Internet of Things (IoT)-based Healthcare services, which are becoming more widespread today, continuously generate huge amounts of data which is often called big data. Due to the magnitude and intricacy of the data, it is difficult to find valuable information that can be used for decision-making and prediction. Big data systems take on a significant infrastructure service to better serve the purpose of IoT systems and support critical decision making. On the other hand, privacy preservation, data integrity, and identity verification are essential requirements in healthcare big data service management. To overcome these problems, this article offers a scalable computing system that provides verifiable data access mechanism for IoT-enabled health data analytics in the big data ecosystem. There are two primary sub-architectures in the proposed architecture, namely a big data analytics tracking system and a derived blockchain-based data storage/access system. This approach leverages big data systems and blockchain architecture to analyze, and securely store data from IoT-enabled devices and allow verified access to the stored data. The zero-knowledge protocol is used to ensure that no information is accessible to unauthenticated users alongside avoiding data linkability. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the our method to solve the problems of big data analytics and privacy issues in healthcare.
Dating back many millennia, agriculture is an ancient practice in the evolution of civilization. It was developed when humans thought about it and concluded that not everyone in the community was required to produce food. Instead, specialized labor, tools, and techniques could help people achieve surplus food for their community. Since then, agriculture has continuously evolved across the ages and has occupied a vital, synergistic position in the existence of humanity. The evolution of agriculture was based on a compulsion to feed the growing population, and, importantly, maintain the quality and traceability of food, prevent counterfeit products, and modernize and optimize yield. Recent trends and advancements in blockchain technology have some significant attributes that are ideal for agriculture. The invention and implementation of blockchain have caused a fair share of positive disruptions and evolutionary adoption in agriculture to modernize the domain. Blockchain has been adopted at various stages of the agriculture lifecycle for improved evolution. This work presents an intense survey of the literature on how blockchain has positively impacted and continues to influence various market verticals in agriculture, the challenges and the future.
Brij B. Gupta, Mamta, Rajan Mehla, Wadee Alhalabi · 5 authors
With the advent of the 21st century, healthcare systems all around the world are facing challenges at an unprecedented scale. The recent covid-19 outbreak is a glaring example of such challenges. After facing such situations anyone can conclude that there is a need to change the way our current health system works and the recent blockchain technology emerged as a way to bring out this change. From universal health blueprint to medical supply chain management and connecting vetted suppliers, blockchain is making an impact. This paper introduces the concept of blockchain along with its applications with the main focus on healthcare and medical systems.
Various techniques are used to develop the Blockchain Technology. It is a technology which is designed in such a way that it is impossible to hack the system or hammer out the data stored in it It is one of the leading technologies in the current scenario. The goal of blockchain is to allow digital information to be recorded and distributed, but not edited. In this way, a blockchain is as the basis for absolute registry, or transactional records that cannot be changed, deleted, or otherwise disposed. Different domains are being adapting the blockchain technology which brings up the peer-to-peer connections and the cost of the middlemen is reduced. The technology uses authentication to secure the data and make it impossible to break than any legacy system [2].
In the present scenario, IoT (Internet of Things)-driven devices are generating and transmitting huge amounts of data across connected devices or networks that engender the utilisation of Blockchain AU: This term is both capitalized and in lowercase. Please check for consistency. technology to maintain the security of the data that is being processed, managed, transmitted and computed by IoT. It is a well-known fact that IoT has expanded its use, and is nowadays deployed in smart homes, smart cities, and smart meters. Vehicular networks are highly contributing to the advancement of traffic management. However, IoT is being operated with limited resources in case of bandwidth, low storage capacity giving rise to vulnerabilities and brings IoT networks closer to attacks like device spoofing, unauthorised access or false authentication, compromising integrity of data. These attacks may affect data integrity, data privacy, access control, and scalability of the IoT network. Blockchain technology is thereby implemented to secure IoT networks, as in a blockchain network, communication in the network involves the use of public and private keys. The transactions are digitally signed by the user itself, thus protecting data privacy. These transactions are further verified and checked for integrity using hash value of parent blocks and are then confirmed as a legal transaction. Blockchain is a decentralised approach that provides a very strong structure for implementation with diminutive chances of compromisation, thus making it a suitable technology for maintaining security and privacy of IoT to improve the efficiency and reliability of the Smart. IoT devices and its applications in various sectors. In this chapter, the security and privacy concerns that exist in IoT networks and devices, the implementation of Blockchain technology to maaintain the scalability, security, and anonymity of these IoT networks along with various challenges during the adoption of Blockchain are discussed in detail.
