Follow blockchain research across journals, conferences, and preprint repositories.
8,811 results · page 366 of 368
Angelica Lo Duca, Clara Bacciu, Andrea Marchetti
No abstract is available for this record.
Anil Lamba, Satinderjeet Singh, Singh Balvinder, Natasha Dutta · 5 authors
The internet of things (IoT) enabled a common operating picture (COP) across the various applications of modern day living. The COP is achieved through the advancements seen in wireless sensor network devices that were able to communicate through the network thereby exchanging information and performing various analysis. In IoT, the exchange of information and data authentication is only done through the central server there by leading to the security and privacy concerns. Chances of device spoofing, false authentication, less reliability in data sharing could happen. To address such security and privacy concerns, a central server concept is eliminated and blockchain (BC) technology is introduced as a part of IoT. This paper elaborates the possible security and privacy issues considering the component interaction in IoT and studies how the distributed ledger based blockchain (DLBC) technology contribute to it. Applications of BC with respect to focused sectors and category were clearly studied here. Various challenges specific to IoT and IoT with BC were also discussed to understand blockchain technology contribution.
Paul Fremantle, Benjamin Aziz, Tom Kirkham
The Internet of Things has a number of well-publicised security flaws, resulting in numerous recent attacks.In this paper we lay out a framework for looking at how distributed ledgers and Blockchain technology can be used to enhance the security, privacy and manageability of IoT devices and networks.A significant concern is the inability to process blockchains on small devices.We propose an architecture for IoT security and privacy based on blockchains that addresses this and other issues.We look at related work and propose areas of further research.
Arjun Singh, Arun Pratap Srivastava, Pushpa Choudhary, Harikesh Pandey · 5 authors
The fourth industrial revolution, which will alter the globe, is commonly referred to as Blockchain technology. Blockchain technology provides a decentralized, distributed, and central authority-free environment. Since Bitcoin launched Blockchain, research has been continuing on non-financial use cases to extend their applicability. Healthcare is an industry with a significant influence on the Blockchain. Healthcare has penetrated the enthusiasm for the changing nature of Blockchain technology. Blockchain is frequently viewed as the most necessary and optimal healthcare technology to handle sophisticated and complex security and interoperability concerns. More significantly, the “value” and trust-based system’s smart contract mechanism can offer automatic action and reaction. Healthcare, on the other hand, is a complex system. In this paper, we introduce the blockchain and its properties, as well as the significance of the blockchain in healthcare. It also provides blockchain administration, adjudication of claims, interoperability, and application. While in several situations, we observed blockchain technology, the use of blockchain in health care was highly addressed in this paper and the reason why blockchain should be utilized. We introduce the advantages of blockchain as well. Furthermore, we examined the difficulties and prospects for the future and how they may be implemented in more healthcare industries. The paper also discusses the current level of Blockchain application development for healthcare and its limits and topics for further research. This paper aims to demonstrate how Blockchain technologies may be utilized in healthcare and what problems this technology may face in the future and what the Blockchain’s prospects are.
Authors unavailable
In recent decades, the ad hoc network for vehicles has been a core network technology to provide comfort and security to drivers in vehicle environments. However, emerging applications and services require major changes in underlying network models and computing that require new road network planning. Meanwhile, blockchain widely known as one of the disruptive technologies has emerged in recent years, is experiencing rapid development and has the potential to revolutionize intelligent transport systems. Blockchain can be used to build an intelligent, secure, distributed and autonomous transport system. It allows better utilization of the infrastructure and resources of intelligent transport systems, particularly effective for crowdsourcing technology. In this paper, we proposes a vehicle network architecture based on blockchain in the smart city (Block-VN). Block-VN is a reliable and secure architecture that operates in a distributed way to build the new distributed transport management system. We are considering a new network system of vehicles, Block-VN, above them. In addition, we examine how the network of vehicles evolves with paradigms focused on networking and vehicular information. Finally, we discuss service scenarios and design principles for Block-VN.
Abdullah Al Omar, Mohammad Shahriar Rahman, Anirban Basu, Shinsaku Kiyomoto
No abstract is available for this record.
Pradip Kumar Sharma, Saurabh Singh, Young‐Sik Jeong, Jong Hyuk Park
The rapid increase in the number and diversity of smart devices connected to the Internet has raised the issues of flexibility, efficiency, availability, security, and scalability within the current IoT network. These issues are caused by key mechanisms being distributed to the IoT network on a large scale, which is why a distributed secure SDN architecture for IoT using the blockchain technique (DistBlockNet) is proposed in this research. It follows the principles required for designing a secure, scalable, and efficient network architecture. The DistBlockNet model of IoT architecture combines the advantages of two emerging technologies: SDN and blockchains technology. In a verifiable manner, blockchains allow us to have a distributed peer-to-peer network where non-confident members can interact with each other without a trusted intermediary. A new scheme for updating a flow rule table using a blockchains technique is proposed to securely verify a version of the flow rule table, validate the flow rule table, and download the latest flow rules table for the IoT forwarding devices. In our proposed architecture, security must automatically adapt to the threat landscape, without administrator needs to review and apply thousands of recommendations and opinions manually. We have evaluated the performance of our proposed model architecture and compared it to the existing model with respect to various metrics. The results of our evaluation show that DistBlockNet is capable of detecting attacks in the IoT network in real time with low performance overheads and satisfying the design principles required for the future IoT network.
