Jing Chen, Xin Chen, Kun He, Ruiying Du · 6 authors
Audit log contains the trace of different activities in computing systems, which makes it critical for security management, censorship, and forensics. However, experienced attackers may delete or modify the audit log after their attacks, which makes the audit log unavailable in attack investigation. In this article, we focus on the log integrity audit in the same domain, in which a number of servers update audit logs for a single or several organizations as an alliance. We propose a distributed efficient log integrity audit framework, called DELIA, which employs the distributed ledger technique to protect audit information, and utilizes the idea of state channel to improve the throughput of distributed ledger. To generate stable state from the rapidly-updated logs in the domain, we propose a log state generation scheme, which not only generates state suitable for audit logs, but also enables mutual supervision within the domain. To overcome the high latency in existing state channel schemes, we propose a hierarchal multi-party state channel scheme, which makes the latency in our framework independent of the number of servers in the domain. We implement DELIA on Ethereum and evaluate its performance. The results show that our framework is efficient and secure in practice.
Hansrenee Willysandro, Johan Setiawan, Agus Sulaiman
Data is an important thing as a base of an analytic or a hypothesis for concluding participant vote data in the Indonesian General Election. The data needs to be processed and secured, so the integrity of the data is in good condition. It also needs to protect the participant voting rights, so the information is correctly displayed. The research problems include creating a system that protects the integrity of election data and creating a system that protects election rights for each voter. Based on the problems, this research discusses a blockchain-based electronic voting information system that would secure the integrity of data and also protecting the participant voting rights in a General Election. The system uses Ethereum as a blockchain with Solidity as a programming language to build a smart contract and is built in Microsoft Windows platform. In this research, consortium blockchain and biometric fingerprint authentication are used as a problem-solving method, and waterfall steps is used as a system development method. The result of this research is a proposed design of the e-voting system. The conclusion based on this research is a blockchain-based e-voting system that secures the integrity of the data in a selection process and ensures protection to each vote right. Index Terms”Authentication; Blockchain; Data; Integrity; E-Voting; System
Nurul Aida Noor Aidee, Md Gapar Md Johar, Mohammed Hazim Alkawaz, Asif Iqbal Hajamydeen · 5 authors
A Smart Contract is an agreement in the form of computer code that is made between two individuals. In a blockchain environment, smart contracts executed and stored in a shared ledger that are not modifiable. Ethereum is one of the major platforms used for smart contracts, where solidity basically is a high-level programming language used in the Ethereum to build smart contracts. Recent vulnerabilities found by the coders were not updated in analysis tool (SmartCheck) and therefore incapable of detecting vulnerabilities. No definitions of patterns were existing to detect these vulnerabilities. This paper focuses on the improvement of the Smartcheck analysis method to convert the source code of solidity into an intermediate representation based on XML and verifies this against the XPath patterns. Moreover, the latest vulnerabilities were listed to create new patterns to detect such vulnerabilities. The proposed method was evaluated with real world datasets and the results were compared with similar tools.
Rachit Agarwal, Tanmay Thapliyal, Sandeep K. Shukla
Smart Contracts (SCs) in Ethereum can automate tasks and provide different functionalities to a user. Such automation is enabled by the `Turing-complete' nature of the programming language (Solidity) in which SCs are written. This also opens up different vulnerabilities and bugs in SCs that malicious actors exploit to carry out malicious or illegal activities on the cryptocurrency platform. In this work, we study the correlation between malicious activities and the vulnerabilities present in SCs and find that some malicious activities are correlated with certain types of vulnerabilities. We then develop and study the feasibility of a scoring mechanism that corresponds to the severity of the vulnerabilities present in SCs to determine if it is a relevant feature to identify suspicious SCs. We analyze the utility of severity score towards detection of suspicious SCs using unsupervised machine learning (ML) algorithms across different temporal granularities and identify behavioral changes. In our experiments with on-chain SCs, we were able to find a total of 1094 benign SCs across different granularities which behave similar to malicious SCs, with the inclusion of the smart contract vulnerability scores in the feature set.
