Blockchain, the decentralized architecture and distributed public ledger technology intended to provide a secure, irreversible and transparent information management platform for practically any application which also plays a vital role in establishing the future of cities. In today's digital era, identifying an individual is one of the most critical concerns for business and many other public institutions. Digital identity plays a vital role in this sector as the data may be used to identify an individual and his fundamental qualities like name, address, health status, credit score and others. In this paper, we will look at how Blockchain can be used to secure digital identity which is a trustworthy idea that describes how people can use or what type of attribute or parameter can be used to identify someone's identity. The identity is used for different kind of application which is typically decentralized and any or-ganization can take control over the identity data which reasons a large number of identity fraud. The idea is to build a single multipurpose identity that will be secured using Blockchain technology. Instead of several identification documents, Users can use this single multipurpose identity to prove their identity in various sectors such as the government and other private sectors to access particular services. Automated and real-time identity verification through smart contracts can verify the identity data. The Blockchain will provide a tamper-proof method of storing documents or data that can be audited by the government and ensures the User's transparency through Blockchain by showing the record of activity.
R. Rajadevi, E.M Roopa Devi, R.S. Latha, S. Harshini · 6 authors
Electronic Medical Records(EMRs) are files that contain very sensitive and private information regarding a patient's diagnosis and treatment that must be exchanged often across peers. Sharing medical records amongst participants is highly difficult due to the risk of data leakage or alteration throughout the operational procedure. The key solution to these issues is a blockchain-based electronic medical records system. A blockchain-based records management system is proposed for the maintenance and sharing of electronic medical information. The doctor and the patient can use this technology to save and access medical data in the blockchain network. The metamask generates the amount required to mine the data and store it in the blockchain when any data is to be saved. The amount generated is expressed in gas form. The data is subsequently converted into ethereum currency using metamask. The blockchain network then mines the data, which is then put to the blockchain. When a doctor wishes to see the data, they must input the OTP that was issued to the patient's registered email. Medical data of patients is extremely sensitive and must be safeguarded. Blockchain technology could be a viable solution to the issue. The hospital's electronic health system will benefit from a medical data exchange and protection plan based on the blockchain.
Shams Tabrez Siddiqui, Mohammed Oqail Ahmad, Mohammad Khamruddin, Ashok Kumar Gupta · 5 authors
Blockchain and Internet of Things are the most influential and innovative technologies of the last decade. Blockchain attracts practitioners and researchers due to its inimitable features, including security, data integrity, decentralization, and reliability. Whereas IoT describes the collection of connection objects with each other through wearable devices, and software's to communicate and exchange data with other devices through the internet. To improve the current state of knowledge of blockchain practices in IoT enabled the education sector to utilize the thoroughgoing features to benefit the students, teachers, employers, organizations and lifelong learners. Document verification is a complex domain that involves various challenging and tedious processes to authenticate. For students, educational certificates are the most important documents issued by their universities. However, as the issuing process is not that transparent and verifiable, fake certificates can be easily created. Blockchain based framework for verifying educational certificates focusing on themes including authentication, authorization, confidentiality, privacy and ownership. The most significant accomplishment of this research is the establishment of a framework for the educational system to communicate through IoT devices and utilize blockchain technology for producing certificates and securing other credentials as well.
S. Manimurgan, T. Anitha, G. Divya, G. Charlyn Pushpa Latha · 5 authors
Massive amounts of data are being stored in cyberspace as a result of the expansion of the Internet, IoT, and various networking technologies. The privacy and security are the most essential aspects of a network. This survey analyzed the functions of blockchain in network security. The blockchain-based network security mechanism may be used to increase network security because of its decentralization, tamper-resistance, traceability, high availability, and credibility. This survey offers a review of network security studies and their contributions and limits with a critical comparison analysis based on a complete and comprehensive research of the evolution of Blockchain, architectures, working principle, security, and privacy features. This analysis examines network security applications based on blockchain technology with various networking technologies, such as IoT, Industrial IoT, WSN, MANET, VANET, Vehicular Social Network, In-vehicle networking, mobile networks (5G), and so on. For communication, the majority of these networking technologies were combined with IoT. As a result, in this study, the Internet of Things is considered as the primary network employed in important research as examined in the literature review. As a result, the application of network security utilizing blockchain was examined in this study using IoT. This research presents a comparison based on several network solutions that employ blockchain for network security. Finally, the blockchain application in various networks, as well as its difficulties, are examined.