Seyoung Huh, Sangrae Cho, Soohyung Kim
Since the start of Bitcoin in 2008[1], blockchain technology emerged as the next revolutionary technology. Though blockchain started off as a core technology of Bitcoin, its use cases are expanding to many other areas including finances, Internet of Things (IoT), security and such[2]. Currently, many private and public sectors are diving into the technology[3]. Aside from that, as software and hardware improve, we would see the beginning of IoT. And those IoT devices need to communicate and synchronize with each other. But in situations where more than thousands or tens of thousands of IoT devices connected, we expect that using current model of server-client may have some limitations and issues while in synchronization. So, we propose using blockchain to build IoT system. Using blockchain, we can control and configure IoT devices. We manage keys using RSA public key cryptosystems where public keys are stored in Ethereum and private keys are saved on individual devices. Specifically, we choose Ethereum as our blockchain platform because using its smart contract, we can write our own Turing-complete code to run on top of Ethereum. Thus, we can easily manage configuration of IoT devices and build key management system. Even though we can simply use account as a key management system, which most of blockchain platform supports, we decide to use Ethereum because we can manage the system in a more fine-grained way. For the proof of a concept, we use a few IoT devices instead of a full system of IoT system, which consists of thousands of IoT devices. But in our later study, we would like to build a fully scaled IoT system using blockchain.
Zhetao Li, Jiawen Kang, Rong Yu, Dongdong Ye · 6 authors
In industrial Internet of things (IIoT), peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading ubiquitously takes place in various scenarios, e.g., microgrids, energy harvesting networks, and vehicle-to-grid networks. However, there are common security and privacy challenges caused by untrusted and nontransparent energy markets in these scenarios. To address the security challenges, we exploit the consortium blockchain technology to propose a secure energy trading system named energy blockchain. This energy blockchain can be widely used in general scenarios of P2P energy trading getting rid of a trusted intermediary. Besides, to reduce the transaction limitation resulted from transaction confirmation delays on the energy blockchain, we propose a credit-based payment scheme to support fast and frequent energy trading. An optimal pricing strategy using Stackelberg game for credit-based loans is also proposed. Security analysis and numerical results based on a real dataset illustrate that the proposed energy blockchain and credit-based payment scheme are secure and efficient in IIoT.
Nir Kshetri
This column evaluates blockchain's roles in strengthening security in the Internet of Things (IoT). Key underlying mechanisms related to the blockchain-IoT security nexus are covered. From a security standpoint, the article highlights how blockchain-based solutions could be, in many aspects, superior to the current IoT ecosystem, which relies mainly on centralized cloud servers. Using practical applications and real-world examples, the article argues that blockchain's decentralized nature is likely to result in a low susceptibility to manipulation and forgery by malicious participants. Special consideration is given to how blockchain-based identity and access management systems can address some of the key challenges associated with IoT security. The column provides a detailed analysis and description of blockchain's roles in tracking the sources of insecurity in supply chains related to IoT devices. Using blockchain, it is also possible to contain an IoT security breach in a targeted way after it is discovered. The column also discusses and evaluates initiatives of organizations, interorganizational networks, and industries on the frontlines of blockchain.
Vinod K. Tiwari, Vijay Kumar Singh
Ubiquitous sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies cuts across many areas of modern day living. This offers the ability to measure, infer and understand environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and natural resources to urban environments. The proliferation of these devices in a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of Things (IoT), wherein, sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us, and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common operating picture (COP). Fuelled by the recent adaptation of a variety of enabling wireless technologies such as RFID tags and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has stepped out of its infancy and is the the next revolutionary technology in transforming the Internet into a fully integrated Future Internet. As we move from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive queries increases significantly. This paper presents a Cloud centric vision for worldwide implementation of Internet of Things. The key enabling technologies and application domains that are likely to drive IoT research in the near future are discussed. A Cloud implementation using Aneka, which is based on interaction of private and public Clouds is presented. We conclude our IoT vision by expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet and distributed computing directed at technological research community.
