Blockchain Papers

Hossein Hassani, Xu Huang, Emmanuel Sirimal Silva

No abstract is available for this record.

Mahdi H. Miraz

Blockchain, as well as Internet of Things (IoT), is considered as two major disruptive emerging technologies. However, both of them suffer from innate technological limitations to some extent. IoT requires strengthening its security features while Blockchain inherently possesses them due to its extensive use of cryptographic mechanisms and Blockchain, in an inverted manner, needs contributions from the distributed nodes for its P2P (Peer-to-Peer) consensus model while IoT rudimentarily embodies them within its architecture. This chapter, therefore, acutely dissects the viability, along with prospective challenges, of incorporating Blockchain with IoT technologies,inducing the notion of Blockchain of Things (BCoT), as well as the benefits such consolidation can offer.

Ivan Tarkhanov

This study attempts to create a cryptocurrency classification metod and tool for reliability assessment from the point of view of investors and traders. The definition of the reliability of cryptocurrency and classification criteria is formulated. The following emphasizes how, using the support vector method, based on the available open data, it is possible to determine the reliability of Ethereum-based cryptocurrencies. As a result of testing, 15 reliable cryptocurrencies were identified and software was developed that allows you to collect and classify cryptocurrencies.

Vasavi Bande, Karu Prasada Rao, Sreenivas Mekala, T. Venkat Narayana Rao · 5 authors

A blockchain as a trustworthy and secure decentralized and distributed network has been emerged for many applications such as in banking, finance, insurance, healthcare and business. Recently, many communities in blockchain networks want to deploy machine learning models to get meaningful knowledge from geographically distributed large-scale data owned by each participant. To run a learning model without data centralization, distributed machine learning (DML) for blockchain networks has been studied. While several works have been proposed, privacy and security have not been sufficiently addressed, and as we show later, there are vulnerabilities in the architecture and limitations in terms of efficiency. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving DML model for a permissioned blockchain to resolve the privacy, security, and performance issues in a systematic way. We develop a differentially private stochastic gradient descent method and an error-based aggregation rule as core primitives. Our model can treat any type of differentially private learning algorithm where non-deterministic functions should be defined. The proposed error-based aggregation rule is effective to prevent attacks by an adversarial node that tries to deteriorate the accuracy of DML models. Our experiment results show that our proposed model provides stronger resilience against adversarial attacks than other aggregation rules under a differentially private scenario. Finally, we show that our proposed model has high usability because it has low computational complexity and low transaction latency.

Ayushi Sharma, Shashwat Tiwari, Nitin Arora, S. C. Sharma

Blockchain is an emerging technology that can radically improve transactions security at banking, supply chain, and other transaction networks. It's estimated that Blockchain will generate $3.1 trillion in new business value by 2030. Essentially, it provides the basis for a dynamic distributed ledger that can be applied to save time when recording transactions between parties, remove costs associated with intermediaries, and reduce risks of fraud and tampering. This book explores the fundamentals and applications of Blockchain technology. Readers will learn about the decentralized peer-to-peer network, distributed ledger, and the trust model that defines Blockchain technology. They will also be introduced to the basic components of Blockchain (transaction, block, block header, and the chain), its operations (hashing, verification, validation, and consensus model), underlying algorithms, and essentials of trust (hard fork and soft fork). Private and public Blockchain networks similar to Bitcoin and Ethereum will be introduced, as will concepts of Smart Contracts, Proof of Work and Proof of Stack, and cryptocurrency including Facebook's Libra will be elucidated. Also, the book will address the relationship between Blockchain technology, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cybersecurity, Digital Transformation and Quantum Computing. Readers will understand the inner workings and applications of this disruptive technology and its potential impact on all aspects of the business world and society. A look at the future trends of Blockchain Technology will be presented in the book.

MA Xiao-ting, Wenping Ma, Xiaoxue Liu

No abstract is available for this record.