Blockchain which emerged in the last decade has been considered as a very powerful and potential technology since it has been applied and gained popularity from various domains like supply chain, healthcare, energy, music, food, finance, insurance, government, etc. There are several use cases in the health care where we can apply blockchain for maintaining electronic medical records, remote patient monitoring records, drug supply chain, insurance claims, hospital information system, etc. Any intentionally modified data or data misrepresentation or deception in the insurance could intend to result in unauthorized benefits. These fraudulent claims keep increasing annually and because of this, the health insurance system is on a greater disadvantage. So by using blockchain we can overcome the various challenges and issues in the current system. Our focus is to build a secure system to securely manage the health care data and also to track the insurance activities so that we can prevent health insurance fraud. We design a blockchain based solution for health care data collection andinsurance claims by deploying blockchain since it is secure, tamper proof, immutable. Thus it also gives us added security since it is impossible for anyone to modify/claim the insurance falsely since only the authorized people will beable to do so. We have used ganache blockchain to experiment the same and used solidity language for the coding.
Blockchain technology is proven as one of the promising digital transformation technologies that can engender immutable records, provide end to culminate transparency, and distributed ledger. The electrical vehicle (EV) era commenced in the past few years. Many automobile manufacturers are moving towards zero-carbon vehicles. In order to achieve the sustainability goals and truncate the carbon footprint, fight against climate change, EV is considered as one of the solutions. This research fixates on the integration of blockchain with EV that can monitor the lifecycle, introduce special schemes for EV buyers like toll-free, free charging, parking free that can incentivize the people to buy the EV. Since it is integrated with blockchain, tracking becomes much more facile, and the reward points could be given through cryptocurrency. Ethereum truffle framework was used to test the EV blockchain consortium.
A. Sivasangari, V. J. K. Kishor Sonti, P. Ajitha, D. Deepa · 5 authors
Edge computing is a promising paradigm that enhances the capabilities of cloud computing in healthcare. In order to continue patronizing the computing services, it is essential to conserve a good atmosphere free from all kinds of security and privacy breaches. The security and privacy issues associated with the edge computing environment have narrowed the overall acceptance of the technology as a reliable paradigm. Edge computing is a promising model for improving cloud computing’s capabilities. It is important to maintain a positive climate free of all forms of protection and privacy violations in order to continue using computing services. The edge computing environment’s security and privacy concerns have hampered the technology’s overall acceptance as a reliable paradigm.The blockchain technology emerges as a viable solution because it provides influential features such as continuous secrecy, authentication, and robustness. This proposed work propose a blockchain-enabled distributed security architecture based on edge cloud. Security attacks are detected at the cloud layer, and as a result, security attacks at the IoT network’s edge layer are decreased. The gateway provides dynamic network traffic flow management, which aids in the detection of security attacks by identifying suspicious network traffic flows and reducing security attacks by blocking suspicious flows.For the next-generation IoT, the proposed security architecture has specified state-of-the-art contributions. The proposed algorithm is based on ECC based proxy encryption technique. Proxy re-encryption is a modern encryption scheme designed for protection in a distributed environment, including such smart applications that use the Internet of Things.
In this paper we are going to go through blockchain technologies. No matter which blockchain you're developing on blockchain engineers are in extreme demand. Protocols like Aave, Yearn Finance and Synthetix have huge sums of monetary value locked in them allowing people to engage in decentralized finance (DeFi), which allows people to make censorship resistant moves. Some of these protocols are less than a year old. Blockchain and solidity applications are building a world of more trust and accountability with smart contract engineering skills becoming the most sought after in the world.
Internet of medical things (IoMT) has made it possible to collect applications and medical devices to improve healthcare information technology. Since the advent of the pandemic of coronavirus (COVID-19) in 2019, public health information has become more sensitive than ever. Moreover, different news items incorporated have resulted in differing public perceptions of COVID-19, especially on the social media platform and infrastructure. In addition, the unprecedented virality and changing nature of COVID-19 makes call centres to be likely overstressed, which is due to a lack of authentic and unregulated public media information. Furthermore, the lack of data privacy has restricted the sharing of COVID-19 information among health institutions. To resolve the above-mentioned limitations, this paper is proposing a privacy infrastructure based on federated learning and blockchain. The proposed infrastructure has the potentials to enhance the trust and authenticity of public media to disseminate COVID-19 information. Also, the proposed infrastructure can effectively provide a shared model while preserving the privacy of data owners. Furthermore, information security and privacy analyses show that the proposed infrastructure is robust against information security-related attacks.
