E. Suresh Babu, Madhura S. Rao, Satuluri Naganjaneyulu, M. Srinivasa Sesha Sai · 5 authors
This paper provides a solution to the educational certification issue by employing the blockchain network. The proposed permissioned blockchain network is implemented in hyperledger fabric. The proposed system provides various services to issuing institutions: verifying organisation; identification and authentication of the issuer; verify and securely share academic records to the recipients; and stores the academic records in the blockchain in a distributed manner, ensuring the privacy of stored records of the recipient. When compared to Ethereum, hyperledger fabric provides additional functionalities like efficient parallelism, concurrency, multiple transaction executions, and efficient commitments of the transaction into the ledger. The experimental analysis of the proposed system has been executed to test the performance of invoking and query transactions using Hyperledger Caliper. We analyse the throughput and transaction latency of the proposed work as well. The experimental results exhibit the proposed system achieves better transaction processing power and security compared to existing systems.
Abstract Purpose of work is the development of a new method for estimating the quantum resilience of modern blockchain platforms based on the effective solution of cryptanalysis problems for asymmetric encryption schemes (RSA, El-Gamal) and digital signature (DSA, ECDSA or RSA-PSS), based on computationally difficult problems of factorization and discrete logarithm. Research method is the use of quantum algorithms providing exponential gain (eg Shor’s algorithm) and quadratic gain (eg Grover’s algorithm). Due to the fact that the class of problems solved by quantum algorithms in polynomial time cannot yet be significantly expanded, more attention is paid to cryptanalysis based on the quantum Shor algorithm and other polynomial algorithms. Results of the study include a classification of well-known algorithms and software packages for cryptanalysis of asymmetric encryption schemes (RSA, El-Gamal) and digital signature (DSA, ECDSA or RSA-PSS) based on computationally difficult problems of factorization and discrete logarithm has been built. A promising method for solving problems of cryptanalysis of asymmetric encryption schemes (RSA, ElGamal) and digital signature (DSA, ECDSA or RSA-PSS) of known blockchain platforms in polynomial time in a quantum computing model is proposed. Algorithms for solving problems of quantum cryptanalysis of two-key cryptography schemes of known blockchain platforms in polynomial time are developed, taking into account the security of the discrete algorithm (DLP) and the discrete elliptic curve algorithm (ECDLP). A structural and functional diagram of the software package for quantum cryptanalysis of modern blockchain platforms “Kvant-K”, adapted to work in a hybrid computing environment of the IBM Q quantum computer (20 and 100 qubits) and the IBM BladeCenter (2022) supercomputer, has been designed. A methodology has been developed for using the “Kvant-K” software package to assess the quantum stability of blockchain platforms: InnoChain (Innopolis University), Waves Enterprise (Waves, Vostok), Hyperledger Fabric (Linux, IBM), Corda Enterprise, Bitfury Exonum, Blockchain Industrial Alliance, Exonum (Bitfury CIS), NodesPlus (b41), Masterchain (Sberbank), Microsoft Azure Blockchain, Enterprise Ethereum Alliance, etc. Practical relevance: The developed new solution for computationally difficult problems of factorization and discrete logarithm, given over finite commutative (and non-commutative) associative algebras, in a quantum model of computing in polynomial time. It is essential that the obtained scientific results formed the basis for the development of the corresponding software and hardware complex “Kvant-K”, which was tested in a hybrid computing environment (quantum computer IBM Q (20 and 100 qubits) and/or 5th generation supercomputer: IBM BladeCenter (2022), RCS based on FPGA Virtex UltraScale (2020), RFNC-VNIIEF (2022) and SKIF P-0.5 (2021). An appropriate method for estimating the quantum stability of these blockchain platforms based on the author’s models, methods and algorithms of quantum cryptanalysis has been developed and tested. Keywords: blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLT), SMART contracts, blockchain security threat model, quantum security threat, cryptographic attacks, quantum cryptanalysis, quantum and post-quantum cryptography, quantum algorithms Shor, Grover and Simon algorithms, quantum Fourier transform, factorization and discrete logarithm problem, post-quantum cryptography, quantum resilience of blockchain platforms.
