In last decade, we have seen the emergence of various computer technologies, each of which was disrupting and revolutionary. Some of these technologies paved the way for a newer generation of technologies to make our lives easier. Some of these technologies are in the category of invention, as they change and disrupt the entire ecosystem. There was a big wave that produced a lot of new billionaires and millionaires. What was available for just 2 cents in 2009 is now available for more than $15,000 US. Yes, we are talking about Bitcoin and Blockchain. Blockchain is the technology behind Bitcoin. Cryptocurrency and especially Bitcoin have certainly divided the world into two zones—one that supports cryptocurrency and the other that opposes it. The use of cryptocurrency has been such a craze that there are around 1400+ cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin in the market, having more than 17+ million accounts. People have raised doubts about the future of Bitcoin. A few countries don’t allow cryptocurrencies in their economies, but almost all of them have provided tremendous support for Blockchain. Bitcoin is just one of the finest implementations of Blockchain, but Blockchain is certainly going to stay and is currently transforming the way we trust across work and business.
This article describes the “Blockchain” which is an upcoming technology in the current leading world and which serves as a capital market use-cases for many of the global Fintech industries across the world, is a distributed ledger of economic transactions which not only used for recording financial transactions but mostly everything of value in this world. In the current world, mostly all the transactions are done through online which mainly includes the bank as a “middle man,” which could be untrustworthy at times. Blockchain comes into the picture which eliminates the need of a middle man or third party between the users who are involved in the transactions. Represents a financial ledger entry of data structure which consists of record of transactions which is digitally signed and cannot be tampered as authenticity is ensured in which the ledger is considered to be of high integrity. One of the leading and highly valued platform of blockchain is “Hyperledger Fabric” which is meant for securing transactions and serves a powerful container technology for smart contract development in the global capital firms. The potential of Blockchain and DLT in capital markets in this upcoming world could remove many of the inefficiencies and costs inherent in the global capital markets across the world and could be considered as a viable technology which enable to settlement.
After the introduction of Bitcoin, blockchain has made its way through numerous applications and been adopted by various communities. A number of implementations exist today providing a platform to carry on business with ease. However, it is observed the scalability of blockchain still remains an issue. Also, none of the framework can claim the ability to handle Big Data and support to perform analytics, which is an important and integral facet of current world of business. We propose HBasechainDB, a scalable blockchain-based tamper-proofed Big Data store for distributed computing. HBasechainDB adds the blockchain characteristics of immutability and decentralization to the HBase database in the Hadoop ecosystem. Linear scaling is achieved by pushing computation to the data nodes. HBasechainDB comes with inherent property of efficient big data processing as it is built on Hadoop ecosystem. HBasechainDB also makes adaptation of blockchain very easy for those organizations whose business logic are already existing on Hadoop ecosystem. HBasechainDB can be used as a tamper-proof, decentralized, distributed Big Data store.
Yang Xu, Guojun Wang, Jidian Yang, Ju Ren · 6 authors
The emerging network computing technologies have significantly extended the abilities of the resource‐constrained IoT devices through the network‐based service sharing techniques. However, such a flexible and scalable service provisioning paradigm brings increased security risks to terminals due to the untrustworthy exogenous service codes loading from the open network. Many existing security approaches are unsuitable for IoT environments due to the high difficulty of maintenance or the dependencies upon extra resources like specific hardware. Fortunately, the rise of blockchain technology has facilitated the development of service sharing methods and, at the same time, it appears a viable solution to numerous security problems. In this paper, we propose a novel blockchain‐based secure service provisioning mechanism for protecting lightweight clients from insecure services in network computing scenarios. We introduce the blockchain to maintain all the validity states of the off‐chain services and edge service providers for the IoT terminals to help them get rid of untrusted or discarded services through provider identification and service verification. In addition, we take advantage of smart contracts which can be triggered by the lightweight clients to help them check the validities of service providers and service codes according to the on‐chain transactions, thereby reducing the direct overhead on the IoT devices. Moreover, the adoptions of the consortium blockchain and the proof of authority consensus mechanism also help to achieve a high throughput. The theoretical security analysis and evaluation results show that our approach helps the lightweight clients get rid of untrusted edge service providers and insecure services effectively with acceptable latency and affordable costs.
C. Kouzinopoulos, Γεώργιος Σπαθούλας, Konstantinos M. Giannoutakis, Konstantinos Votis · 9 authors
Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that became popular as the foundational block of the Bitcoin cryptocurrency. Over the past few years it has seen a rapid growth, both in terms of research and commercial usage. Due to its decentralized nature and its inherent use of cryptography, Blockchain provides an elegant solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem and is thus a good candidate for use in areas that require a decentralized consensus among untrusted peers, eliminating the need for a central authority. Internet of Things is a technology paradigm where a multitude of small devices, including sensors, actuators and RFID tags, are interconnected via a common communications medium to enable a whole new range of tasks and applications. However, existing IoT installations are often vulnerable and prone to security and privacy concerns. This paper studies the use of Blockchain to strengthen the security of IoT networks through a resilient, decentralized mechanism for the connected home that enhances the network self-defense by safeguarding critical security-related data. This mechanism is developed as part of the Safe-Guarding Home IoT Environments with Personalised Real-time Risk Control (GHOST) project.
Floarea Nãstase, Andrei Marius Mihalache, Paul Dan Marinescu, Ionut Minciuna
The Internet of Things (IoT) pervades any device that has or that can be upgraded with an Internet connection capability. IoT has become a key concept linking uniquely identifiable things to their virtual representations over the Internet. Currently, this approach has spread widely throughout most of areas, enterprises or groups of people, on the thriving express lane provided by IPv6 protocol. This newer version of IP has more than enough addresses, about 3.4*10^38 addresses to serve all IP networking needs for the foreseeable future when more than twenty-four billion smart things will be connected by 2020. As we move from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive queries increases significantly.