Mayra Samaniego, Ralph Deters
Current IoT systems tend to be cloud-centric which in turn introduces network latency and constrained interaction with sensors and actuators. This paper presents the idea of using restful micro-services called Virtual Resources. A Virtual Resource is a software-defined IoT management construct that enables multi-tenancy support and load distribution onto edge hosts. The paper presents a performance analysis of our Golang implementation of Virtual Resources in various settings.
Taher M. Ghazal, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, Haitham M. Alzoubi, Mohammed Al Hmmadi · 8 authors
Recent years have witnessed substantial advancement in the subject of smart cities. The purpose of smart city development is to enhance the quality of life for citizens. This was accomplished via the use of IoT and cloud computing technologies. Another promising technology is blockchain, which has the ability to deliver a myriad of value services to its end users. For virtual assets with value, such as Bitcoin, it is a programmable digital register that is immutable. To properly exploit blockchain technology's services inside smart cities, it is necessary to identify the technology's features, as well as its main needs and research obstacles. As such, this essay will try to define the properties of blockchain technology. Additionally, the critical needs for integrating blockchain technology into smart cities are outlined. A possible use case for blockchain technology is used to show how a smart city could be protected. There is also an overview of how a real-world three-blockchain-based smart city case study works. Finally, a number of critical research issues are highlighted and explored.
Mayra Samaniego, Uurtsaikh Jamsrandorj, Ralph Deters
A blockchain is a distributed and decentralized ledger that contains connected blocks of transactions. Unlike other ledger approaches, blockchain guarantees tamper proof storage of approved transactions. Due to its distributed and decentralized organization, blockchain is beeing used within IoT e.g. to manage device configuration, store sensor data and enable micro-payments. This paper presents the idea of using blockchain as a service for IoT and evaluates the performance of a cloud and edge hosted blockchain implementation.
Yuki Yamada, Tatsuo Nakajima, M. Sakamoto
In this paper, we propose a digital cash system named Blockchain-LI. This is an activity-based micro-pricing system implemented on cryptocurrency technologies. Activity-based micro-pricing is a pervasive technology to influence people's behavior through economic incentives. Implementing activity-based micro-pricing based on cryptocurrency technologies enables us to solve potential technical issues of traditional implementation. The Blockchain-LI architecture adopts a hierarchical currency network containing two types of currencies. The public coin is widely prevalent and has high integrity. The private coins are low integrity digital currencies that connect to the public coin. This approach enables us to solve cryptocurrency problems including scalability and block size. However, to use Blockchain-LI as a social infrastructure system, unresolved problems remain. This paper proposes sustainability, conversion protocols, and security issues as topics for future study.
Adem Efe Gencer, Robbert van Renesse, Emin Gün Sirer
The rise of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies has led to an explosion of services using distributed ledgers as their underlying infrastructure. However, due to inherently single-service oriented blockchain protocols, such services can bloat the existing ledgers, fail to provide sufficient security, or completely forego the property of trustless auditability. Security concerns, trust restrictions, and scalability limits regarding the resource requirements of users hamper the sustainable development of loosely-coupled services on blockchains. This paper introduces Aspen, a sharded blockchain protocol designed to securely scale with increasing number of services. Aspen shares the same trust model as Bitcoin in a peer-to-peer network that is prone to extreme churn containing Byzantine participants. It enables introduction of new services without compromising the security, leveraging the trust assumptions, or flooding users with irrelevant messages.
Mayra Samaniego, Ralph Deters
Moving IoT components from the cloud onto edge hosts helps in reducing overall network traffic and thus minimizes latency. However, provisioning IoT services on the IoT edge devices presents new challenges regarding system design and maintenance. One possible approach is the use of software-defined IoT components in the form of virtual IoT resources. This, in turn, allows exposing the thing/device layer and the core IoT service layer as collections of micro services that can be distributed to a broad range of hosts.
Marco Conoscenti, Antonio Vetrò, Juan Carlos De Martin
In the Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, the block-chain and, in general, Peer-to-Peer approaches could play an important role in the development of decentralized and dataintensive applications running on billion of devices, preserving the privacy of the users. Our research goal is to understand whether the blockchain and Peer-to-Peer approaches can be employed to foster a decentralized and private-by-design IoT. As a first step in our research process, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review on the blockchain to gather knowledge on the current uses of this technology and to document its current degree of integrity, anonymity and adaptability. We found 18 use cases of blockchain in the literature. Four of these use cases are explicitly designed for IoT. We also found some use cases that are designed for a private-by-design data management. We also found several issues in the integrity, anonymity and adaptability. Regarding anonymity, we found that in the blockchain only pseudonymity is guaranteed. Regarding adaptability and integrity, we discovered that the integrity of the blockchain largely depends on the high difficulty of the Proof-of-Work and on the large number of honest miners, but at the same time a difficult Proof-of-Work limits the adaptability. We documented and categorized the current uses of the blockchain, and provided a few recommendations for future work to address the above-mentioned issues.