Christopher D. Clack

A new initiative from the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) aims to establish a Common Domain Model (ISDA CDM): a new standard for data and process representation across the full range of derivatives instruments. The resulting standardisation of workflow will not only reduce the cost of traditional processing but will also facilitate new platforms using distributed ledger technology and enable processing via smart contracts. The design of the ISDA CDM is at an early stage and the draft definition contains considerable complexity and ambiguity. This paper contributes by offering insight, critical analysis and discussion relating to important topics in the design space such as data lineage, timestamps, consistency, operations, events, state and state transitions.

R. Sujeetha A.P., Sarthak Haldar, Bijoy Krishna Saha, Pranjal Katyayan

International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering (A UGC Approved and indexed with DOI, ICI and Approved, DPI Digital Library) is one of the leading and growing open access, peer-reviewed, monthly, and scientific research journal for scientists, engineers, research scholars, and academicians, which gains a foothold in Asia and opens to the world, aims to publish original, theoretical and practical advances in Computer Science,Information Technology, Engineering (Software, Mechanical, Civil, Electronics & Electrical), and all interdisciplinary streams of Computing Sciences. It intends to disseminate original, scientific, theoretical or applied research in the field of Computer Sciences and allied fields. It provides a platform for publishing results and research with a strong empirical component. It aims to bridge the significant gap between research and practice by promoting the publication of original, novel, industry-relevant research.

Hossein Hassani, Xu Huang, Emmanuel Sirimal Silva

Cryptocurrency has been a trending topic over the past decade, pooling tremendous technological power and attracting investments valued over trillions of dollars on a global scale. The cryptocurrency technology and its network have been endowed with many superior features due to its unique architecture, which also determined its worldwide efficiency, applicability and data intensive characteristics. This paper introduces and summarises the interactions between two significant concepts in the digitalized world, i.e., cryptocurrency and Big Data. Both subjects are at the forefront of technological research, and this paper focuses on their convergence and comprehensively reviews the very recent applications and developments after 2016. Accordingly, we aim to present a systematic review of the interactions between Big Data and cryptocurrency and serve as the one stop reference directory for researchers with regard to identifying research gaps and directing future explorations.

Vijaya Ramachandran, Thomas Rehermann

Block chain, or distributed ledger
\n technology, has the potential to address many problems in
\n emerging markets. In this note the authors consider whether
\n block chain can be used to mitigate the problem of
\n de-risking by financial institutions, which affects
\n receivers of remittances, businesses that need correspondent
\n banking relationships, and charities working in conflict
\n countries. Block chain is an evolving technology, and
\n understanding its scope and limitations will be critical to
\n employing it to address these and related issues.

Yang Lu

The prosperity of Bitcoin has given rise to widespread attention and in-depth research on blockchains. The blockchain provides the fundamental technology for the decentralization, openness, security, independence, anonymity, integrity, and authenticity of diversified applications. The literature selected are mainly from IEEE papers and conference proceedings. This paper deeply analyzes the basic features and categories of blockchain and delineates the practical applications. The aim is to find the development prospects of blockchains through analysis of existing applications and technologies.

Michael Mylrea, Sri Nikhil Gupta Gourisetti

The U.S. power grid is a complex system of systems that requires a trustworthy, reliable, and secure global supply chain. A formidable challenge considering the increasing number of networked industrial control systems (ICS) and energy delivery systems (EDS) and growing number of intermediary distributors, vendors and integrators involved. Grid modernization has increased the use of “smart” energy devices that automate, digitize, network, and bring together the cyber-physical energy supply chain. In the current Energy Internet of Things (EIoT) environment, the growth of data speed and size requirements as well as the number of critical cyber assets has generated new North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) compliance requirements and cyber supply chain security challenges for vendors, regulators, and utilities. The issuance of Order No. 829 by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) instructed the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) to confront cybersecurity supply chain risk management for ICS software and hardware, as well as the networking and computing services associated with Bulk Electric System (BES) operations. To meet these goals, current technology and processes must be improved to better identify, monitor, and audit vulnerable EIoT environments. This paper examines how blockchain technology can enable NERC CIP compliance as well as aid in the security of the BES supply chain through an immutable cryptographically signed distributed ledger that allows for improved data security, provenance and auditability.