Charmee Mehta, Ansh Mehta, Sayyam Gada, Neeta Kadukar
Online voting is one of the new, upcoming alternatives to the traditional systems like Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) and age-old ballot paper. Centralized online voting systems are vulnerable to a plethora of problems. Blockchain, with its characteristics, solves many of the problems faced in online voting and traditional systems. Blockchain is immutable i.e. after a vote is cast, it cannot be undone, and it is decentralized and distributed and therefore there is no central authority over the voting system. These characteristics of Blockchain ensure transparency in the election. The paper involves the concept of Blockchain technology and its application in the field of Electronic Voting. The paper proposes a system that implements online voting with an underlying Blockchain system. The proposed system can be implemented to provide services to medium-scale and large-scale corporations. The system has been tested and deployed on the Rinkeby test network, using Ethereum as a framework to develop smart contracts using Solidity. This system can conduct multiple elections simultaneously. This paper also contains a detailed analysis of the operating expenditure in the form of graphs which were tested in several elections. This system has been tested for scalability, efficiency, and usability according to the requirements.
R. Aparna, Sanjay Raj R, Swapnonil Bandopadhyay, Anu Vikram K · 5 authors
Data deduplication is an important data compression technique to eliminate duplicate copies of data and has been widely used in cloud storage to reduce the amount of storage space and save bandwidth. However, even though most cloud service providers already employ deduplication techniques, they consume a lot of overhead bandwidth. Hence, we came up with a solution to reduce this overhead bandwidth by creating a middleware deduplication layer that checks the originality of a file without the need to communicate with the cloud. This results in reducing a substantial amount of internet overhead and at the same time making the deduplication process much quicker since it is closer to the edge device. We implement the deduplication layer using a decentralized blockchain structure due to its inherent security and scalability features.To protect the confidentiality of sensitive data while supporting deduplication, the convergent encryption techniques such as double hashing has been proposed to ensure that the user account credentials are secure and not misused. We implement our blockchain layer using Ganache that provides us with an Ethereum powered blockchain to test and deploy our prototype. Hence all the file transactions i.e., uploading, sharing and deletion of files will go through ganache and get added to our local blockchain network. We define Smart contracts to communicate with the ganache layer which mines a block every time a new file is uploaded or shared with another user and file metadata is stored in each of these blocks. Since every unique file will have its own block, the file metadata will help in achieving deduplication at this layer.
Three-dimensional (3D) data are easily collected in an unconscious way and are sensitive to lead biological characteristics exposure. Privacy and ownership have become important disputed issues for the 3D data application field. In this paper, we design a privacy-preserving computation system (SPPCS) for sensitive data protection, based on distributed storage, trusted execution environment (TEE) and blockchain technology. The SPPCS separates a storage and analysis calculation from consensus to build a hierarchical computation architecture. Based on a similarity computation of graph structures, the SPPCS finds data requirement matching lists to avoid invalid transactions. With TEE technology, the SPPCS implements a dual hybrid isolation model to restrict access to raw data and obscure the connections among transaction parties. To validate confidential performance, we implement a prototype of SPPCS with Ethereum and Intel Software Guard Extensions (SGX). The evaluation results derived from test datasets show that (1) the enhanced security and increased time consumption (490 ms in this paper) of multiple SGX nodes need to be balanced; (2) for a single SGX node to enhance data security and preserve privacy, an increased time consumption of about 260 ms is acceptable; (3) the transaction relationship cannot be inferred from records on-chain. The proposed SPPCS implements data privacy and security protection with high performance.
The conventional stock market platform possesses vulnerabilities such as high transaction costs, centrally managed governance which is vulnerable to attacks, lack of market transparency activities and methodologies, third party intervention and an unreliable environment. Blockchain is a technological breakthrough that is rapidly evolving the digital world by providing a new perspective on system security, adaptability, and efficiency. It provides a safe and secure means of exchanging any form of goods, service, or transaction. The presented blockchain-based implementation addresses the inadequacies of the centralized stock market infrastructure by verifying the authenticity of user’s holdings, imposing self-enforced smart contracts and achieving democratic and precise execution and agreement decisions by consensus mechanisms. Thus replacing the need for a centralized authority which preserves the credibility of the stock exchange process. The solution is validated by executing a model in Ethereum. This contributes to a reduction in overall transaction costs owed to brokers and central authorities.
