Follow blockchain research across journals, conferences, and preprint repositories.
1,238 results · page 37 of 52
Borja Bordel, Ramón Alcarria, Tomás Robles
No abstract is available for this record.
Weizheng Wang, Huakun Huang, Lejun Zhang, Chunhua Su
With the development of smart grid technology, The relationships between utility providers and their customers over electricity use have increased. Nonetheless, because the readings are performed through the Internet, there is a likelihood that the information will be conceded if it enters into the indicators of the wrong individuals. Furthermore, because they do not have access to the readings, consumers sometimes do not understand why they pay exorbitant fees or which gadgets consume the most power. In this article, To eliminate challenges, the autonomous blockchain technology that enables accountability and attribution, is deployed. A smart contract is also created, which performs preset tasks in order to build a trust-based mechanism among network participants. Our method is extremely efficient since the user can see how the electricity is used. The proposed smart contracts are extensively explained, and they comprise energy injection into smart networks, energy bidding to submit energy demand, energy trading, and energy use. It dynamically assigns weights to each predictor based on forecasting efficacy for the final judgement on predicting the outcome of these forecasters. Even in the presence of highly changing and ambiguous load patterns, the proposed model remains valid robust and accurate.
Shammya Shananda Saha, Nikhil Ravi, Kári Hreinsson, Jaejong Baek · 6 authors
The adoption of blockchain for Transactive Energy has gained significant momentum as it allows mutually non-trusting agents to trade energy services in a trustless energy market. Research to date has assumed that the built-in Byzantine Fault Tolerance in recording transactions in a ledger is sufficient to ensure integrity. Such work must be extended to address security gaps including random bilateral transactions that do not guarantee reliable and efficient market operation, and market participants having incentives to cheat when reporting actual production/consumption figures. Work herein introduces the Electron Volt Exchange framework with the following characteristics: 1) a distributed protocol for pricing and scheduling prosumers' production/consumption while keeping constraints and bids private, and 2) a distributed algorithm to prevent theft that verifies prosumers' compliance to scheduled transactions using information from grid sensors (such as smart meters) and mitigates the impact of false data injection attacks. Flexibility and robustness of the approach are demonstrated through simulation and implementation using Hyperledger Fabric.
Shammya Shananda Saha, Nikhil Ravi, Kári Hreinsson, Jaejong Baek · 6 authors
The adoption of blockchain for Transactive Energy has gained significant\nmomentum as it allows mutually non-trusting agents to trade energy services in\na trustless energy market. Research to date has assumed that the built-in\nByzantine Fault Tolerance in recording transactions in a ledger is sufficient\nto ensure integrity. Such work must be extended to address security gaps\nincluding random bilateral transactions that do not guarantee reliable and\nefficient market operation, and market participants having incentives to cheat\nwhen reporting actual production/consumption figures. Work herein introduces\nthe Electron Volt Exchange framework with the following characteristics: 1) a\ndistributed protocol for pricing and scheduling prosumers'\nproduction/consumption while keeping constraints and bids private, and 2) a\ndistributed algorithm to prevent theft that verifies prosumers' compliance to\nscheduled transactions using information from grid sensors (such as smart\nmeters) and mitigates the impact of false data injection attacks. Flexibility\nand robustness of the approach are demonstrated through simulation and\nimplementation using Hyperledger Fabric.\n
Godwin C. Okwuibe, Michel Zadé, Peter Tzscheutschler, Thomas Hamacher · 5 authors
The framework presented provides an open-source, blockchain-based, peer-to-peer energy market platform which can be used for testing different setups or for creating a microgrid peer-to-peer trading platform. The framework offers the following possibilities: · variations of the trading horizon, metering intervals; · simulations within a fraction of the real time; · variations of the number of participants; · multiple operated microgrids within one smart contract; · clearing mechanisms with discriminative prices or a market clearing price; · functionality to log data exchanged with the blockchain; production and consumption data of each participant, electricity exchanged within the microgrid and the main grid, token balances of all participants, · variation of the price ranges.