Ting Wang, Liguo Yu, Yingmei Li
Blockchain is an information technology solution for distributed digital record. Its main properties are secure, traceable, and transparent. Blockchain was first proposed for bitcoin, a decentralized virtual digital currency. Recently, blockchain draws attentions of researchers, entrepreneurs, and investors, because people found that blockchain technology can revolutionize many business practices. This paper describes the fundamentals of blockchain technology, including data structure, data distribution, and transaction execution and validation. This paper also discusses the representative blockchain protocols and development platforms. In addition, this paper outlines the potential applications of blockchain technology and the broader impact it might bring to industry, business, and beyond.
Jesse Yli-Huumo, Deokyoon Ko, Sujin Choi, Sooyong Park · 5 authors
Blockchain is a decentralized transaction and data management technology developed first for Bitcoin cryptocurrency. The interest in Blockchain technology has been increasing since the idea was coined in 2008. The reason for the interest in Blockchain is its central attributes that provide security, anonymity and data integrity without any third party organization in control of the transactions, and therefore it creates interesting research areas, especially from the perspective of technical challenges and limitations. In this research, we have conducted a systematic mapping study with the goal of collecting all relevant research on Blockchain technology. Our objective is to understand the current research topics, challenges and future directions regarding Blockchain technology from the technical perspective. We have extracted 41 primary papers from scientific databases. The results show that focus in over 80% of the papers is on Bitcoin system and less than 20% deals with other Blockchain applications including e.g. smart contracts and licensing. The majority of research is focusing on revealing and improving limitations of Blockchain from privacy and security perspectives, but many of the proposed solutions lack concrete evaluation on their effectiveness. Many other Blockchain scalability related challenges including throughput and latency have been left unstudied. On the basis of this study, recommendations on future research directions are provided for researchers.
Pablo Pico-Valencia, Juan A. Holgado-Terriza
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a current approach which aims to act on pervasive environments for connecting smart objects. These objects are capable to sense their own environment, interacting and cooperating with other devices. However, the IoT also requires to perform coordination actions that devices cannot carry out with the embedded electronic. In order to create smarter collaborative systems, the Internet of Agents (IoA) approach arises as an alternative for providing information and services to other objects, systems and people, and to initialize actions if necessary. In this paper, a semantic model of public agent contracts based on OWL ontologies enriched with Open Linked Data has been proposed as a fundamental way to describe standard collaborative units that can interact in a social context. The overarching ontology we have named IoA-OWL takes into account functional and non-functional aspects organized in six profiles such as agent, context, model, service, social, and object.
Yue Xiao, Huiju Wang, Dawei Jin, Mingqiang Li · 5 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Ali Dorri, Salil S. Kanhere, Raja Jurdak
The Internet of Things IoT is experiencing exponential growth in research and industry, but it still suffers from privacy and security vulnerabilities. Conventional security and privacy approaches tend to be inapplicable for IoT, mainly due to its decentralized topology and the resource-constraints of the majority of its devices. BlockChain BC that underpin the crypto-currency Bitcoin have been recently used to provide security and privacy in peer-to-peer networks with similar topologies to IoT. However, BCs are computationally expensive and involve high bandwidth overhead and delays, which are not suitable for IoT devices. This position paper proposes a new secure, private, and lightweight architecture for IoT, based on BC technology that eliminates the overhead of BC while maintaining most of its security and privacy benefits. The described method is investigated on a smart home application as a representative case study for broader IoT applications. The proposed architecture is hierarchical, and consists of smart homes, an overlay network and cloud storages coordinating data transactions with BC to provide privacy and security. Our design uses different types of BCs depending on where in the network hierarchy a transaction occurs, and uses distributed trust methods to ensure a decentralized topology. Qualitative evaluation of the architecture under common threat models highlights its effectiveness in providing security and privacy for IoT applications.
Xinping Min, Qingzhong Li, Lei Liu, Lizhen Cui
The lack of credibility of transactions has become major issue restricting the rapid development and popularization of E-commerce. Existing solutions adopt blockchain protocols to improve the credibility of transactions. Most of them still have significant scalability barrier, such as instant transaction and throughput. By analyzing how fundamental and circumstantial bottlenecks in Bitcoin-derived blockchain limit the ability of its current peer-to-peer overlay network, this paper presents Permissioned Blockchain Framework (PBF). PBF aims at achieving trusted trading and supporting instant transaction in E-commerce. To guarantee a higher credibility of transactions, this paper presents a global consensus algorithm - Permissioned Trusted Trading Network Consensus Algorithm. In order to fulfill the demand of instant transactions without sacrificing credibility, this paper presents a Peer Inner Blockchain Protocol. The comparison between PBF and Bitcoin-derived blockchain in E-commerce, suggests better performance on throughput, latency, capacity.