With a Fourth Industrial Revolution making inroads, encompassing all sectors of the industry with numerous concepts of disruptive technology such as Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Virtual and Augmented Reality, Internet of Things (IoT), Robotics and 3D Printing we have barely scratched the surface of its Scope, Implication, and Applications in various branches of the Construction Industry. This research aims to investigate the potential of Blockchain technology in the context of Smart Contracts and Supply chain management (SCM) applications in the construction sector. Most of the time, cost overruns have been attributed to the sluggish pace of contractual impediments or inefficacy of material and machinery procurement processes. The executive of material and data stream is a crucial need for development organizations. Effective execution in these regions can give significant benefits and permit more main incentives for customers. The industry is regularly censured for being delayed to grasp the change it needs and at the exact moment has been referred to as ready for the interruption because of the intricacy of work and a sheer number of guidelines and gauges, trust and check issues in regards to consistency to work principles still loom to a great extent. The momentum built by BIM infusion in the industry could be leveraged to bring Blockchain technology to the fore to mitigate Information Asymmetry by -distributing information to generate decentralized consensus building among various stakeholders involved.
Aitizaz Ali, Mohammed Amin Almaiah, Fahima Hajjej, Muhammad Fermi Pasha · 8 authors
The IoT refers to the interconnection of things to the physical network that is embedded with software, sensors, and other devices to exchange information from one device to the other. The interconnection of devices means there is the possibility of challenges such as security, trustworthiness, reliability, confidentiality, and so on. To address these issues, we have proposed a novel group theory (GT)-based binary spring search (BSS) algorithm which consists of a hybrid deep neural network approach. The proposed approach effectively detects the intrusion within the IoT network. Initially, the privacy-preserving technology was implemented using a blockchain-based methodology. Security of patient health records (PHR) is the most critical aspect of cryptography over the Internet due to its value and importance, preferably in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). Search keywords access mechanism is one of the typical approaches used to access PHR from a database, but it is susceptible to various security vulnerabilities. Although blockchain-enabled healthcare systems provide security, it may lead to some loopholes in the existing state of the art. In literature, blockchain-enabled frameworks have been presented to resolve those issues. However, these methods have primarily focused on data storage and blockchain is used as a database. In this paper, blockchain as a distributed database is proposed with a homomorphic encryption technique to ensure a secure search and keywords-based access to the database. Additionally, the proposed approach provides a secure key revocation mechanism and updates various policies accordingly. As a result, a secure patient healthcare data access scheme is devised, which integrates blockchain and trust chain to fulfill the efficiency and security issues in the current schemes for sharing both types of digital healthcare data. Hence, our proposed approach provides more security, efficiency, and transparency with cost-effectiveness. We performed our simulations based on the blockchain-based tool Hyperledger Fabric and OrigionLab for analysis and evaluation. We compared our proposed results with the benchmark models, respectively. Our comparative analysis justifies that our proposed framework provides better security and searchable mechanism for the healthcare system.
Lifelong learning approaches that include digital, transversal, and practical skills (i.e., critical thinking, communication, collaboration, information literacy, analytical, metacognitive, reflection, and other research skills) are required in order to be equitable and inclusive and stimulate personal development. Realtime interaction between teachers and students and the ability for students to choose courses from curricula are guaranteed by decentralized online learning. Moreover, through blockchain, it is possible to acquire skills regarding the structure and content while also implementing learning tools. Additionally, documentation validation should be equally crucial to speeding up the process and reducing costs and paperwork. Finally, blockchains are open and inclusive processes that include people and cultures from all walks of life. Learning in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) is facilitated by new technologies, connecting blockchain to sustainability, which helps understand the relationship between technologies and sustainability. Besides serving as a secure transaction system, blockchain technology can help decentralize, provide security and integrity, and offer anonymity and encryption, therefore, promoting a transaction rate increase. This study investigates an alternative in which HEI include a blockchain network to provide the best sustainable education system. Students’ opinions were analyzed, and they considered that blockchain technology had a very positive influence on learning performance.