Andrés Marín, Sergio Chica, David Arroyo, Florina Almenares-Mendoza · 5 authors
With the transformation in smart grids, power grid companies are becoming increasingly dependent on data networks. Data networks are used to transport information and commands for optimizing power grid operations: Planning, generation, transportation, and distribution. Performing periodic security audits is one of the required tasks for securing networks, and we proposed in a previous work autoauditor, a system to achieve automatic auditing. It was designed according to the specific requirements of power grid companies, such as scaling with the huge number of heterogeneous equipment in power grid companies. Though pentesting and security audits are required for continuous monitoring, collaboration is of utmost importance to fight cyber threats. In this paper we work on the accountability of audit results and explore how the list of audit result records can be included in a blockchain, since blockchains are by design resistant to data modification. Moreover, blockchains endowed with smart contracts functionality boost the automation of both digital evidence gathering, audit, and controlled information exchange. To our knowledge, no such system exists. We perform throughput evaluation to assess the feasibility of the system and show that the system is viable for adaptation to the inventory systems of electrical companies.
Zhongyi Wen, Yuping Zheng, Yun Li
The recent burgeon of decentralized techniques has highlighted peer-to-peer transactions. And the high degree of trading freedom and efficiency in peer-to-peer transactions has facilitated the implementation to allocate energy in power systems. During attempts to apply blockchain in energy trading, researchers found Smart Contract, an essential function of blockchain, beneficial to the energy trading efficiency, besides the ability of keeping trading data tamper-resistant. To analyze the feasibility, validity and advantages of methods to accomplish decentralized energy transactions based on Smart Contract, we presented a basic model to illustrate the principle of how to use Smart Contract in energy trading at first. Then, we summarized three typical methods with diverse characteristics, including Independent Negotiation, Pre-distributing Strategy, and Smart Contract Processing. Besides, we designed one trading example based on the Pre-distributing Strategy, with the application scenario of Virtual Power Plant in power systems. The trading result showed that proper adaptions of the method can satisfy some requirements such as reducing the pollution emission.
Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, Aneesh A. Chand, Maria Malvoni, Kushal A. Prasad · 7 authors
Smart grid (SG), an evolving concept in the modern power infrastructure, enables the two-way flow of electricity and data between the peers within the electricity system networks (ESN) and its clusters. The self-healing capabilities of SG allow the peers to become active partakers in ESN. In general, the SG is intended to replace the fossil fuel-rich conventional grid with the distributed energy resources (DER) and pools numerous existing and emerging know-hows like information and digital communications technologies together to manage countless operations. With this, the SG will able to “detect, react, and pro-act” to changes in usage and address multiple issues, thereby ensuring timely grid operations. However, the “detect, react, and pro-act” features in DER-based SG can only be accomplished at the fullest level with the use of technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and the Blockchain (BC). The techniques associated with AI include fuzzy logic, knowledge-based systems, and neural networks. They have brought advances in controlling DER-based SG. The IoT and BC have also enabled various services like data sensing, data storage, secured, transparent, and traceable digital transactions among ESN peers and its clusters. These promising technologies have gone through fast technological evolution in the past decade, and their applications have increased rapidly in ESN. Hence, this study discusses the SG and applications of AI, IoT, and BC. First, a comprehensive survey of the DER, power electronics components and their control, electric vehicles (EVs) as load components, and communication and cybersecurity issues are carried out. Second, the role played by AI-based analytics, IoT components along with energy internet architecture, and the BC assistance in improving SG services are thoroughly discussed. This study revealed that AI, IoT, and BC provide automated services to peers by monitoring real-time information about the ESN, thereby enhancing reliability, availability, resilience, stability, security, and sustainability.
Ming-Te Chen, Chu Xuan Liang, Chia Chu Chen
In recently years, the traditional bi-directional smart grid system helps users to save energy such as electricity and also could perform the energy trading with other users in the same grid. However, it also requires a trusted third party to help gird users to maintain the transaction to be fair. If there are some users to deny a transaction in the grid, how the trusted third party is able to trace the real identity is the serious problem to be handle currently. As a result, we proposed a traceable smart grid trading system with smart contract in the peer-to peer(p2p) network. We also combine the smart contract into our scheme and adopt the token-based way to make transaction to be fair in case of unexpected problems happened such as the transaction failure.