Rachit Agarwal, Tanmay Thapliyal, Sandeep K. Shukla
Smart Contracts (SCs) in Ethereum can automate tasks and provide different\nfunctionalities to a user. Such automation is enabled by the `Turing-complete'\nnature of the programming language (Solidity) in which SCs are written. This\nalso opens up different vulnerabilities and bugs in SCs that malicious actors\nexploit to carry out malicious or illegal activities on the cryptocurrency\nplatform. In this work, we study the correlation between malicious activities\nand the vulnerabilities present in SCs and find that some malicious activities\nare correlated with certain types of vulnerabilities. We then develop and study\nthe feasibility of a scoring mechanism that corresponds to the severity of the\nvulnerabilities present in SCs to determine if it is a relevant feature to\nidentify suspicious SCs. We analyze the utility of severity score towards\ndetection of suspicious SCs using unsupervised machine learning (ML) algorithms\nacross different temporal granularities and identify behavioral changes. In our\nexperiments with on-chain SCs, we were able to find a total of 1094 benign SCs\nacross different granularities which behave similar to malicious SCs, with the\ninclusion of the smart contract vulnerability scores in the feature set.\n
Adam Prasetya, Ferdiansyah Ferdiansyah, Yesi Novaria Kunang, Edi Surya Negara · 5 authors
Analisis sentiment saat ini banyak di gunakan masyarat sebagai bahan untuk mengetahui pendapat atau opini masyarakattentang berbagai macam hal. Dengan menggunakan sentiment analisis kita dapat mengklasifikasikan data apakah data tersebuttermasuk opini netral opini positif opini negatif. Penelitian ini membahas tentang analisis sentiment untuk mengukur tingkatakurasi dari pendapat masyarakat pada tiga cryptocurrency yaitu Bitcoin,ethereum,ripple dengan metode Naive Bayes dansupport vector machine yang berguna untuk mengetahui nilai akurasi yang tertinggi dari dua metode yang digunakan dalampenelitian ini. Ada banyak metode yang bisa digunakan untuk mengkasifikasikan opini tersebut, namun penelitian ini dipilihmetode Naive Bayes dan Support vector machine, dengan alasan metede tersebut banyak di gunakan oleh peneliti lain danmenghasilkan nilai akurasi yang tinggi. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah berupa data perbandingan dari akurasi. hasil akurasidari 3 cryptocurrency SVM lebih besar dari pada nilai akurasi 3 cryptocurrency Naive Bayes.
Blockchain Technology has grabbed a lot of attention in the past few decades as an emerging technology majorly for crypto-exchanges. However, in 2-3 years, blockchain technology has gone through a path of diffusion across domains which are way on the far side, from its initial fintech applications. Media, Telecommunication, life sciences, defense, healthcare, government, etc., are industries where rapid adoption of this technology is seen. The education sector can also benefit from this technology's pertinent features, such as immutability, distributed ledger, and transparency. Record management, course evaluation, assistive learning environment, transcripts protection, and verification are the potential areas where institutional organizations can utilize blockchain. VerifyB is a blockchain-based system that promotes interoperability between institutions/ organizations to manage and assure students' records without any third-party entity intervention. The system is deployed on Ethereum Blockchain. It defines how blockchain technology can be adopted and leveraged to store students' educational records using IPFS (Interplanetary File System). It proposes how students can share their transcripts with institutions and employers using QR codes. Also, institutions can sign those records with access control using web3, and the authenticated employers can verify those transcripts and the signatures on the same platform. This system will help students as well as institutions to maintain security and transparency at the same time. Based on the analysis, VerifyB is a reliable, completely decentralized, secure, and tamper-proof system that implements storage, maintenance, and verification of educational records.