Blockchain technology is known as a decentralized, distributed ledger that records digital asset. It has been applied in numbers of aspects of society, including finance, judiciary and commerce. Ethereum is referred to as the next generation decentralized application platform. It is one of the most popular blockchain platforms that supports smart contracts. Smart contract is a set of codes that sored on blockchain and can be called and created as turing-complete programs running on the blockchain. Developers use smart contracts to build decentralized applications (Dapp) which has widely used cryptocurrency related project. As smart contracts become more popular and more valuable, they are faced with more risk of being hacked. As a result that smart contracts cannot be modified once deployed on the blockchain, it is a great challenge to fix and update deployed vulnerable contract which can lead to a huge loss of cryptocurrency and financial disorder. In this paper, we focus on Integer Bugs in Ethereum Smart Contracts and present ISmart, which protects deployed smart contracts against attacks caused by Integer Bugs. We implemented ISmart based on go-ethereum, a Ethereum client written in Go, by adding a simplified taint analysis component. In our preliminary, ISmart can prevent attacks accurately with little runtime overhead.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Blockchain technology has transformed digital transactions into decentralized, transparent, and immutable systems. Smart contracts running on platforms like Ethereum enable automated agreements without intermediaries, but they remain vulnerable to logical errors and security risks that can lead to financial losses. This paper presents a systematic study on AI-based smart contract analysis, using machine learning and deep learning to detect vulnerabilities, anomalies, and potential risks. It proposes a hybrid model combining static analysis (code-level error detection), dynamic analysis (runtime monitoring), and supervised/unsupervised learning techniques. Feature extraction methods convert contract code into formats suitable for AI processing. The approach integrates rule-based systems with AI models to improve detection accuracy and reduce false positives. Evaluation on benchmark datasets shows better performance than traditional methods. The study highlights the effectiveness of AI in enhancing smart contract security and suggests future work on explainable AI, real-time monitoring, and cross-platform interoperability.
In this paper, we investigate the link between the well-known traditional finance and economic asset class and the digital currencies. The present study is undertaken to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 on the Financial Markets and the four major Cryptocurrencies from January 2020 to May 2021 in Egypt and USA. On the process of investigating the impact of the COVID-19 on the financial markets the study assumes the COVID-19 cumulative cases, Death cases, and the Fatality ratio to be the independent variables, and the Stock returns for the two indices (EGX30 and S&P 500), and the Returns for the four major cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and Tether) to be the dependent variables of the study. The study findings revealed that there is a negative relationship between the COVID-19 cumulative cases, and daily S&P 500 stock returns, and there is a negative relationship between COVID-19 cumulative cases, fatality ratio, and daily EGX30 stock returns. There is a positive relationship between COVID-19 world death cases and daily Bitcoin prices, daily Ethereum prices, and daily Litecoin prices. There is a negative relationship between COVID-19 world death cases and daily Tether prices because tether is the only important stable coin on the crypto market with significant market capitalization.
Metaverse is an indicator of interactions in the virtual world with the support of the internet, software, and hardware to create an immersive user experience. In simple terms, the metaverse is the virtual universe that brings the virtual and physical worlds together in a three-dimensional space and allows users to discover a different internet experience. With the innovation it brought to the internet world, it is often referred to as web 3.0. NFT stands for immutable token. It is usually created using the same type of program as cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum. The term metaverse is now used everywhere and it takes an important place in our lives by developing in different areas. Visual design plays an important role in many areas such as the creation of NFT artwork, games, film, and television. At the same time, it creates a three-dimensional world where avatars representing real people live and digital versions can interact in a digital environment. This article researched problems between what is the metaverse and NFT? What are the main features of Metaverse? What does crypto art involve? seeks answers to questions such as Its general purpose is to make a descriptive literature content analysis of the concepts of the metaverse and NFT in the internet database in a general framework, and finally, to examine how crypto art plays a role in today's world together with technology with examples.
