ABSTRACT The generation and verification of academic credentials, particularly diplomas, is crucial for the secure functioning, enhanced legitimacy and confidentiality of higher education institutions (HEIs). Digitising the internal services of HEIs is of great importance, as it mitigates the potential abuse of diplomas and other important documents. The prevalence of forgery attempts highlights the need for robust verification methods. In this regard, blockchain technology can be considered as a solution due to its capability to ensure the immutability, decentralisation, security and transparency of all documents stored on the blockchain network or storage. In this paper, we aim to move from concept to practical implementation of a blockchainâbased framework for generating and verifying diplomas, named Diploma Integrity Authentication Record (DIAR), which, in addition to the digitalisation of diplomas and academic documents, also enables their fast, secure, and costâeffective verification. Through the paper, we describe in detail the process of practical implementation of the DIAR framework, presenting the smart contract for generating and verifying diplomas, the process of encrypting and storing diplomas as nonâfungible tokens on the blockchain network or storage. At the same time, the challenges of practical implementation are also described, which are predominantly related to the scarcity of blockchain solutions for generating and verifying diplomas in HEIs. Significant attention and emphasis are placed on the legal matters pertaining to the implementation and safeguarding of students' identification and data privacy.
This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a decentralized system for issuing and verifying academic certificates based on blockchain technology. The proposed solution addresses common limitations of traditional certification models, such as susceptibility to forgery, reliance on centralized infrastructures, and inefficient verification processes. The system is built on the TRON blockchain and integrates smart contracts written in Solidity, a decentralized web application (dApp) for user interaction, and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) for decentralized storage of certificate metadata. The methodology comprised architectural design, smart contract development, and the implementation of a web-based interface, followed by functional, security, performance, and usability evaluations. Experimental results show that the system correctly supports certificate issuance and public verification, enforces access control, and resists common misuse scenarios. Performance analysis indicates low confirmation latency and negligible transaction costs, making the solution suitable for large-scale academic environments. Additionally, usability assessment using the System Usability Scale (SUS) resulted in a score of 76.67, indicating good user acceptance. Overall, the results demonstrate the technical feasibility and practical viability of the proposed approach, highlighting the TRON blockchain as an effective and cost-efficient infrastructure for decentralized academic certification systems.
Online voting with blockchain technology is a decentralised and secure live-voting system which can be implemented using an Ethereum blockchain. Our proposed blockchain-based voting system (BVote) uses the Ethereum blockchain technology to overcome the issues of the existing voting system, such as vote tampering, double voting, and hacking. Our system offers several benefits including increased security, transparency, and immutability. The immutability of blockchain ensures that once a vote is recorded, it cannot be altered or deleted, thereby enhancing the integrity of the election process. Additionally, voting and counting occur simultaneously, thereby providing partial results. Double voting is addressed using a unique digital identity for each voter that is verified in the blockchain network. To authenticate the user identity, each transaction should be digitally signed using a private key. This ensures that only voters can access and use their digital identity to cast a vote. To ensure the privacy of the voter, the data are hashed using a Secure Hash Algorithm. To ensure the anonymity of the voter, the vote is encrypted to break the link between voter and their vote. This helps to protect votersâ privacy and prevents attempts to trace their votes. By utilising the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, a digital signature is generated for each transaction that occurs during the voting process. This ensures the authenticity of the data stored on the blockchain and prevents any unauthorised modifications or tampering of the data, which further improves security.