Manjula K. Pawar, Prakashgoud Patil, Manisha Sharma, Megha Chalageri
There are various applications using Blockchain technology to make sure the accessibility, stability and reliability. Nevertheless these applications are cladding the warehouse issue unsettled to the information capacity extension of transaction. In the paper, an IPFS based Blockchain repository prototype to resolve the trouble of transaction in a block through the entry of a specific block’s transaction. Supply chain management is administering passing the merchandise from the producer to the client and incorporating all procedures that consist of unprocessed materials into finished products. The supply chain unwraps everything beginning with manufacturing to output advancement. Supply chain management performance face reproving challenges affiliated with scalability, data integrity, transparency, traceability, efficiency, and security to the parties’ transactions. Blockchain is a digital documentation of ledger that issues a cautious and secure interchanging of data among supply chain stakeholders. The paper put forward a collective structure using IPFS, Ethereum smart contract, and decentralized repository organization to robotize the procedure and data swapping. The code was evolved and evaluated in Remix IDE to publish the Smart contracts to IPFS and compile transactions, Metamask as a wallet for Ethereum transaction.
This paper introduces a blockchain-based federated learning (FL) framework with incentives for participating nodes to enhance the accuracy of classification problems. Machine learning technology has been rapidly developed and changed from a global perspective for the past few years. The FL framework is based on the Ethereum blockchain and creates an autonomous ecosystem, where nodes compete to improve the accuracy of classification problems. With privacy being one of the biggest concerns, FL makes use of the blockchain-based approach to ensure privacy and security. Another important technology that underlies the FL framework is zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), which ensure that data uploaded to the network are accurate and private. Basically, ZKPs allow nodes to compete fairly by only submitting accurate models to the parameter server and get rewarded for that. We have conducted an analysis and found that ZKPs can help improve the accuracy of models submitted to the parameter server and facilitate the honest participation of all nodes in FL.
Energy storage provides an effective way of shifting temporal energy demands and supplies, enabling significant cost reduction under dynamic energy pricing. Despite its promising benefits, the cost of present energy storage remains expensive, presenting a major obstacle to practical deployment. A more viable solution to improve cost-effectiveness is by sharing energy storage, such as community sharing, cloud energy storage and peer-to-peer sharing. However, revealing private energy demand data in energy storage sharing may compromise user privacy, susceptible to data misuses and breaches. In this paper, we explore a novel approach to support energy storage sharing with privacy protection, based on privacy-preserving blockchain and secure multi-party computation. We present an integrated solution to enable privacy-preserving energy storage sharing, such that energy storage service scheduling and cost-sharing can be attained without the knowledge of individual users' demands. It also supports auditing and verification by the grid operator via blockchain. Furthermore, our privacy-preserving solution can safeguard against a dishonest majority of users, who may collude in cheating, without requiring trusted third-parties. We implemented our solution as a smart contract on real-world Ethereum blockchain platform, with empirical evaluation.
The study investigates the safe haven properties and sustainability of the top five cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Dash, Monero, and Ripple) and gold for BRICS stock markets during the COVID-19 crisis period from 31 January 2020 to 17 September 2020 in comparison to the precrisis period from 1 January 2016 to 30 January 2020, in a nonlinear and asymmetric framework using Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) methodology. Our results show that the relationship dynamics of stock market and cryptocurrency returns both in the short and long run are changing during the COVID-19 crisis period, which justifies our study using the nonlinear and asymmetric model. As far as a sustainable safe haven is concerned, Dash and Ripple are found to be a safe haven for all the five markets before the pandemic. However, all five cryptocurrencies are found to be a safe haven for three emerging markets, such as Brazil, China, and Russia, during the financial crisis. In a comparative framework, gold is found to be a suitable safe haven only for Brazil and Russia. The results have implications for index fund managers of BRICS markets to include Dash and Ripple in their portfolio as safe haven assets to protect its value during a stock market crisis.
Decentralized cryptocurrency exchanges offer compelling security benefits over centralized exchanges: users control their funds and avoid the risk of an exchange hack or malicious operator. However, because user assets are fully accessible by a secret key, decentralized exchanges pose significant internal security risks for trading firms and automated trading systems, where a compromised system can result in total loss of funds. Centralized exchanges mitigate this risk through API key based security policies that allow professional users to give individual traders or automated systems specific and customizable access rights such as trading or withdrawal limits. Such policies, however, are not compatible with decentralized exchanges, where all exchange operations require a signature generated by the owner's secret key. This paper introduces a protocol based upon multiparty computation that allows for the creation of API keys and security policies that can be applied to any existing decentralized exchange. Our protocol works with both ECDSA and EdDSA signature schemes and prioritizes efficient computation and communication. We have deployed this protocol on Nash exchange, as well as around several Ethereum-based automated market maker smart contracts, where it secures the trading accounts and wallets of thousands of users.
Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Septiana Sihombing, Muhammad Rizky Nasution, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan · 6 authors
Purpose: This study aimed to analyze cryptocurrency fundamentals against price fluctuations (case study 2019-2020). Research Methodology: The data in the research paper were accessed on the coinmarketcap.com website. The sample of this research is Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and Bitcoin Cash. Results: The results show that: 1) Bitcoin Market Cap, Ethereum Market Cap, Litecoin Market Cap, Bitcoin Cash Market Cap have a positive and significant effect on price fluctuations. 2) Bitcoin Volume and Bitcoin Cash Volume have a positive and insignificant effect on price fluctuations. 3) Ethereum volume has a positive and significant effect on price fluctuations. 4) Litecoin volume has a negative and significant effect on price fluctuations. Limitations: Further researchers are expected to add variables such as (global macroeconomics, cryptocurrency Blockchain technology changes, psychological factors), different variables (quantitative and qualitative) and combine models to predict cryptocurrency price fluctuations by analyzing them fundamentally and technically. Contribution: This research implies that cryptocurrencies with highly speculative prices have the same fundamental value as the stock price.
Piotr Pośpiech, Aleksander Mariański, Michał Kędziora
The paper presents decentralized voting scheme for verified users while maintaining their anonymity. A blockchain network was applied, which is a decentralized and distributed database based on the Peer-to-Peer architecture. During the implementation, the Ethereum network was used. Thanks to this, it is possible to code the terms of the contract required to perform the transaction. Ethereum and the use of smart contracts were also discussed in paper. The implementation uses the blind signature protocol by David Chaum and encryption with the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm. Presented in this paper scheme for blockchain decentralized voting for verified users with focus on anonymity is then fully implemented and identified potential issues are analysed and discussed.
Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблематики створення та розвитку децентралізованої фінансової моделі та можливості її використання для кредитування на основі технології криптовалют. Метою статті є дослідження особливостей децентралізованої фінансової моделі для кредитування на основі технології Ethereum. Технологія децентралізованих програм для фінансування (DeFi), що дозволяють перетворювати традиційні фінансові послуги у послуги, які надаються без посередника за допомогою смарт-контрактів на блокчейні, поступово розширює власні можливості. Децентралізація усуває необхідність в довірених третіх сторонах, зменшуючи ринкові можливості посередників, отримані завдяки інформаційній перевазі, яку вони мають у порівнянні з учасниками угоди, використовуючи їх посередницькі послуги. На даний час більшість фінансових послуг DeFi складається з монетарно-банківських послуг; надання платформ однорангової позики; забезпечення вдосконалених фінансових інструментів, таких як децентралізовані біржі, ринки деривативів. Застосування технології блокчейн у фінансовому секторі привело до створення системи, здатної відтворювати стандартні фінансові послуги та пропонувати інноваційні рішення для розвитку цієї галузі. Система блокчейн реалізована Ethereum, саме тому вона є дуже ефективною для системи транзакцій, ніж інші транзакції, оскільки вона має технологічні особливості смарт-контракту, які пов’язані з минулою транзакцією. Пошук подальших варіантів використання децентралізованих фінансів, на основі можливостей блокчейну, має вирішальне значення для створення відкритих фінансових продуктів. У разі успіху система децентралізованих фінансів розширить можливості надання кредитних ресурсів на основі технології Ethereum з покращеними умовами.