Di Huang, Chenyu Zhang, Qiang Li, Huachun Han · 7 authors
As a new data structure, blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, high security and information disclosure, which integrates and innovates a variety of computer technologies. Virtual power plant (VPP) is able to increase the operational flexibility of the energy resources and plays an important role in the aggregation of distributed generation resources. For the problem of scheduling difficulty and low transaction efficiency of VPP, this paper proposes a VPP transaction mechanism based on blockchain, which considers the stability on matching supply and demand and priority of renewables. The consortium blockchain is used to allow qualified users to participate in the energy transaction. A market trading platform for VPP based on peer-to-peer (P2P) network in the environment of Ethereum is designed. The incentive mechanism is added to improve the transaction efficiency and the transaction process of VPPis simulated. It shows that the blockchain-based VPP trading mechanism has excellent economy and traceability.
Janez Bartol, Andrej Souvent, Nermin Suljanović, Matej Zajc
This paper investigates a secure data exchange between many small distributed consumers/prosumers and the aggregator in the process of energy balancing. It addresses the challenges of ensuring data exchange in a simple, scalable, and affordable way. The communication platform for data exchange is using Ethereum Blockchain technology. It provides a distributed ledger database across a distributed network, supports simple connectivity for new stakeholders, and enables many small entities to contribute with their flexible energy to the system balancing. The architecture of a simulation/emulation environment provides a direct connection of a relational database to the Ethereum network, thus enabling dynamic data management. In addition, it extends security of the environment with security mechanisms of relational databases. Proof-of-concept setup with the simulation of system balancing processes, confirms the suitability of the solution for secure data exchange in the market, operation, and measurement area. For the most intensive and space-consuming measurement data exchange, we have investigated data aggregation to ensure performance optimisation of required computation and space usage.
Sabah Suhail, Rasheed Hussain, Raja Jurdak, Choong Seon Hong
Industrial processes rely on sensory data for critical decision-making processes. Extracting actionable insights from the collected data calls for an infrastructure that can ensure the trustworthiness of data. To this end, we envision a blockchain-based framework for the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) to address the issues of data management and security. Once the data collected from trustworthy sources are recorded in the blockchain, product lifecycle events can be fed into data-driven systems for process monitoring, diagnostics, and optimized control. In this regard, we leverage digital twins (DTs) that can draw intelligent conclusions from the data by identifying the faults and recommending precautionary measures ahead of critical events. Furthermore, we discuss the integration of DTs and blockchain to target key challenges of disparate data repositories, untrustworthy data dissemination, and fault diagnosis. Finally, we identify outstanding challenges faced by the IIoT and future research directions while leveraging blockchain and DTs.
Igor Perekalskiy, Sergey Kokin, Dmitriy Kupcov
In an era of the widespread introduction of information technology, the broadest possibilities are opening up for the implementation of additional services for prosumers in the electricity market. The traditional electric power system of Russia allows customers to receive electricity only from large power plants, which leads to centralization and monopoly. Currently, the concept of distributed generation is gaining popularity. The idea is that small electric power generators are distributed throughout the local power network. The introduction of such an electrical network will improve the reliability of the system. However, such a network needs effective management and an electricity metering system. This paper proposes the use of distributed network blockchain technology as a solution to these problems. The proposed double-chain blockchain model will provide for the electric energy trading within the local electricity market, without third-party intermediaries, with a sufficient level of security and automation for all participants.
Paritosh Ramanan, Dan Li, Nagi Gebraeel
Large-scale power systems are composed of regional utilities with assets that stream sensor readings in real time. In order to detect cyberattacks, the globally acquired, real-time sensor data needs to be analyzed in a centralized fashion. However, owing to operational constraints, such a centralized sharing mechanism turns out to be a major obstacle. In this article, we propose a blockchain-based decentralized framework for detecting coordinated replay attacks with full privacy of sensor data. We develop a Bayesian inference mechanism employing locally reported attack probabilities that is tailor made for a blockchain framework. We compare our framework to a traditional decentralized algorithm based on the broadcast gossip framework both theoretically as well as empirically. With the help of experiments on a private Ethereum blockchain, we show that our approach achieves good detection quality and significantly outperforms gossip-driven approaches in terms of accuracy, timeliness, and scalability.