Ridwan Yusuf, Andreas Perdana, Febri Sugandi, Untoro Apsiswanto
Pada periode 2024-2025, pertemuan antara Large Language Model dan teknologi blockchain melahirkan kelas perangkat lunak baru yang disebut AI Agent on-chain, perangkat lunak otonom yang menerjemahkan tujuan pengguna menjadi rangkaian transaksi Decentralized Finance dan menandatanganinya tanpa intervensi manusia. Adopsi yang berlangsung cepat memperlihatkan tiga celah konseptual yang belum terjawab: kompleksitas alur eksekusi multi-langkah pada DeFi, lansekap kerentanan yang khas LLM seperti indirect prompt injection dan jailbreak yang berimplikasi langsung pada aset finansial, dan ketiadaan kerangka tata kelola yang akuntabel pada ekosistem yang terdesentralisasi. Kajian ini menyintesis 34 publikasi terverifikasi dari basis data Zotero ke dalam empat tema yang saling terkait: arsitektur agen dan kolaborasi multi-agen, manajemen kunci pada agentic wallet, lansekap ancaman keamanan, serta peran blockchain sebagai trust layer. Temuan kunci yang muncul adalah bahwa pertahanan yang hanya bertumpu pada lapisan bahasa terbukti tidak memadai; kontrol pada lapisan tindakan, melalui kebijakan yang dinamis, isolasi enclave, atau secret sharing multi-pihak, menjadi prasyarat ketika konsekuensi finansial bersifat permanen. Kontribusi yang diajukan mencakup taksonomi vektor ancaman per lapis arsitektur, kerangka pertahanan tiga-lapis hibrid, serta agenda riset masa depan dengan lima arah konkret.
Efficient management of vehicle fleets is nial for modern transportation networks, but old-fashioned centralized systems often face issues like data changes, lack of transparency, and inefficient processes. This paper presents a blockchain-based Fleet Management System that combines Distributed Ledger Technology with IoT devices to ensure secure, transparent, and tamper-proof operations. The system uses a multi-layered design that includes client, application, blockchain, consensus, and database layers, making it flexible and easy to expand. Smart contracts help automate tasks like checking drivers, planning vehicle maintenance, and handling payments, reducing the need for manual work and increasing accuracy. Real-time vehicle tracking using IoT sensors and GPS improves monitoring, while blockchain's ability to keep data unchanged builds trust and ensures reliability among all users. A comparison shows this system offers better reliability, lower costs, and more trust than traditional methods. The results show that using blockchain for fleet management provides a sustainable, efficient, and future-ready solution for smart transportation systems.
The security of a patientâs clinical records and their confidentiality is a crucial responsibility for any medical orga- nization seeking to operate optimally and protect the privacy of its patients. The loss of a patientâs clinical record in a data breach can have disastrous consequences. According to the 2022 Data Breaches Investigations Report by Verizon, human error contributed to 82% of data breaches. To address this issue, this research paper proposes a system that integrates user- side inspection software and blockchain technology to prevent data breaches by leveraging blockchainâs transparency and immutability. Our proposed system can prevent data breaches by protecting sensitive files from unauthorized access within the organization as well as outside the organization while also ensuring the secure transmission of cryptographically-secured files. The system utilizes a Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus algorithm to enhance security, scalability, and efficiency so that it can even be used by organizations without considerable computer architecture.
Traditional e-learning and academic administration systems face persistent challenges, including credential fraud, inefficient verification processes, and a lack of transparency in financial aid distribution. This paper proposes a blockchain-integrated e-learning platform designed to address these issues by creating a secure, transparent, and automated ecosystem for academic records and financial aid. We present a hybrid architecture that leverages a high-performance permissioned blockchain, Purechain, to manage trust-critical functions while retaining conventional databases for dynamic content. The system is built around four modular smart contracts: IdentityRegistry, AcademicManager, EduToken, and ScholarshipFactory. The key innovation is the programmatic linkage between on-chain academic performance and automated scholarship disbursement, enabling a trustless, unbiased, and efficient financial aid model.
Digital certificate forgery remains a real problem in education and employment because traditional verification processes rely on centralized databases, are vulnerable to manipulation, and often take a long time. This study designs and implements a blockchain-based digital certificate verification system that models certificates as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) using the ERC-1155 standard on the Manta Pacific Layer 2 network and incorporates a Soulbound Token (SBT) mechanism to ensure that certificates cannot be transferred. The research adopts a prototyping method through eight stages, starting from architecture design and prototype development to the integration of ERC-1155 smart contracts with IPFS and wallets, as well as testing of minting functions, QR code-based verification, and rejection of asset transfers. The results demonstrate successful on-chain certificate issuance with significantly reduced transaction costs compared to ERC-721-based certificates on Layer 1 networks reported in previous studies, while maintaining a decentralized audit trail. The SBT implementation successfully rejects every attempt to transfer certificates to other wallets, thereby preventing the sale or illicit transfer of credential ownership. These findings indicate that the combination of ERC-1155, SBT, and IPFS on a Layer 2 network has strong potential as an efficient, secure, and practically adoptable digital certificate verification model for educational institutions.