Gihan J. Mendis, Yifu Wu, Jin Wei, Moein Sabounchi · 5 authors

Thanks to the advances in machine learning, data-driven analysis tools have become valuable solutions for various applications. However, there still remain essential challenges to develop effective data-driven methods because of the need to acquire a large amount of data and to have sufficient computing power to handle the data. In many instances these challenges are addressed by relying on a dominant cloud computing vendor, but, although commercial cloud vendors provide valuable platforms for data analytics, they can suffer from a lack of transparency, security, and privacy-perservation. Furthermore, reliance on cloud servers prevents applying big data analytics in environments where the computing power is scattered. To address these challenges, a decentralize, secure, and privacy-preserving computing paradigm is proposed to enable an asynchronized cooperative computing process amongst scattered and untrustworthy computing nodes that may have limited computing power and computing intelligence. This paradigm is designed by exploring blockchain, decentralized learning, homomorphic encryption, and software defined networking(SDN) techniques. The performance of the proposed paradigm is evaluated via different scenarios in the simulation section.

Logan Kugler

The electricity consumption of mining for cryptocurrencies is becoming a real concern. Here's what to do about it.

Michael Hinterstocker, Christa Dufter, Serafin von Roon, Alexander Bogensperger · 5 authors

Blockchain-based software solutions have been proposed and analyzed for several applications in the field of energy markets. They are often expected to cause “disruptive” changes to the energy industry, implicating they might totally replace current market structures and render today's energy system obsolete. In order to evaluate the actual potential, several specific use cases from different fields are examined here. The potential impact is estimated based on the market value of the respective market segment, which allows assessing the prospective effect. The analyses show that some use cases do have potential to improve current processes and thus, to change the market setting, but these changes are expected to be relatively small. Therefore, blockchain technology is not expected to be disruptive regarding the energy industry, but to complement the structures and processes which are already in place.

Hideyuki Iwata, Takashi Tominaga, Takeshi Morikawa

The second meeting of ISO/TC 307 (International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee 307: blockchain and electronic distributed ledger technologies) was held in Tokyo in November 2017.This TC is working to develop international standards for blockchain technology.This article introduces the concept of blockchain technology-the fundamental technology used for bitcoin-as well as trends in the international standardization of electronic distributed ledger technologies and some applications of blockchain technology beyond cryptocurrency.

Shuqing Bian, Zhenpeng Deng, Fei Li, Will Monroe · 12 authors

Cryptocurrencies (or digital tokens, digital currencies, e.g., BTC, ETH, XRP, NEO) have been rapidly gaining ground in use, value, and understanding among the public, bringing astonishing profits to investors. Unlike other money and banking systems, most digital tokens do not require central authorities. Being decentralized poses significant challenges for credit rating. Most ICOs are currently not subject to government regulations, which makes a reliable credit rating system for ICO projects necessary and urgent. In this paper, we introduce IcoRating, the first learning--based cryptocurrency rating system. We exploit natural-language processing techniques to analyze various aspects of 2,251 digital currencies to date, such as white paper content, founding teams, Github repositories, websites, etc. Supervised learning models are used to correlate the life span and the price change of cryptocurrencies with these features. For the best setting, the proposed system is able to identify scam ICO projects with 0.83 precision. We hope this work will help investors identify scam ICOs and attract more efforts in automatically evaluating and analyzing ICO projects.