Shengnan Zhang, Jiaxing Xuan, Zitong Lyu, Yuchen Fu
Disadvantages like cumbersome verification and data centralization are involved in the application and transaction process of Renewable Energy Certificates in China. We realize that blockchain technology has been successfully applied in many fields with its features of decentralization, immutability, and traceability. As a result, we in this article aim to introduce blockchain into the current Renewable Energy Certificates trading system to solve the above problems. Firstly, this article gives an overview of blockchain technology, including its architecture and technical advantages. Secondly, it describes China's Renewable Energy Certificates transaction process and analyzes the potential challenges faced by it. Finally, it proposes a Renewable Energy Certificates trading system based on blockchain technology and analyzes its operation mode, advantages, and potential problems.
H. Ariza, Juan Carlos Martínez-Santos, Esteban Payares, M.F. Medina · 6 authors
Large penetration of renewable distributed energy resources, as well as the effective integration of storage systems and electric vehicles, are some of the required strategies to reduce the impact of the energy sector on greenhouse gas emissions. Microgrids offer an efficient platform to facilitate the integration of these systems, however, the increased complexity this strategy comes with, requires the use of sophisticated, reliable, and secure monitoring and control systems. The outbreak of cryptocurrency technologies has drawn particular attention, especially, the underlying Blockchain technology. The decentralized structure of this technology enables implementing control strategies, parameters monitoring, and business processes in microgrids. The aim of this work is to present the development of a framework to monitor operational parameters from an islanded microgrid. To build the Blockchain network, the Hyperledger-Fabric development platform was used. To simulate the behavior of the microgrid, an object-oriented open-source library using the Modelica modeling language was used to model a DC microgrid. The performance of the architecture was evaluated through operational parameters such as the difficulty and the number of nodes. Results suggest that changes in these factors can affect significantly the transaction time. The proposed architecture can be used as a basis to study Blockchain communication effects in smart grids and their development.
Mehul Sharma, Shrid Pant, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Koyel Datta Gupta · 6 authors
Abstract In a wireless Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) network, enforcing security is a challenge due to the large number of devices forming the network and their limited computation capabilities. Furthermore, different security attacks require specifically tailored security protocols to prevent their occurrence. As an alternative to these conventional centralized security protocols, the application of Blockchain (BC) and Deep learning (DL) for securing IIoT networks hold great potential. BC facilitates security by being an immutable record of the changes happening in a network. Coalition Formation theory aids decentralization and promotes energy efficiency. And to enforce a state‐of‐the‐art attack detection technique, Deep learning provides an adaptive and reliable platform. Thus, in this paper, a security framework that facilitates generalized security for the IIoT network using BC and Coalition Formation theory is proposed. Additionally, we promote a sophisticated deep learning‐based classification algorithm to efficiently classify malicious and benign devices in IIoT scenarios. In the proposed model, connection links can only be established if the details of the connection are mined on the BC by the “sender” device. Therefore, we propose a Proof of Reliance algorithm that dynamically increases the computational difficulty to prevent malicious devices from attacking the network. Through simulations, it is experimentally proven that malicious devices can never attack the network when the proposed framework is employed for IIoT security.
Wei Hu, Huanhao Li
In the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), peer-to-peer (P2P) distributed energy (DE) transactions exist in various scenarios. This paper attempts to improve the intelligence, real-timeliness, and security of the direct transaction between DE generation companies (DEGCs) and users, and reduce the default frequency of distributed power (DP) transactions. For these purposes, a P2P DE transaction model for the IIoT was proposed based on blockchain. Firstly, a blockchain-based distributed energy peer-to-peer transaction framework is constructed, which is more suitable for generalized energy transactions based on typical transaction scenarios of the IIoT. Using credit value evaluation and smart contracts to ensure the transparency, openness, and non-tampering of credit scores. On this basis, the energy currency reward mechanism is used to promote the trustworthiness of transaction nodes and maintain transaction security. Finally, the P2P direct transaction based on credit value was designed to improve the transaction efficiency and security. Through case analysis, the DE transaction model for the IIoT, which is based on the credit value of the blockchain, supports fast and frequent energy transactions, as it overcomes the confirmation delays of energy blockchain transactions. The proposed model improves the efficiency of DE transactions in the IIoT, effectively suppresses default frequency, and maintains the order of DE market in the IIoT.