This project aims to create, utilize, and evaluate a blockchain-based solution for event ticketing, addressing issues such as fraud, duplicate tickets, excessive fees from intermediaries, and unfair resale practices prevalent in traditional ticketing systems. The project develops a powerful stack of Solidity smart contracts on Ethereum/Polygon blockchains to standardise creation, ownership transfer, and resale policies for tickets. At the same time, a React.js frontend is being developed to create a fast and agile ticket purchase, reservation, and store transfer interface. This interface utilizes Metamask wallet authentication in a Node.js and Express backend, which connects to the blockchain using Web3.js. For decentralization and immutability, ticket metadata is recorded on the IPFS system, and its performance is verified by means of QR code scanning modules integrated into the IoT-based entry gates for real-time validation. The project was deployed on Ganache, and it has been tested on the Polygon Mumbai testnet for performance analysis under real-world conditions. According to the report, there is error-free validation for over 500 concurrent transactions, an 8â12 second average time to confirm a transaction, and an average 70% reduction in counterpart gas fees on Polygon compared to Ethereum. The system addresses user access, transparency, duplicate elimination, and secure resale tracking. This work fills the void between theoretical models and practical solutions, with a demonstration of such a scheme and quantifiable results, proving the applicability of blockchain ticketing systems for transparent and scalable event management that prevents fraud.
Assets security is a critical subject for employers because it decides the fate of organizations. If the employers fail to control the asset management, then they face drastic losses. Organizations use several strategies for controlling the asset management in operations management. However, they got outdone in maintaining secure asset management, and it may result in drastic losses. Industry personnel are worried about asset management in decentralized stores as compared to centralized stores because there are a lot of foul play results that occur by willingly, fully, or intentionally attempting. These attempts can be reduced by vigilant and real-time information plans, but they can never be eliminated. Finance department analysis showed that the most minor malfunction deteriorates the operations management and could lead to an industry downturn. The present study proposed a secure decentralized architecture for operations management excellence using the blockchain concept. The architecture provides secure assets management in decentralized stores in operations management in Industry 3.0 and Industry 4.0 environment. The proposed architecture resolves the challenges faced by industry personnel in establishing different decentralized stores on the shop floors. Decentralized stores play a vital role in achieving desired operations outcomes because they decrease the material handling and breakage possibilities but increase insecurity chances. The proposed architecture helps in tackling issues faced in controlling decentralized stores by implementing blockchain concepts in Industry 3.0 and Industry 4.0 environments.
In Indonesian higher education institutions, traditional methods of managing physical assets, like the semi-digital system, may lead to problems with efficiency, data integrity, and transparency. This study addresses these issues by designing, developing, and evaluating a Proof-of-Concept (PoC) for a decentralized asset management system that uses a private blockchain and a Proof-of-Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism. Using the Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM), a prototype was developed to improve the processes of documenting, monitoring, maintaining, and disposing of assets using smart contracts. Functional testing and User Acceptance Testing (UAT) confirmed the system successfully manages asset administration in an integrated manner that meets user needs. A critical performance test showed that the PoA consensus reached transaction finality faster (8.588 seconds) and at a far lower cost (<$0.01) than a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) testnet (13.548 seconds and ~$1.11, respectively). The findings conclude that the PoA-based blockchain is a more secure, transparent, and efficient solution, making it highly optimal for permissioned systems of higher education asset administration and confirming its adaptability for the digitalization needs of educational institutions.