Jie Xiao, Jungang Lou, Jianhui Jiang, Xiaoxin Li · 6 authors

Currently, few works focus on the reliability of the blockchain architecture at the circuit level, which makes its security and privacy vulnerable to hardware errors. To mitigate the hazard, through an iterative probabilistic transfer matrix model coded by a binary-decimal mechanism, a reliability-based evaluation method for the importance of circuit units is proposed in this paper. First, the method calculates the output reliabilities in any leads by the iterative probabilistic transfer matrix model and obtains the reliability gradient for the circuit units based on the gradient and barrel theory. Second, it sorts the importance of the circuit units based on their obtained reliability gradients. Third, combining the sensitized path coverage rate and the sequence comparison, the method constructs an importance-based sorting algorithm for the circuit units with the same reliability gradients. Finally, it reinforces the importance circuit units based on the sorting results to improve the security and privacy for the blockchain architecture at the hardware level. Theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate that the proposed method can be applied to measure the importance of circuit units at several abstract levels, with high precision and small time-space complexity, and systems can thus achieve a great reliability improvement at a small cost.

Feng Zhu, Jingwei Qiao

The CPS system senses and recognizes the physical world through numerous node devices and processes the collected data accordingly, then it can achieve the interconnection of the physical world and the virtual network world. However, under the existing conditions, the CPS system has not yet realized the interconnection between nodes and nodes and the physical world. Block chain technology is a distributed ledger in which nodes can freely enter and exit. This article proposes to combine the block chain with the CPS system to improve the efficiency and security of the CPS system. Through theoretical analysis and experiments, it is proved that the combination of block chain and CPS system can effectively improve the scalability of CPS system and improve the ability of CPS system to communicate with the physical world. Through the combination of the public chain and private chain of the block chain, the production speed of the block is improved, and the actual demand of the CPS system is better satisfied.

Hsin-Te Wu, Yi-Jen Su, Wu-Chih Hu

No abstract is available for this record.

Authors unavailable

Bitcoin is a digital currency raised by Satosghi Nakamoto, which is Completely decentralized, Highly anonymous, cross-border. Nowadays it has became one of the most widely used currency. Recently, as the used capacity has approached the capacity limitation of each block, the time needed to confirm a transaction increase dramatically. As a result, bitcoin cannot satisfy the need of a large number of bitcoin transactions. This paper aims to apply merged mining technology to bitcoin blockchain scaling, which builds another blockchain called auxiliary blockchain based on bitcoin blockchain and stores some of small rapid transactions in auxiliary blockchain. This paper also proves the merged mining technology can concentrate computing power and design a special miner reward program.

Yasser Mustafa

No abstract is available for this record.

Wenqing Zhao, Zhuoying Ma

The blockchain technology is seen as revolutionary technology, which obtains attention from various fields in many countries. In China, students information in higher education needs to be managed by the third part-China Credentials Verification. Although this website brings a lot of convenience to students, it still exists some disadvantages. Through analyzing the application of blockchain technology in finance field, the key feature -decentralized can also be effectively applied in the education field to improve the work efficiency of verifying degree, storing considerable data or transmitting students' information in the way of point-to-point and so on. Through exploring the modern of 'blockchain+education', considerable students' info rmation in database can be stored in the blockchain and can be traced by companies to conveniently query their records. This paper will discuss the application landscape of blockchain technology in higher education in new view.

Ying Zhao

As the underlying technology in Bitcoin, the blockchain technology has gained wide attention. Blockchain is a kind of feasible method to solve the consistency problem of distributed system. Consensus mechanism is the core of the blockchain technology. Delicate consensus mechanism can improve system performance and promote the application of blockchain in many fields. Based on the consensus mechanisms in existing design of blockchain, this paper summarizes the basic consensus mechanisms including proof of work, proof of stake and Byzantine consistency agreement, and evaluates them from various aspects such as security, scalability, performance, etc. The future research on the blockchain consensus mechanism will be based on the different characteristics of the consensus mechanisms, and design should be carried out around the combination of different consensus mechanisms.