We went through many aspects of Solidity smart contract programming already in previous chapters. We covered Solidity programming syntax, using Remix or Truffle to compile source code, and deploying bytecode to an embedded EVM or development blockchain. We also mentioned the token economy and token design such as choosing fungible or nonfungible tokens and using the tokens to represent assets and elements for business use cases. In this chapter, we are going to cover the security of Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts.
In this paper, we analyse the long memory process in the cryptocurrencies Bitcoin (BTC), Cardano (ADA), Binance Coin (BNB), Dogecoin (DOGE), Ethereum (ETH) and Ripple (XRP) from January 1st, 2018, to November 10th, 2022, which includes the 2020 and 2022 events. The results demonstrate that the daily returns are leptokurtic, and the distributions are non-Gaussian. We also observe non-linearity, implying autocorrelation or conditional heteroscedasticity in digital currencies. The DFA exponents reveal that throughout the Tranquil period, digital currencies with current values higher than 0.5 exhibited long memory in their returns. The BNB digital currency has an exponent of 0.5, indicating that the series were unpredictable throughout this period. As can be shown, all cryptocurrencies offer values of the DFA exponent greater than 0.5 in the Stress subperiod, implying that the higher the DFA exponent and closer to 1, the higher the persistence, as well as the autocorrelation between observations and stronger predictive ability. The findings support the evidence examined by the BDS test, namely that price movements are not i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed) and that investors have a high possibility of achieving above-average returns through arbitrage.
Data availability is a security factor in a blockchain that is challenging to understand and explain because it cannot be described cryptographically or mathematically because of its behavior-dependent properties on the volunteers who maintain the distributed ledger in the network. Most previous approaches have frequently used successful projects with empirically effective availability, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, to analyze more active blockchain networks. Therefore, even if much of the Altcoin forked from Bitcoin had nodes in the network, contrary to intuition because they were unpopular and failed projects, they were not the focus of much attention in the analysis. However, it is interesting to note that both can maintain availability. Considering the network structure that supports availability, it is possible to investigate Altcoin’s features as a minimal component because it is a failed project, whereas it is challenging to do so with Bitcoin and Ethereum because of their complex components. Thus, we specifically selected Altcoin in decline based on our user role model. We investigated the features of the network that maintain availability and the user structure underlying Altcoin, focusing on factors associated with continuity, such as initial node survivability, interest in software updates, and nodes with security risks. We discovered that compared with a stand-alone organization, the actions of early users and few community-friendly users provide greater availability. We also discuss the motivations of these users based on the cost of installing the nodes.
Electronic health records (EHR) play an important role in digital health transition. EHRs contain medical information such as demographics, laboratory test results, radiological images, vaccination status, insurance policy, and claims. EHR is essential for doctors and healthcare organizations to analyze a patient's profile and provide appropriate therapy. Despite this, current electronic health record (EHR) systems lag with difficulties such as Interoperability and security. Better and faster care may be provided with an integrated and secure health record for each patient that can be transmitted easily in real-time across countries. People having health insurance policies are often confronted by insurance jargon and the insurer’s cumbersome requirements while filing a claim for treatment. There are times when the claims processing takes longer than expected. The insurer, Third-Party Administrators (TPAs), and network provider hospitals examine, approve, and initiate the sum claimed. The use of blockchain in the process allows for more efficient information sharing at a lower cost and with more security. Only authorized individuals have access to the shared ledger on a blockchain, making it more confidential and secure. All parties engaged in a health insurance policy, including the insurer, the insured, the TPA, and the network provider hospital, may be members of the blockchain network and have access to the same set of policy data. In our proposed work we implemented a Blockchain-based EHR and Health insurance management system using Ethereum and deployed smart contracts using solidity and created a web application with web3js and React Framework.