This study investigates how smart contract-driven queue management can be utilized to increase online ticket purchasing efficiency via blockchain technology. The system is designed to manage ticket purchase queues transparently and securely, using smart contracts written in the Solidity programming language and the Ionic UI framework. In addition, the system is connected with MetaMask as a transaction wallet, allowing users to purchase tickets directly and securely. Ganache serves as a testing environment for replenishing wallet balances without involving real transactions. The First In First Out (FIFO) approach is used to manage the transaction queue, with the first purchased ticket being processed first by the administrator. The administrator accepts each transaction, which is then confirmed by MetaMask. When the transaction is confirmed, the system automatically updates the ticket status. The implementation results show that this system effectively optimizes ticket transaction management transparently and securely. This work also makes a significant contribution to the application of blockchain technology for better management of online ticket purchasing systems, as well as minimizing the possibility of transaction errors and fraud.
Herman Herman, Rinday Zildjiani Salji, Herman Yuliansyah
This research studies implementation of decentralized applications (DApps) that are combined with blockchain technology and IPFS for storing patient medical data. The goal of this research is to increase the security, transparency, and access control of stored medical data to make sure only legitimate users can access the data. The proposed system uses smart contracts on the Ethereum network to handle user rights of access (doctors, patients, and admins) and ensure data integrity through the blockchain immutability feature. Patient medical records are retained in IPFS and traced using the Content Identifier (CID). Implementation outcome reveals that the system can safely process medical information, keeping patients in full control of their information, and restricting data access only to scheduled time. This system also shows the potential of blockchain and IPFS technology-based applications in achieving a more efficient health ecosystem focused on safeguarding people's data.
This study proposes a gamification-based educational model that integrates blockchain concepts and reinforcement learning (RL) principles for elementary students.While blockchain education is often abstract and unsuitable for younger learners, the proposed card game-based approach allows students to experience hash functions, consensus algorithms, and distributed ledgers through interactive activities.Instructional design followed the Dick and Carey model, and the MDA framework was applied to align game mechanics with cognitive, emotional, and social objectives.RL mechanisms such as exploration-exploitation balance and reward shaping were embedded to sustain engagement and motivation.The model's effectiveness was evaluated through expert review involving four technology specialists and nine elementary school teachers.Results showed consistently positive ratings across five metrics (Innovation, Effectiveness, Applicability, Motivation, Efficiency), with averages above 3.8 on a 5-point scale.Particularly high scores were recorded for Innovation (M=4.14) and Efficiency (M=4.09).These findings indicate that the model is both novel and practical, offering a promising approach to making abstract technical concepts accessible at the elementary level.
Mekanisme konsensus memainkan peran krusial dalam menentukan efisiensi dan skalabilitas sistem blockchain. Dua algoritma yang paling umum digunakan adalah Proof of Work dan Proof of Stake, masing-masing dengan karakteristik performa yang berbeda dalam menghadapi beban transaksi tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dan membandingkan kinerja kedua mekanisme konsensus tersebut melalui pendekatan eksperimental berbasis simulasi. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan Framework Hardhat dalam lingkungan lokal dengan dua skenario utama: transaction scaling dan burst transaction. Empat metrik evaluasi digunakan, yaitu throughput, transaction latency, finality time, dan mempool congestion. hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa Proof of Stake secara konsisten unggul dalam keempat metrik, dengan throughput tinggi, latency dan finality time yang stabil, serta mempool congestion yang terkendali. Sebaliknya, Proof of Work mengalami penurunan performa signifikan pada beban tinggi akibat proses mining yang tetap dan tidak adaptif. Uji statistik Mann-Whitney U menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan performa tersebut signifikan secara statistik di hampir semua metrik. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan lebih dalam mengenai kelebihan dan keterbatasan masing-masing mekanisme konsensus dalam kondisi beban tinggi dengan menggunakan hardhat, serta kontribusi nya terhadap pemahaman skalabilitas blockchain dalam dunia nyata. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa Proof of Stake lebih sesuai untuk implementasi blockchain berskala besar yang memerlukan efisiensi dan kecepatan tinggi.
Brahma Sakthieswari G, Abisha Kamal D, Jesintha Sharon S, Priyanka S
The widespread adoption of e-learning platforms has increased the issuance of digital certificates; however, conventional certificate management systems are centralized and vulnerable to forgery, unauthorized alteration, and data loss. These limitations reduce trust and make verification dependent on intermediaries. This paper proposes a Blockchain and IPFS-based framework that ensures secure issuance, tamper-proof storage, and automated verification of digital certificates. The system deploys an Ethereum smart contract to register certificate metadata on-chain while the actual certificate file and associated JSON metadata are stored on IPFS, enabling decentralized storage and verifiable ownership. A dual-hash mechanism binds the certificate and its metadata to prevent hash spoofing. Additionally, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) are integrated for semantic integrity verification, allowing detection of textual manipulation even when the certificate's appearance remains unchanged. A dataset of 400 certificates was used to evaluate the system. The OCR/NLP module achieved 95% precision in name-matching, and smart contract operations incurred less than $0.05 per certificate, with verification completed in under 3.5 seconds. Results demonstrate that combining blockchain immutability, decentralized storage, and NLP-assisted verification provides a scalable and tamper-evident solution suitable for academic and professional certificate management.
Mohammad Alvian Dharma Nararya, Shuri Mariasih Gietty, Himawan Aditya Pratama
Tulisan ini mengkaji secara kritis kemunculan gim Play-to-Earn (P2E) dalam kerangka teknologi Web3, dengan berargumen bahwa janji desentralisasi yang dibawa oleh blockchain dan Non-Fungible Token (NFT) justru mereproduksi, bahkan memperkuat, pola-pola eksploitasi kapitalisme tradisional. Model P2E merujuk pada sistem permainan digital yang memungkinkan pemain memperoleh keuntungan finansial dari aktivitas bermain melalui mekanisme ekonomi berbasis token kripto, di mana aset dalam gim memiliki nilai tukar di pasar digital. Sementara itu, blockchain merupakan teknologi pencatatan terdistribusi yang menyimpan data transaksi di banyak komputer (nodes) dan sering diklaim sebagai fondasi desentralisasi digital karena tidak bergantung pada otoritas tunggal. Melalui analisis terhadap infrastruktur Web3 dan studi kasus gim Axie Infinity (2018), tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem digital yang diklaim membebaskan pengguna dari kontrol terpusat justru memusatkan kekuasaan ekonomi dalam bentuk yang lebih terselubung. Dengan kerangka teori kapitalisme digital dan konsep false needs dari Herbert Marcuse, penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa ekonomi P2E mengubah aktivitas bermain menjadi bentuk kerja (playbor) dan menundukkan pemain pada pasar spekulatif yang menguntungkan pengembang dan pemilik modal. Di Asia Tenggara, tempat basis pemain P2E tetap besar meskipun gelembung pasarnya telah pecah, sistem ini mengeksploitasi kondisi sosial-ekonomi yang rentan dengan membingkai ketidakstabilan finansial sebagai peluang. Tulisan ini berargumen bahwa âdesentralisasiâ dalam Web3 merupakan bentuk sentralisasi terselubung melalui kontrol algoritmik, opasitas infrastruktur, dan privatisasi platform, menunjukkan bahwa Web3 dan gim P2E bukanlah alternatif pasca-kapitalis, melainkan fase baru dari kapitalisme digital yang mengomodifikasi permainan dan mendistribusikan risiko ke bawah sambil mengonsolidasikan keuntungan di atas.
Muhammad Guhya Thesar Afani, Farhan Ferdiansyah, Eraneo Ihza P
The usage of blockchain has increased around the world over the years. It has become widely used in various sectors that need transparency, such as accounting, business, and auditing. Blockchains are gaining more popularity after being applied as a system for digital asset ownership, such as cryptocurrency and NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens). This growing trend of blockchain is followed by the increasing trend of research regarding it in the last decade. Blockchain has the potential to revolutionize the auditing sector and enhance economic accountability due to its decentralized system. Therefore, research regarding blockchain applications in auditing is becoming an important topic. This study adopts a qualitative approach by using datasets retrieved from the Scopus website, from the search result of blockchain auditing, with a total of 1228 articles that were published in the last decade (2015-2025). Furthermore, this study also uses several software programs as data processing tools, such as R Studio, VOSViewer, and Publish or Perish. This study aims to understand the research trend regarding blockchain auditing in the last decade and highlight its implications for the auditing and economic sectors.
The manuscript should contain an abstract. The abstract should be self-contained and citation-free and should not exceed 300 âwords. The abstract should state the purpose, approach, results, and conclusions of the paper. The author should assume that the reader has âsome knowledge of the subject but has not read the paper. Thus, the abstract should be intelligible and complete in itself (no numerical âreferences); it should not cite figures, tables, or sections of the paper. The abstract should be written using the third person instead of first per-âson.â This study examines the potential of Web3 technologies to enhance accounting transparency in government budgets through a survey of âacademics and professionals in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A structured questionnaire with 25 statements across five dimensions was âadministered to 55 respondents (74.55% academics in accounting/finance, 20% professionals from the Board of Supreme Audit) using a âfive-point Likert scale, with data analyzed via SPSS V.27.â âThe empirical results extensively validate Web3's application in enhancing governmental financial transparency. Although the theoretical âframework emphasized blockchain immutability as the foundation, statistical evidence revealed stronger endorsement for smart contracts ââ(mean = 4.167) and real-time access (mean = 4.06) compared to blockchain immutability (mean = 4.047). All hypotheses were validated at a p ââ< 0.000 significance level. Decentralized recordkeeping (mean = 4.12) and interoperability (mean = 4.116) also received strong support, âhighlighting the need for internal control and cross-government reconciliation.â âThe stronger support for smart contracts and real-time access reflects stakeholders' prioritization of practical, user-facing applications over âunderlying infrastructure. These tools offer immediate automation of budget controls, measurable cost savings, and direct citizen engage-âmentâaddressing urgent transparency challenges in the Kurdistan Region context more directly than blockchain's foundational security âfeatures.â âFrom an accounting perspective, Web3 supports fundamental financial reporting principles: blockchain immutability aligns with reliability âof accounting records; smart contracts function as programmed spending controls enhancing compliance and restricting unauthorized ex-âpenditures; real-time access corresponds to timeliness and disclosure principles, enabling continuous monitoring by citizens and oversight âagencies; while decentralization and interoperability strengthen internal control and promote consistency across governmental financial sys-âtems.â âWhile blockchain provides essential recordkeeping infrastructure for transparent records, stakeholder priorities emphasize automation, âaccessibility, and integration. These findings suggest governmental accounting reforms should prioritize smart contracts and real-time reporting systems as primary drivers of financial transparency, with blockchain serving as the supporting foundation. The study recommends âincremental adoption, development of real-time dashboards, integration with existing infrastructure, and establishment of supportive institutional frameworks.
Nurhajar Anugraha, Muhammad Riswanto, Lindawati Lindawati, Asrul Asrul
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sistem e-voting berbasis blockchain dengan autentikasi biometrik sidik jari serta penerapan protokol zero-knowledge proofs sebagai pengamanan tambahan terhadap data pemilih dan hasil suara. Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi dalam sistem pemungutan suara elektronik konvensional adalah rendahnya kepercayaan terhadap keamanan data dan potensi manipulasi hasil. Metode penelitian yang digunakan mencakup perancangan sistem dengan arsitektur client-server, implementasi teknologi blockchain untuk pencatatan suara yang terenkripsi, serta integrasi biometrik sidik jari menggunakan BiometricPrompt API pada Android. Selain itu, sistem diverifikasi dengan kode OTP melalui email institusional sebagai bentuk validasi ganda pengguna. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem dapat berjalan dengan baik dan memberikan keamanan yang tinggi karena setiap data suara tersimpan secara permanen dan tidak dapat diubah di jaringan blockchain. Autentikasi biometrik juga memastikan bahwa setiap pemilih terverifikasi secara unik sehingga tidak terjadi pemungutan suara ganda. Dengan demikian, sistem e-voting ini dinilai layak diterapkan untuk lingkungan akademik dan dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut untuk pemilihan umum berskala lebih besar.