In a block-chain IoT environment, when data or device authentication information is put on a block chain, personal information may be leaked through the proof-of-work process or address search. In this paper, we apply Zero-Knowledge proof to a smart meter system to prove that a prover without disclosing information such as public key, and we have studied how to enhance anonymity of block chain for privacy protection.
Önder Gürcan, Alejandro Ranchal Pedrosa, Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni
Bitcoin-like blockchains do not envisage any specific mechanism to avoid unfairness for the users. Hence, unfair situations, like impossibility of cancellation of transactions explicitly or having unconfirmed transactions, reduce the satisfaction of users dramatically, and, as a result, they may leave the system entirely. Such a consequence would impact significantly the security and the sustainability of the blockchain. Based on this observation, in this paper, we focus on explicit cancellation of transactions to improve the fairness for users. We propose a novel scheme with which it is possible to cancel a transaction, whether it is confirmed in a block or not, under certain conditions. We show that the proposed scheme is superior to the existing workarounds and is implementable for Bitcoin-like blockchains. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Yash Gupta, Rajeev Shorey, Amey Kulkarni, Jeffrey D. Tew
In this paper, we address the applicability of Blockchain technology to ensure security of data transmitted and received by the nodes in an Internet of Things (IoT) network. We propose a Blockchain consensus model that is suitable for resource constrained devices. We also propose a model for implementing IoT security on top of the Blockchain model. We simulate our proposed model to understand its feasibility.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles"State of the Art and Challenges Facing Consensus Protocols on Blockchain"by Nutthakorn Chalaemwongwan Werasak Kurutachin the Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), April 2018, pp. 957-962After careful and considered review of the content and authorship of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.This paper copies portion of text from the paper cited below. The original text was copied without attribution (including appropriate references to the original author(s) and/or paper title) and without permission."An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends"by Zibin Zheng, Shaoan Xie, Hongning Dai, Xiangping Chen and Huaimin Wangin the Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData Congress), September 2017, pp.557-564Nowadays, the blockchain is a favorite platform, for instance, for use with cryptocurrency, smart contracts, IoT, and so forth. Blockchains are distributed ledgers that enable parties who do not trust each other to maintain states. The parties agree on the existence, values, and histories of the states. The blockchain applies the consensus protocol to verify the block which is distributing the network node. Consensus has many practices such as, for example, Byzantine general problem, Proof of work, and Proof of stake. However, there have not been numerous papers that have undertaken analysis with regard to various aspects, and which have incorporated the adoption summary as appropriate to the application. In this paper, we have provided a technical verification review with regard to the consensus algorithm taken from previous research. The audience will receive a consensus protocol, and the algorithm typically analyzes the application to match which platform is appropriate by viewing the node identity, energy saving and the tolerated power of the adversary, the data model, language, execution, application, and examples. Finally, we finish by presenting several research directions with regard to the consensus protocol.
Phan The Duy, Do Thi Thu Hien, Do Hoang Hien, Van-Hau Pham
In the "Industry 4.0" era, blockchain as well as related distributed ledger technologies has been an unmissable trend for both academy and industry recently. Blockchain technology has become famous as the innovative technology that underlies cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum platform. It also has been spreading with multiple industries exploring their capabilities and new blockchain use cases springing up on a daily basis. Its emergence has brought a great deal of impact on how the information will be stored and processed securely. Furthermore, almost of advocates say that blockchain will disrupt and change everything from education to financial payments, insurance, intellectual property, healthcare,... in the years to come. However, a comprehensive survey on potential and issues of blockchain adoption in academy and industry has not been yet accomplished. This paper tries to conduct a comprehensive survey on the blockchain technology adoption by discussing its influences as well as the opportunities and challenges when utilizing it in the real-world scenarios.
Francisco De La Vega, Javier Soriano, Miguel Jiménez, David Lizcano
Modern IoT deployments do require considerable investments that might only be justified if the data being gathered could be monetized, which leads to the need for a digital data marketplace. In many cases, the provider of the IoT data needs to process it locally for data curation, aggregation, stream processing, etc. At the same time, the consumer could be interested in nearby data. This scenario resembles a fog computing architecture where companies require being able, keeping data under their control, to securely make it available to other companies in a peer‐to‐peer fashion, without needing a cloud intermediary (like traditional marketplaces do), thus maximizing the locality of the processing and avoiding the existence of a bottleneck when the intermediary makes the data delivery for accounting purposes. Nevertheless, this imposes a hard requirement: by not having a central marketplace, the peers (seller and customer) need to trust each other, which, in turn, requires enforcing a nonrepudiation schema. In this paper, the authors propose a distributed peer‐to‐peer architecture for such a data marketplace that takes advantage of the architectural fundamentals of fog computing, in which data processing, filtering, and stream based event generation is done in a fog node along with the data, and where relationships, both commercial agreements and data delivery, are performed directly between producers and consumers without the need of mutual trust thanks to the usage of blockchain principles (e.g., distributed ledger, consensus mechanism). The proposed architecture is validated through a case study involving a set of key issues regarding nonrepudiation commonly identified when moving from a centralized marketplace to a distributed one. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed solution does not bring in any limitation with regard to a centralized marketplace solution, in terms of pricing models (subscriptions, pay‐per‐use, etc.) or usage conditions (contract duration, updates rate, etc.).