making the network more resilient. The advantages and potential drawbacks of the RTCT approach are discussed, as well as possible directions for further research, including optimizing challenge frequency and integrating RTCT with existing consensus protocols.

Murali Krishna Pasupuleti

Abstract: The rapid proliferation of blockchain technology has intensified concerns over the energy inefficiency of traditional consensus mechanisms, particularly Proof of Work (PoW). This study investigates alternative, scalable consensus mechanisms with a focus on enhancing energy efficiency while maintaining performance and decentralization. The evaluation centers on Proof of Stake (PoS), Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), using empirical simulations and statistical modeling to assess key performance indicators—energy consumption per transaction, transaction latency, and throughput. The results indicate that PoS is the most energy-efficient, consuming only 0.04 kWh per transaction, whereas DPoS offers the highest throughput at 1400 transactions per second with moderate energy requirements. PBFT demonstrates the lowest latency but at the cost of increased energy usage. Predictive regression analysis further reinforces the trade-offs between energy use and scalability across consensus mechanisms. These findings highlight the importance of selecting consensus algorithms based on specific application requirements and environmental considerations. The study provides a data-driven framework for guiding the design and adoption of energy-conscious blockchain infrastructures suitable for sustainable and large-scale deployment. Keywords: Blockchain, Consensus Mechanism, Energy Efficiency, Scalability, Proof of Stake, Delegated Proof of Stake, PBFT, Distributed Systems, Transaction Throughput, Green Blockchain Technologies

Hassan Khalid, Amirreza Sokhankhosh, Sara Rouhani

Web3 technologies have experienced unprecedented growth in the last decade, achieving widespread adoption. As various blockchain networks continue to evolve, we are on the cusp of a paradigm shift in which they could provide services traditionally offered by the Internet, but in a decentralized manner, marking the emergence of the Internet of Blockchains. While significant progress has been achieved in enabling interoperability between blockchain networks, existing solutions often assume that networks are already mutually aware. This reveals a critical gap: the initial discovery of blockchain networks remains largely unaddressed. This paper proposes a decentralized architecture for blockchain network discovery that operates independently of any centralized authority. We also introduce a mechanism for discovering assets and services within a blockchain from external networks. Given the decentralized nature of the proposed discovery architecture, we design an incentive mechanism to encourage nodes to actively participate in maintaining the discovery network. The proposed architecture implemented and evaluated, using the Substrate framework, demonstrates its resilience and scalability, effectively handling up to 130,000 concurrent requests under the tested network configurations, with a median response time of 5.5 milliseconds, demonstrating the ability to scale its processing capacity further by increasing its network size.

MRS P SWAROOPA

Abstract—File storage platforms face inherent challenges such as censorship, limited transparency, vulnerability to single points of failure, and restricted user control over data. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a decentralized file-sharing system that integrates the Ethereum blockchain with the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). Our design leverages smart contracts to securely manage file metadata and enforce access controls, providing an immutable and tamper-resistant record of data ownership and permissions. IPFS is utilized for efficient, distributed file storage, enhancing scalability and availability. User authentication is handled through wallet-based cryptographic verification, eliminating reliance on centralized identity providers. Additionally, the system supports micropayment- based monetization via smart contracts, enabling direct and transparent transactions between content creators and consumers. The proposed platform delivers a secure, censorship-resistant, and user-empowered file-sharing environment consistent with the principles of Web3. Keywords- Blockchain, IPFS, Smart Contracts,