Blockchains have become a popular subject during the last couple of years. They have evolved from transaction ledgers to platforms that can host various types of applications ranging from financial services to gaming. The decentralized financial applications have been some of the most popular on the Ethereum blockchain and these applications provide services ranging from lending to asset management. Decentralized finance is still a quite new phenomenon, and the current theory about decentralized finance is still quite limited. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the potential benefits and risks of decentralized financial application on the Ethereum blockchain. This will be conducted by analyzing the empirical data collected through semi-structured interviews. The data was collected from Finnish professionals who are directly in contact with some parts of these decentralized financial applications. The topics discussed revolve around implementation and adoption of these applications on a larger scale. As well as the benefits, risks and possibilities of decentralized finance. The topic of regulation is also discussed. The results of the interviews give a comprehensive view of the risks, benefits and possibilities of decentralized finance. The benefits of decentralized finance are associated with increased efficiency in transactions as well as in the fact that it is permissionless. The greatest current risks according to the data are technical ones. Exploits and bugs are still a major concern on these platforms. The most likely outcome for decentralized finance according to the data is that it will continue to grow and become a larger part of the global financial system.
The present study investigates the impact of COVID-19 on the volatility of BSE Sensex stock index. The weekly data on COVID-19 fatality cases, an independent variable, in India from 1 March 2020 to 27 December 2020 has been taken from the official website of the World Health Organization. The weekly data on a dependent variable (Sensex) and control variables (crude oil, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin) have also been considered for the period under study. The GARCH(1, 1) model has been used to extract the volatility series of the variables that are considered in the investigation, and vector error correction model (VECM) is also applied. Further, robust tests like ADF, variance decomposition test, impulse response test have been performed to check the validity of the results. The findings suggest the significant negative effect of COVID-19 fatality cases on BSE Sensex stock index during the specified study period. This negative coefficient of COVID-19 fatality cases in India reflects the increasing volatility of the BSE Sensex stock index.
In recent years, blockchain technology has been applied in the educational domain because of its salient advantages, i.e., transparency, decentralization, and immutability. Available systems typically use public blockchain networks such as Ethereum and Bitcoin to store learning results. However, the cost of writing data on these networks is significant, making educational institutions limit data sent to the target network, typically containing only hash codes of the issued certificates. In this paper, we present a system based on a private blockchain network for lifelong learning data authentication and management named B4E (Blockchain For Education). B4E stores not only certificates but also learners’ training data such as transcripts and educational programs in order to create a complete record of the lifelong education of each user and verify certificates that they have obtained. As a result, B4E can address two types of fake certificates, i.e., certificates printed by unlawful organizations and certificates issued by educational institutions for learners who have not met the training requirements. In addition, B4E is designed to allow all participants to easily deploy software packages to manage, share, and check stored information without depending on a single point of access. As such, the system enhances the transparency and reliability of the stored data. Our experiments show that B4E meets expectations for deployment in reality.
Jan 1, 2022·Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
The emergence of blockchain projects enables new ways of collaboration between untrusted parties. Each of these projects, however , only exists because stakeholders of these projects find common ground. If this common ground is not found, blockchains are forked – organizationally and technically – which endangered major blockchain systems like Bitcoin or Ethereum. To assure the operation of such projects and, thus, to improve their governance, it is crucial to understand their stakeholders. This research conducted a literature review and a survey to (1) identify blockchain stakeholders and to (2) understand their interests as well as underlying motives for their interests. This research has two main contributions: a stakeholder map, which serves as a lens to study stakeholders of public blockchains, and exemplary insights from the application of this lens comprising of 74 survey responses. Consequently, this research provides a novel tool for stakeholder analysis in academia and practice to improve blockchain governance.
The purpose of this study is to explore the co-movement between COVID-19 cases and eight cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, Binance Coin, Dogecoin, Ripple, USD Coin and Bitcoin Cash) are selected based on their market capitalisations. Daily data is considered from 30 January 2020 to 19 May 2021. The continuous wavelet transform (wavelet coherence) is used to determine the time-varying co-movement between COVID-19 instances and cryptocurrencies in this research. COVID-19 and cryptocurrency prices are interlinked, as found using the wavelet method. Similar results were discovered for Tether, Binance Coin, and Ripple. Although this seems to be the case, Dogecoin appears to be an alternative investment during COVID-19. The research is unique and adds to the existing body of knowledge, even though some of the results address the function of cryptocurrencies in times of crisis. The research findings indicate that investors and crypto enthusiasts should keep an eye out in the scenario of COVID-19 scenarios when making investments in cryptocurrency marketplaces.