Nowadays, medical certificates are very important for many users as they want to avail health benefits like tax purposes, insurance claims, legal procedures, and many more. Generating, issuing, and maintaining medical certificates remain a significant problem; before the invention of the computer, they were available as hard copies. The digitization of medical certificates and documents leads to potential security issues, such as forging of certificates risks the privacy of healthcare documents. Moreover, individuals still need to be physically present and wait at the issuing healthcare centers to get the certificates. Currently, the infrastructure of any healthcare industry connects the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and application software that communicates with the information technology systems. Blockchain technology with IoT can significantly affect the healthcare industry by improving efficiency, security, transparency, and can provide more business opportunities. Therefore, a privacy-preserving technique has been proposed in this article for IoT-based healthcare systems using blockchain technology. The proposed architecture provides an interface between the users and healthcare centers to generate and maintain healthcare documents. Furthermore, the proposed scheme ensures security by specifying rules with a smart contract. Results and discussion show that the proposed scheme is more efficient than the existing schemes.
With the advent of globalization and the evergrowing rate of technology, the volume of production as well as ease of procuring counterfeit goods has become unprecedented. Be it food, drug or luxury items, all kinds of industrial manufacturers and distributors are now seeking greater transparency in supply chain operations with a view to deter counterfeiting. This paper introduces a decentralized Blockchain based application system (DApp) with a view to identifying counterfeit products in the supply chain system. With the rapid rise of Blockchain technology, it has become known that data recorded within Blockchain is immutable and secure. Hence, the proposed project here uses this concept to handle the transfer of ownership of products. A consumer can verify the product distribution and ownership information scanning a Quick Response (QR) code generated by the DApp for each product linked to the Blockchain.
With the continuous development of urban intelligence, as traffic, power grids, and electric vehicles are new ideas to solve energy shortages and air control problems, they have received widespread attention from the society and strong support from the government. The charging pile is a key hub for data exchange and has typical characteristics of IoT terminals. However, the guidance of the grid connection of electric vehicles is not standardized, and the security and stability of the power grid will inevitably be affected. The blockchain has the characteristics that data is difficult to tamper with and decentralized. Based on these two characteristics, the information recorded by the blockchain is more authentic and reliable. This paper is aimed at realizing the global unified identification and management of large terminal equipment based on ubiquitous power Internet of Things equipment with the help of blockchain technology and at providing safe, efficient, and stable online management services for a large number of devices in the ubiquitous power Internet of Things. In this paper, we analyze the application possibility of blockchain technology in the current electricity market and apply blockchain technology to the electricity market to solve the drawbacks of the electricity market, as well as adding blockchain analytics to the renewable energy electricity market. The experimental data analysis shows that with the increase of the length of the blockchain, the blocking time of the new area increases correspondingly, but the overall performance declines slightly, so this scheme can meet the practical needs of a large number of concurrent access terminals in the ubiquitous power Internet of Things. It can be seen that the successful application of blockchain technology based on the power Internet of Things in electric vehicle charging piles has greatly improved work efficiency.
Blockchain technology was first used in Bitcoin, as the underlying concept It has also been widely applied in many other sectors, such as healthcare, fmance, etc. In the healthcare domain, this technology keeps patients’ data secure, verifying healthcare products for their authenticity, maintaining the drugs supply chain, etc. For diagnosing disease and its treatment at remote places, the concept of blockchain has been added with telehealth and telemedicine. This paper discusses the application of blockchain technology in healthcare, especially Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Supply Chain Management, Telehealth, and Mobile-based Healthcare (mHealth). This work also discusses the comparative analysis of different published papers on healthcare and its limitations.
Information is one of the essential assets in any business. Due to the rapid technological changes, maintaining and protecting the information of individuals and organizations has become more imperative. Blockchain is a sequence of blocks that store information as a hashed value chained together as a ledger of records. This paper proposes a blockchain-based solution to manage water and electricity services. The solution keeps track of water and electricity consumption by consumers, allows them to view and pay bills, and secures their online transactions. It functions as a shared ledger between Abu Dhabi Distribution Company, Bin Moosa & Daly water and electricity supplement store, and Fazaa discount card. In addition, the proposed solution offers transparency and full trust between the different entities, controls the blockchain network, and validates transactions. Finally, the proposed application supports the UAE sustainability initiative by reducing paper usage.