Performance of cooperation-based networks, like delay tolerant networks (DTNs), are severely affected by selfish nodes that are not willing to participate in message forwarding due to resource constraints. Thus, nodes must receive satisfactory incentives to compensate their resource depletion for cooperation. The available incentive schemes for DTNs either rely on hypothetical central trusted authorities or do not use explicit digital currency that is provably secure. Blockchain, a decentralized and secure digital ledger of immutable transactions, is an attractive approach for addressing the incentive challenges in DTNs that lack central trusted authorities. Ethereum, the blockchain-based cryptocurrency, makes it possible to devise practical credit-based incentive schemes for such networks. However, the usage of blockchain is restricted by the availability of end-to-end Internet connectivity, which restricts the use of blockchain in intermittently connected networks like DTNs and has prompted exploration of new mechanisms for using blockchain in such networks. This chapter first proposes a mechanism, based on the Ethereum platform using smart contracts in Solidity, for integrating blockchain technology with DTNs, towards exploiting the immutability and availability of blockchains in DTNs. It then develops BlockCent, a blockchain-based node incentivizing scheme for DTNs that runs on the blockchain-DTN integrated environment. The scheme uses a novel reward strategy to bring rationality to the incentivizing process. To add logic to the incentivizing method, the scheme uses a novel incentive strategy. The proposed incentivizing scheme is applied to the disaster management use case for fast transmission of relief shelter needs to the emergency operation center, thus leading to efficient disaster relief. Extensive security analysis justifies security of the proposed scheme. Exhaustive experiments conducted on the ONE simulator and the Ethereum platform substantiate the efficiency of the scheme in terms of design parameters like selfishness reduction and reward fairness, and network parameters like delivery ratio, average delay, and overhead ratio, while not compromising blockchain performance parameters like processing time and gas consumption.
Athira Nair K, Chaitanya Kapoor, Nidhin Mahesh A, Sai Shibu N B · 5 authors
The demand for Electric vehicles (EV) are growing day by day. But the power grid is operating in bottleneck to meet customer power requirements. Blockchain technology is being used in applications that involves transaction between untrusted entities. We propose blockchain enabled energy pooling platform with smart buildings and EVs. This platform enables peer to peer energy transactions between buildings and EVs. Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems generate power during daytime and utilised by the loads. We propose, EVs to store the excess energy generated from the rooftop PV system. EVs will discharge the stored energy during night or when there is an energy demand. We have demonstrated this concept with two use cases using Ethereum Platform on Google Cloud Platform. We also developed a Fuzzy Logic based smart contract to decide incentives for energy storage and discharge. We envision that this platform will help EV owners, OEMs and grid operators to maximise their system efficiency and help recoup their investment.
The emergence of blockchain technology has paved the way for innovative solutions in various domains, particularly in enhancing democratic processes. This research paper presents the design, development, and evaluation of a Web3 blockchain decentralized voting application (DAPP) built using React JS for frontend development and Solidity for smart contract implementation. The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of employing blockchain technology to create a secure, transparent, and decentralized voting system. The proposed DAPP leverages the immutability and transparency features of blockchain technology to ensure the integrity of the voting process. Smart contracts coded in Solidity are utilized to execute the voting mechanism, ensuring tamper-proof recording and tallying of votes. React JS, a popular JavaScript library for building user interfaces, is employed to develop an intuitive and user-friendly frontend interface, enhancing accessibility and usability for voters. Key aspects addressed in this research include the architecture of the DAPP, the design of smart contracts for voting logic, integration of React JS components for frontend development, and security considerations to prevent vulnerabilities and attacks. Additionally, the paper discusses the implications of decentralized voting systems on democracy, including increased trust, transparency, and participation.
Open access
3 source records
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
In today's world we are surrounded with lot of IoT devices and sensors. This IoT devices has made our life easier and more comfortable utilizing the Blockchain and increase the security and efficiency of network. key features of Blockchain will bring resistance to unauthorized modification and devices. The Rapid development in this technology of IoT is getting into pool and Rapid more data is transmitted and process over the communication channels. As a result, these devices is deployed worldwide and even more advanced requirement in the practical application and performance. Most of the devices are highly centralized architecture and which then suffers from technical limitation as well as they suffer from cyber attacks. To solve this problem, we propsed a system in which a gateway is introduced. The role of the Gateway in smartphones is the most beneficial, yet it is a unified structure that presents many security issues such as integrity, certification and availability. This network consists of three levels, including smart home devices, gateways and clouds. Blockchain infrastructure is provided in the gateway layer so that data can be processed and shared as blocks. Blockchain guarantees the confidentiality of internal data outside smart homes and the availability by way of authentic communication between the application of the network for Ethereum-based Blockchain technologies, including time and precision, to promote decentralization and overcome the central architecture issue.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques