Autonomous vehicle platoon is a promising paradigm towards traffic congestion problems in the intelligent transportation system. However, under certain circumstances, the advantage of the platoon cannot be fully developed. In this paper, we focus on the highway Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) charging problem. We try to let the opportunistic platoon pass the ETC as a whole. There are three main issues in this scenario. Firstly, the opportunistic platoon is temporarily composed; vehicles do not trust each other. Secondly, single vehicle may try to escape from the ETC charging by following the platoon. Finally, platoon members may collude with each other and try to underreport the number of vehicles in the platoon so as to evade payment. To solve these challenges, we propose a blockchain-based efficient highway toll paradigm for the opportunistic platoon. The driving history, credential information of every registered vehicle, is recorded and verified from the blockchain. A roadside unit (RSU) is adopted to distinguish the single vehicle from the platoon and in charge of lane allocation. Additionally, an aggregate signature is introduced to accelerate the authentication procedure in the RSU. We analyse the potential security threats in this scenario. The experimental result indicates that our scheme is efficient and practical.
The autonomous industry has rapidly grown for self-driving cars. The main purpose of autonomous industry is trying to give all types of security, privacy, secured traffic information to the self-driving cars. Blockchain is another newly established secured technology. The main aim of this technology is to provide more secured, convenient online transactions. By using this new technology, the autonomous industry can easily provide more suitable, safe, efficient transportation to the passengers and secured traffic information to the vehicles. This information can easily gather by the roadside units or by the passing vehicles. Also, the economical transactions can be possible more efficiently since blockchain technology allows peer-to-peer communications between nodes, and it also eliminates the need of the third party. This chapter proposes a concept of how the autonomous industry can provide more adequate, proper, and safe transportation with the help of blockchain. It also examines for the possibility that autonomous vehicles can become the future of transportation.
In recent times, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) have become a core part of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), which aim to achieve continual Internet connectivity among vehicles on the road. The VANET has been used to improve driving safety and construct an ITS in modern cities. However, owing to the wireless characteristics, the message transmitted through the network can be observed, altered, or forged. Since driving safety is a major part of VANET, the security and privacy of these messages must be preserved. Therefore, this paper introduces an efficient privacy-preserving data transmission architecture that makes use of blockchain technology in cluster-based VANET. The cluster-based VANET architecture is used to achieve load balancing and minimize overhead in the network, where the clustering process is performed using the rainfall optimization algorithm (ROA). The ROA-based clustering with blockchain-based data transmission, called a ROAC-B technique, initially clusters the vehicles, and communication takes place via blockchain technology. A sequence of experiments was conducted to ensure the superiority of the ROAC-B technique, and several aspects of the results were considered. The simulation outcome showed that the ROAC-B technique is superior to other techniques in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), end to end (ETE) delay, throughput, and cluster size.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an emerging technology that allows the interconnection of smart vehicles with each other via the Internet. Smart vehicles share data to improve driving safety and efficiency. However, shared messages can face several security and privacy issues. Therefore, ensuring security and privacy in IoV is highly required. In this work, we present up-to-date blockchain-based solutions to secure IoV applications. A comprehensive comparison of classical and blockchain-based security schemes for IoV is provided. Moreover, we discuss open issues related to the integration of blockchain technology in IoV and propose an efficient architecture to address the delay and scalability issues.
One of the biggest challenges associated with connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is to maintain and make use of vehicles health records (VHR). VHR can facilitate different entities to offer various services in a proactive, transparent, secure, reliable and in an efficient manner. The state-of-the-art solutions for maintaining the VHR are centralized in nature, mainly owned by manufacturer and authorized in-vehicle device developers. Owners, drivers, and other key service providers have limited accessibility and control to the VHR. We need to change the strategy from single or limited party access to multi-party access to VHR in an secured manner so that all stakeholders of intelligent transportation system (ITS) can be benefited from this. Any unauthorized attempt to alter the data should also be prevented. Blockchain is one such potential candidate, which can facilitate the sharing of such data among different participating organizations and individuals. For example, owners, manufacturers, trusted third parties, road authorities, insurance companies, charging stations, and car selling ventures can access VHR stored on the blockchain in a permissioned, secured, and with a higher level of confidence. In this paper, a blockchain-based decentralized secure system for V-CARE is proposed to manage records in an interoperable framework that leads to improved ITS services in terms of safety, availability, reliability, efficiency, and maintenance. Insurance based on pay-how-you-drive (PHYD), and sale and purchase of used vehicles can also be made more transparent and reliable without compromising the confidentiality and security of sensitive data.
The Internet of things (IoT), the Internet of vehicles, and blockchain technology have become very popular these days because of their versatility. Road traffic, which is increasing day by day, is causing more and more deaths worldwide. The world needs a product that would reduce the number of road accidents. This paper suggests combining IoT and blockchain technology to mitigate road hazards. The new intelligent transportation system technologies and the subsequent emergence of 5G technologies will be a blessing, delivering the necessary speed to ensure both safety and quality of service (QoS). Hashgraph technology, a distributed ledger technology is used to create communication networks between the different vehicles and other relevant parameters. Scheduling the requests according to the priorities for ensuring better QoS quotient can be effectively done using hashgraph. We demonstrated how the hashgraph outstrips other equivalents platforms. The proposed model was simulated using OMNeT++ with proper design and network description files. A hardware implementation of the proposed model was also done. Messages were transferred between the vehicles and prioritized using a hashgraph. This paper proposes an effective model in reducing the accidents in terms of parameters like speed, security, stability, and fairness.
In most cities, the availability of parking is a major concern. The misuse of parking spots as drivers park for longer than permitted periods cause more delays, inconvenience to others, and even parking tickets. Moreover, the payment systems at many locations are still not electronic and rely on hard currency. The search for a parking space also contributes to congestion, pollution, and other safety issues. This paper introduces an end-to-end system that enables automatic car payments in a safe, private, secure, and efficient manner using Blockchain technology. The proposed solution utilizes Ethereum to prototype a solution which can facilitate the parking payments. In addition, Android auto and application modules that automate the payment process have also been developed. Moreover, a validation technique for enhancing the quality and correctness of the proposed solution, namely Model-Based Testing Techniques, has been discussed. The latter consists of deriving test suites from an adopted formal model, performing them, and assessing the correctness. The used formal model may combine both functional and load aspects. A list of techniques for improving the formal testing approach was identified. Besides, the authors explained how to manage dynamic adaptations of the system under test and how to use isolation strategies for avoiding interference between testing and business behaviors. Finally, an optimization phase for testers placement inspired by fog computing is proposed as well.
Yuchuan Fu, Changle Li, F. Richard Yu, Tom H. Luan · 5 authors
Inappropriate lane following and changing behaviors of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) can result in accidents, such as rear-end collision and side collision. To remedy that, the use of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for autonomous driving decisions is currently a widely used promising solution. In this case, the accuracy and effectiveness of such a machine learning (ML) model is quite essential for this artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled CAVs. This article proposes a blockchain-based collective learning (BCL) framework for autonomous lane-changing systems. Four key issues, namely, learning efficiency, data security, users' privacy, as well as communication burden, are addressed by applying collective learning, vehicular blockchain, and knowledge transfer. First, we model the lane-changing problem as a DRL process and learn the autonomous lane-changing strategy through the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm. Second, a single CAV involves a limited number of driving scenarios, and the independent learning method has the problem of inefficiency. Therefore, we propose a collective learning framework to utilize the “collective intelligence” shared by CAVs. Third, a vehicular blockchain is then applied to ensure the security and privacy of the user and data. In addition, the introduction of the blockchain can incentivize more users to participate in collective learning. Finally, in order to accelerate the learning process and achieve higher level performance while further reducing the communication burden, we use the corresponding knowledge extracted from the ML model such as human learning, as privileged information for sharing instead of directly sharing local ML models. Extensive simulation results validate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposal in terms of learning efficiency, driving safety, as well as system security and robustness.
N. Padmapriya, T. Ananth Kumar, R. Rajmohan, M. Pavithra · 5 authors
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The cars we drive are rapidly transforming. Connected vehicles in the context of the Advanced Driver Assistance System or Autonomous Vehicles are about to change the way we drive cars. Connected Vehicles are futuristic vehicles that can interact with other vehicles for passing on information such as, mapping and localization, information about road traffic and driving behaviour. However, such vehicles, particularly the autonomous ones, are prone to a variety of attacks including cyber-attacks. These malicious attacks can intrude a vehicle that not only endangers the vehicles safety, but also the life of passengers and the nearby environment. Thus, identifying and eliminating these attacks for providing a secure communication environment is of great need. Also, all the existing methods for vehicular communication rely on a centralized server which itself invite massive cyber-security threats. These threats and challenges can be addressed by using the Blockchain (BC) technology, where each transaction is logged in a decentralized immutable BC ledger. In this work, we show how BC can facilitate communication between connected vehicles to send and receive information while assuring the security of all the vehicles participating in the BC network. First, we developed an application for the blockchain based less-complex Proof-of-Work consensus method that allows the vehicles to transfer information in a secured manner. Second, we demonstrate the working of the application using raspberry pi board that act as vehicles mounted with sensors and two computers that act as blockchain network. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of blockchain based vehicular communication and the integration of the blockchain with VANET as well.</div></div>
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The automotive industry is set for a rapid transformation in the next few years in terms of communication. The kind of growth the automotive industry is poised for in fields of connected cars is both fascinating and alarming at the same time. The communication devices equipped to the cars and the data exchanges done between vehicles to vehicles are prone to a lot of cyber-related attacks. The signals that are sent using Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) between vehicles can be eavesdropped by the attackers and it may be used for various attacks such as the man in the middle attack, DOS attack, Sybil attack, etc. These attacks can be prevented using the Blockchain technology, where each transaction is logged in a decentralized immutable Blockchain ledger. This provides authenticity and integrity to the signals. But the use of Blockchain Platforms such as Ethereum has various drawbacks like scalability which makes it infeasible for connected car system. Here, we propose a solution to address various drawbacks of VANET such as privacy issues and, security using a more scalable decentralized platform called IOTA incorporated with a Public Key Infrastructure.</div></div>
Although vehicular global positioning system (GPS) has been widely applied in many traffic scenarios, it is far from achieving lane-level positioning due to its low accuracy. Existing cooperative positioning (CP) methods have improved vehicular positioning accuracy to varying degrees, which still have challenges in further improving the system's robustness and security. In this article, we propose a novel framework of blockchain-enabled Internet of Vehicles (IoV) with CP for improving vehicular GPS positioning accuracy, system robustness, and security. First, a self-positioning correction scheme for the intelligent vehicles is proposed to improve their positioning accuracy, which uses the multitraffic signs as benchmarks to correct the vehicular position (given by GPS) by deep neural network (DNN) algorithm. We further design a multi-intelligent vehicle positioning error sharing model to reduce GPS positioning error of common vehicles (CoVs) in the same segment or area. In addition, to realize information sharing between vehicles and ensure system security, the connections among intelligent vehicles, CoVs, and roadside units are built by proposing a blockchain-enabled architecture that includes IoV subsystem and blockchain subsystem, where the corresponding mechanism of the information choosing, information sharing, and penalty is designed. Extensive simulation results show the accuracy, robustness, and security of our proposal in terms of vehicular positioning, information transferring, and sharing.
Changle Li, Yuchuan Fu, F. Richard Yu, Tom H. Luan · 5 authors
The positioning accuracy of the existing vehicular Global Positioning System (GPS) is far from sufficient to support autonomous driving and ITS applications. To remedy that, leading methods such as ranging and cooperation have improved the positioning accuracy to varying degrees, but they are still full of challenges in practical applications. Especially for cooperative positioning, in addition to the performance of methods, cooperators may provide false data due to attacks or selfishness, which can seriously affect the positioning accuracy. By fully exploiting the characteristics of blockchain and edge computing, this paper proposes a vehicular blockchain-based secure and efficient GPS positioning error evolution sharing framework, which improves vehicle positioning accuracy from ensuring security and credibility of cooperators and data. First, by analyzing the GPS error, a bridge can be established between the sensor-rich vehicles and the common vehicles to achieve cooperation by sharing the positioning error evolution at a specific time and location. Particularly, the positioning error evolution is obtained by a deep neural network (DNN)-based prediction algorithm running on the edge server. We further propose to use blockchain technology for storage and sharing the evolution of positioning errors, mainly to guarantee the security of cooperative vehicles and mobile edge computing nodes (MECNs). In addition, the corresponding smart contracts are designed to automate and efficiently perform storage and sharing tasks as well as solve inconsistencies in time scales. Extensive simulations based on actual data indicate the accuracy and security of our proposal in terms of positioning error correction and data sharing.
Carla Fabiana Chiasserini, Paolo Giaccone, Giovanni Malnati, Michele Macagno · 5 authors
Several applications for connected cars leverage the mobility information periodically broadcasted by cars through standard vehicle-to-vehicle messages. We propose an architecture in which each car generates and sends reports including the messages received from its neighbors to the access network infrastructure. The infrastructure collects and stores the received reports through multiple blockchains, each of them referring to a different geographical area. A smart contract is then executed to verify the spatial coherence among the received data. We implement a proof-of-concept of such a solution using Hyperledger Fabric, and we investigate the scalability of our solution in terms of resource consumption in a MEC system.
Jan 1, 2020·Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Daniel Miehle, Andreas Pfurtscheller, Bernd Bruegge
Current Vehicle-to-Vehicle solutions cannot ensure the authenticity of safety-critical vehicle and traffic data. Moreover, they do not allow malicious vehicles to be detected and eliminated. However, this is becoming mandatory, as more and more vehicles are on the road and communicating with each other. We propose a system called Starling, which focuses on trusted coordinated obstacle mapping using blockchain technology and a distributed database. Starling enables vehicles to share detected obstacles with other vehicles in a secure and verifiable manner, thus improving road safety. It ensures that data was not manipulated, changed, or deleted and is based on an open protocol so that vehicles can exchange data regardless of their manufacturer. In a case study, we demonstrate how a consensus is reached among vehicles and conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the Starling system using Ethereum and the InterPlanetary File System.
Autonomous vehicles are capable of sensing their environment and navigating without any human inputs. However, when autonomous vehicles are involved in accidents between themselves or with human subjects, liability must be indubitably decided based on accident forensics. This paper proposes a blockchain-inspired event recording system for autonomous vehicles. Specifically, we design the mechanism of “Proof-of-Event” with a dynamic federation consensus to achieve indisputable accident forensics by providing trustable and verifiable event information. We propose a dynamic federation consensus scheme to verify and confirm the new block of event data in an efficient way without any central authority. We conduct numerical analyses and prototyped experiments based on the proposed fast leader election algorithm and the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain network. The results show that our system is effective and feasible in generating and storing accident records in blockchain-based vehicular networks. The security capability of the proposed scheme is also discussed against multiple threats and attack scenarios.
Lewis Nkenyereye, Bayu Adhi Tama, Muhammad K. Shahzad, Yoon-Ho Choi
Basic safety message (BSM) are messages that contain core elements of a vehicle such as vehicle's size, position, speed, acceleration and others. BSM are lightweight messages that can be regularly broadcast by the vehicles to enable a variety of applications. On the other hand, event-driven message (EDM) are messages generated at the time of occurrence such as accidents or roads sliding and can contain much more heavy elements including pictures, audio or videos. Security, architecture and communication solutions for BSM use cases have been largely documented on in the literature contrary to EDM due to several concerns such as the variant size of EDM, the appropriate architecture along with latency, privacy and security. In this paper, we propose a secure and blockchain based EDM protocol for 5G enabled vehicular edge computing. To offer scalability and latency for the proposed scenario, we adopt a 5G cellular architecture due to its projected features compared to 4G tong-term evaluation (LTE) for vehicular communications. We consider edge computing to provide local processing of EDM that can improve the response time of public agencies (ambulances or rescue teams) that may intervene to the scene. We make use of lightweight multi-receiver signcryption scheme without pairing that offers low time consuming operations, security, privacy and access control. EDM records need to be kept into a distributed system which can guarantee reliability and auditability of EDM. To achieve this, we construct a private blockchain based on the edge nodes to store EDM records. The performance analysis of the proposed protocol confirms its efficiency.
The goal of intelligent transport systems (ITSs) is to enhance the network performance of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Even though it presents new opportunities to the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) environment, there are some security concerns including the need to establish trust among the connected peers. The fifth-generation (5G) communication system, which provides reliable and low-latency communication services, is seen as the technology to cater for the challenges in VANETs. The incorporation of software-defined networks (SDNs) also ensures an effective network management. However, there should be monitoring and reporting services provided in the IoV. Blockchain, which has decentralization, transparency, and immutability as some of its properties, is designed to ensure trust in networking platforms. In that regard, this article analyzes the combination of blockchain and SDN for the effective operation of the VANET systems in 5G and fog computing paradigms. With managerial responsibilities shared between the blockchain and the SDN, it helps to relieve the pressure off the controller due to the ubiquitous processing that occurs. A trust-based model that curbs malicious activities in the network is also presented. The simulation results substantially guarantee an efficient network performance, while also ensuring that there is trust among the entities.
Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANET) are becoming a reality in today's world. These networks are composed of highly dynamic and capable vehicles and they rely on information that originates and is exchanged between each other. One of the main success factors of this communication is the validity of the data communicated. Hence, malicious vehicles pose a serious threat to VANETs. Once a vehicle is identified as malicious, the main challenge is to keep a centralized ledger of the malicious vehicles within the network. In this paper, an innovative distributed framework is proposed for the identification and the tagging of malicious vehicles. This framework is based on Arabic license plate recognition using different image recognition algorithms and the identification of the vehicle as malicious or non-malicious propagate through the network, with higher accuracy in comparison to the other common plate recognition approaches. The details of both the vehicle communication framework and the image processing process are presented and the framework is validated through different implementations and discussion.
Vehicle Connectivity or the Internet of vehicle (IoV) is projected to be the solution of the pressing issue on traffic, enables a better traffic management system and reduce traffic accidents. On this, however, vehicular communication is a parameters that will ensure its realization. However, vehicular communication is not exempted of the never-ending issues on security and privacy. Thus, this study proposes a mechanism on the utilization of blockchain technology in ensuring authentic vehicle identification and data authentication as data packets are transmitted from one vehicle to another. The study utilizes the Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and the Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++ (OMNET++) coupled with the developed program and cryptographic algorithm integrated in OMNET++ for vehicle communication process. Results indicate that blockchain is can be used as a security mechanism in vehicle identification and data authentication in the Internet of Vehicle.
The connected and autonomous vehicles are expected to rely heavily on connectivity to exchange data and computation services with other vehicles and remote infrastructure including roadside units and other edge infrastructure to increase their immediate view, which leads to greater safety, coordination and more comfortable experience for their human occupants. In order for vehicles to obtain data, compute and other services from other vehicles or road-side infrastructure, it is important to be able to make micropayments for those services and for the services to run seamlessly despite the challenges posed by mobility and ephemeral interactions with a dynamic set of neighboring devices. We present MOTIVE, a trusted and decentralized framework that allows vehicles to make peer-to-peer micropayments for data, compute and other services obtained from other vehicles or road-side infrastructure within radio range. The framework utilizes distributed ledger technologies including smart contracts to enable autonomous operation and trusted interactions between vehicles and nearby entities.
Ever-growing incorporation of connected vehicle (CV) technologies into intelligent traffic signal control systems brings about significant data security issues in the connected vehicular networks. This paper presents a novel decentralized and secure by design architecture for connected vehicle data security, which is based on the emerging blockchain paradigm. In a simulation study, we applied this architecture to defend the Intelligent Traffic Signal System (I-SIG), a USDOT approved CV pilot program, against congestion attacks. The results show the performance of the proposed architecture for the traffic signal control system.
Alina Buzachis, Basilio Filocamo, Maria Fazio, Javier Alonso · 6 authors
In the last century, the automotive industry has arguably transformed society, being one of the most complex, sophisticated, and technologically advanced industries. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are a main concept in the future of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) since they provide an increase in safety and road efficiency. One of the most critical aspects of managing AVs is their behavior in proximity of intersections. Several research centers are developing algorithms to solve the intersections management, trying to avoid collisions and traffic congestion. As well as, given that many of these interactions transmit sensitive data such as identification, position, and speed of the vehicle, a high level of security and privacy insurance is a prerequisite for broad acceptation of these communication systems. In this paper, in order to address the issues those issues we propose a system that combines blockchain technology effectively to support the communication and the transaction between vehicles. The combination between FRFP and blockchain allows us to verify if all the AVs have the same ledger version (e.g the same priority list) to cross the intersection without collisions; as well as, in case of inconsistencies to establish an emergency situation to avoid any collision.