Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is one of the promising applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) as the IoT system provides an easy way to collect and monitor the system. One of the critical components to make a city smart is by managing the traffic. The mode of transportation in the city is different, like bike, car, bus, auto, and rickshaw. Most of the vehicles integrated with Information Communication Technology (ICT). As the vehicles share and access the information from the ITS infrastructure, some security issue exists. The security issues are trust management, privacy, data linking, and computational problems. In this paper, the authors first identify the security issue present in the ITS model, then propose a distributed architecture of the ITS system using Blockchain. Then, the Consensus algorithm is used to perform computations in a distributed platform. Ethereum platform used to create a distributed network. The implementation and security analysis are given at the end.
With the popularity of cloud computing, cloud storage, as a part of cloud computing services, has also attracted extensive attention because of its flexibility and low-cost economic expenditure. On the basis of searchable access, this paper combines blockchain with searchable access, and proposes a dynamic verifiable ciphertext retrieval scheme based on blockchain. This scheme is mainly applied to the private cloud environment that needs to ensure the absolute security of data, such as the database of confidential institutions. Through the characteristics of Ethereum account, authorized access control in one to many environment can be realized. Relying on the characteristics of Ethereum, it solves the problem of the correctness of the results returned by the malicious server. And aiming at the problem that the ECS does not update data, this scheme innovatively solves the verification of the returned results during data update by introducing the aggregated message authentication code technology. The scheme also supports forward and backward security to ensure that no privacy will be disclosed during data update. At the same time, experimental tests are carried out on the three aspects of index generation, retrieval and verification. The test results show that the scheme has high efficiency.
Theodoros Dounas, Elizabeth Voeller, Simon Prokop, Jiri Vele
We present ÂArchiDAOÂ, a decentralised Autonomous Organisation, i.e an architecture studio run on via smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. The objective of the paper is to offer a concise framework for the transformation of the way architectural work is conducted, via stigmergic principles, realised on smart contracts. The paper follows a systematic review of the Viable System Model, collective authorship in architectural design and previous DAO software stacks to extract a set of stigmergic principles. We conclude the paper with a discussion and a proposal for a basic set of smart contracts that can regulate the ArchiDAO operations.
In recent years, blockchain has emerged as one of the promising technologies in applications like internet of things, smart city, digital management, healthcare system, supply chain management, real estate business, smart agriculture, smart retail and smart grid. Blockchain is derived from bitcoin cryptocurrency white paper in 2008 where peer to peer transactions are done. Though blockchain is considered a secure platform to store the information in digital ledger format in trustful environment with proper verification and validation process. Distributed architecture of blockchain network required high computation devices for mining and doing the cryptographic operation like digital signature. In a decentralised network challenges such as data validation, transaction integrity, fault tolerance, user anonymity are need to be addressed. In this paper, the state of the art of security attacks and various network architecture challenges are identified. The security attacks in the blockchain are discussed in-depth. The various applications of blockchain and corresponding security challenges are also explained. Lastly, the implementation of blockchain network creation, deployment of smart contracts using the open-source Ethereum platform was demonstrated.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
This paper studies the course sharing project by using IPFS and Ethereum technology.Designed a course sharing project based on IPFS and Ethereum.This project solves the problem of huge course data and single point of failure.First of all, using IPFS as the access medium can effectively reduce storage costs and improve storage efficiency.Second, use Ethereum technology to solve the single point of failure problem.Finally, the Ethereum transaction mechanism is adopted to enhance the enthusiasm of course users to share and improve the liquidity of the course.
In the previous chapter, we discussed Ethereum architecture, ecosystem, and decentralized applications. We also described development tools such as MetaMask, Remix, Truffle, and Geth. In this chapter, we are going to learn detailed Solidity programming skills for smart contract and decentralized application development.
The crypto market is growing rapidly in the post pandemic era. It is expected to grow at a rate 12% compounding per annum in the near future. There is a shift in investors’ interest towards crypto currencies has gained greater significance, Young India investors are keen in exploring newer investment avenues such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Polygon, etc., which can provide them diversified returns. In India more than 15 million retail investors are currently trading with these digital currencies. The present study aims at examining the volatility in the crypto currencies market with the help of GARCH family models. The most powerful currency the Bitcoin and other currencies like Ethereum and Cardano were considered as samples to understand the volatility in the markets.
The incorporation of Technology in healthcare and hospital management has given a new perception to the medical procedures, and drug management for patient-centric care. Emerging technologies like blockchain, Internet of Things, and cognitive computing are most adaptable for designing smart healthcare systems. However, due to the diversified tasks involved, a design approach with broader understanding involving multiple factors that represent each area of the healthcare is the need of the hour. Game theory has gained prominence in modeling multi-player problems designated by strategic interdependency. This paper proposes a non-cooperative game strategy between players (stakeholders) to inspect how rationality is exhibited among the players who seamlessly try to get benefitted from the actions of other players. To evaluate the feasibility of the proposed model, a prototype was designed based on Ethereum permissioned blockchain employing Raspberry pi IoT devices and sensor-based cognition. Use of blockchain brings in trust, security and transparency to the system. The simulation results show that the proposed model provides better outcomes in terms of latency (≈ 15 min), throughput and scalability with an increased number of transactions. The comparative analysis elucidates the fact that the proposed method outperforms the existing healthcare systems with a significant improvement of 10-15% in terms of resource utilization and provides faster and accurate patient-centric services.
Open banking allows banks and financial sectors to easily access the customers’ financial data which is revolutionizing. It also provides the customers with excellent cloud access to various providers’ wide range of financial services. The storage of such sensitive services and data on cloud servers is a double‐edged sword. It can ease and support fine‐grained access to such services/data anywhere and anytime, supporting the open banking system. But, on the other hand, data privacy and secrecy are a challenge. Thus, efficient access control should exist for open banking’s services and data to protect cloud‐hosted financial sensitive data from unauthorized customers. This paper proposes a new access control scheme that employs blockchain for the key‐revocation process. We implement the smart contract’s functions on the Ethereum platform and test the contract’s code on the Kovan Testnet before deploying it to the Mainnet. Although the customer is authenticated to open banking, his key/s can be revoked according to the status response of the bank branch. Thus, his access to financial services and data is denied. We did comprehensive experiments for the revocation status response time, data exchanged until receiving the revocation status, and the time spent updating the policy. Also, we compared the results of our proposed scheme with two well‐known methods—Certificate Revocation List (CRL) and Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP). The experimental results show that our proposed scheme (BKR‐AC) has a faster response time than Certificate Revocation List (CRL) and Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) in case of nonrevoked keys/certificates and a slower response time in case of revoked keys to avoid nonrevoking a revoked key. But the data exchanged is an average for BKR‐AC between CRL and OCSP, which is still a tiny amount and accepted. The security analysis proved that our scheme is secure against some well‐known attacks on open banking systems. In addition, it is also secured against the chosen‐text attack by employing the challenge‐response authentication mechanism.