Mohamed Rimsan, Ahmad Kamil Mahmood
Energy supply industries play a vital role in a country. Inefficiencies in the energy supply chain regarding tricky contest and the lack of management instantly change energy tariff calculation. This work proposes the Ethereum blockchain platform with existing traditional infrastructure to track and investigate energy supply chain activities using a unique identity with smart contracts. It maintains the records of the organization's activities that are protected and available to stakeholders according to the recognized collection of procedures and practices without requiring any centralized administration. This paper focuses entirely on analyzing and developing a simplified, low-cost economical solution to quickly connect the present energy supply industry at various geological locations to track and trace the linked data in the energy market.
Shubhani Aggarwal, Neeraj Kumar
No abstract is available for this record.
Bogdan Pahonțu, Diana Arsene, Alexandru Predescu, Mariana Mocanu
The demand for water continues to increase day by day and therefore measures must be established to be able to manage water resources more efficiently. Recently, various intelligent systems have been developed with the common goal of ensuring efficient water management and integrating modern technologies such as Internet of Things, Blockchain, Decision Support Systems and Artificial Intelligence. Nowadays, technological advancements allow collecting, processing and analyzing data from water distribution networks to optimize resources and improve decision making for all parties involved. This article presents a complex architecture, in the form of an integrated platform for real-time control and monitoring for residential networks, with secure data management based on Blockchain technology. A Blockchain network based on Hyperledger Fabric was developed in order to evaluate the possibilities of storing the real-time data into a distributed ledger.
Claudia Pop, Claudia Antal, Tudor Cioara, Ionuț Anghel · 5 authors
Nowadays, the adoption of demand response programs is still lagging due to the prosumers' lack of awareness, fear of losing control and privacy of energy data, etc. Programs decentralization, by adopting promising technologies such as blockchain, may bring significant advantages in terms of transparency, openness, improved control, and increased active participation of prosumers. Nevertheless, even though in general the transparency of the public blockchain is a desirable feature in the energy domain, the prosumer energy data is sensitive and rather private, thus, a privacy-preserving solution is required. In this paper, we present a decentralized implementation of demand response programs on top of the public blockchain which deals with the privacy of the prosumer's energy data using zero-knowledge proofs and validates on the blockchain the prosumer's activity inside the program using smart contracts. Prosumer energy data is kept private, while on the blockchain it is stored a zero-knowledge proof that is generated by the prosumer itself allowing the implementation of functions to validate potential deviations from the request and settle prosumer's activity. The solution evaluation results are promising in terms of ensuring the privacy of prosumer energy data stored in the public blockchain and detecting potential data inconsistencies.
Yassin M. Thibodeau Hafid, Dimitrios Makrakis, Etienne Elie
Nowadays, the proportion of the global supply of green energy sources (e.g., solar and wind) is increasing dramatically. Integrating these sources into the current smart grid is very challenging, given that the smart grid has centralized topology which is costly and inefficient. In particular, the current procedures used in the wholesale energy market are slow, time-consuming and thus expensive for small-scale energy sources (e.g., small-scale solar energy farms). Indeed, these sources are excluded in practice from the energy market. Thus, to integrate the increasing number of small-scale energy sources, there is a need to transform the smart grid into a decentralized system. A promising technology to realize this decentralization is Blockchain. With its characteristics like immutability, security, and decentralization, we believe that Blockchain will be the core technology for the future decentralized smart grid. In this paper, we propose a peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading system based on Ethereum. The objective is to allow any participant (e.g., big/small producers and consumers) to securely trade energy with minimum cost. The proposed approach moves most of the processing and storage off-chain, with the objective to minimize the cost of on-chain (i.e., smart contract) processing and storage while guaranteeing the security of the trading process. Stable coins are used to pay for the trade so as to overcome the problem of the instability regarding cryptocurrency exchange rates. Our proposal has been implemented, tested and deployed on the Ethereum official test network Ropsten. The results show that the proposed approach implements the P2P trading process with very small cost, making it an affordable solution for all participants, including small-scale sources.
Shubhani Aggarwal, Neeraj Kumar
No abstract is available for this record.