In this study, blockchain technology is used to strengthen the security of wireless sensing data in the network architecture of the Internet of Things. For many organic farms that contain crops with high unit prices, the environmental parameters of the crops grown on the farm are often regarded as confidential data. First, a wireless sensing network is used to transmit sensing data to the farm’s front-end integrated microcontroller for fusion of the sensing data. After fusion of the sensing data is completed, the processed data is transmitted to the data processing center of the entire farm for encapsulation of the blockchain algorithm. Data are sent to the cloud database for storage after they are packaged by the system. At the same time, the data in the cloud database can be managed and analyzed by remote operators. Data encapsulation based on blockchain technology is used to effectively prevent any data from being stolen or destroyed by hackers. A complete blockchain encapsulation database system is implemented in the experimental stage, and the operator can use this system to encrypt the data that have been fused at the remote end for blockchain technology. In the encryption process of this blockchain, the security of data processing can be specifically enhanced by the system. Finally, each encapsulated block of data is securely stored in a private cloud database. There is a function to check whether the data in the cloud have been tampered with. A very innovative approach to using blockchain technology is proposed in this article to enhance the security of data processing.
A blockchain is essentially a distributed database of records or public ledger of all transaction or digital events that have been executed and shared among participating parties. Each transaction in the public ledger is verified by consensus of a majority of the participating in the system. And, once entered, information can never be erased. the blockchain contains a certain and verifiable record of every single transaction ever made Bitcoin, the decentralized peer to peer digital currency, is the most popular example that uses blockchain technology. the digital currency bitcoin itself is highly controversial but the underlying blockchain technology has worked flawlessly and found wide range of application in both financial and non -financial world. This concept is enabled by “Blockchain” technology is proposed as a research project in 1991, the blockchain concept predated its first widespread application in use: Bitcoin, in 2009. In the years since, the use of blockchain has exploded via the creation of various cryptocurrencies, decentralized fiancé (Defi) applications, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) , and smart contracts
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Internet of Things and AI
Innovations and Analysis in Business and Education
N V L M Krishna Munagala, A. Daisy Rani, D V Rama Koti Reddy
Abstract Patients’ medical data are extremely sensitive information during storage and transfer, and it needs the highest security level. Furthermore, these records must frequently be linked to patient medical data, and then the linked medical data are securely transmitted to the healthcare center. In this study, a Blockchain-Based Traceable Data Sharing method is proposed to securely transfer the medical data. A Paillier homomorphic encryption method is used to prevent data theft or attacks from occurring in the cloud as a result of the transfer of medical data there. It prevents intravenous third parties, which executes arithmetic operations on the ciphertext. Then the encrypted data are stored in the cloud and to remove clone nodes in the gateway, a software-defined networking technology is introduced. Then a Blockchain-Based Traceable Data Sharing is proposed to ensure data privacy and authenticity while maintaining data privacy at the point of data transmission. Data are then encrypted using a new Enhanced Cipher Text-Policy Encryption Attribute-based Encryption (E-CP-ABE). Private blockchain transfers are carried out on the chain, supporting fine-grain access control with flexible access policies and creating a private key in E-CP-ABE. The presented technique is executed in Matlab software of version R2020a. The performance parameters are encryption, and decryption time, mean square error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), sensitivity, respectively. The encryption process function is nearly 8% superior than the existing methods and the decryption time is 14% greater than other methods. As a result, this study shows that the research approach outperformed in terms of encryption time and decryption time, as well as PSNR, MSE, and sensitivity. This technique outperforms other state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of imperceptibility and robustness against various attacks. Consequently, this approach is more reliable than previous methods for the transmission of medical data.
By 2050, the world’s population will have increased by 34%, to more than 9 billion people, needing a 70% increase in food production. Prepare more dishes with fewer ingredients. Therefore, the critical goal of manufacturers is to increase production while being ecologically benign. Supply chain systems that do not enable direct farmer-to-consumer connection and rising input costs influence data collection, security, and sharing. Constraints on data security, manipulation, and single-point failure are unfulfilled due to a lack of centralized IoT agricultural infrastructure. To address these issues, the article proposes a blockchain-based IoT model. This study also shows one-of-a-kind energy savings. The decentralization of data storage improves the supply chain’s transparency and quality through blockchain technology, thus farmers can engage more efficiently. Blockchain technology improves supply chain traceability and security. This article provides a transparent, decentralized blockchain tracking solution and proposes an intelligent model protocol for several Internet of Things (IoT) devices that monitor crop development and the agricultural environment. A new approach has resolved the bulk of the supply chain difficulties. Smart contracts were utilized to organize all transactions in decentralized supply networks. The use of blockchain technology improves transaction quality, and customers may verify the legitimacy of an item’s authenticity and legality by using the system. A total of 100 IoT nodes were distributed randomly to each 500 m2 cluster farm. The Internet of Things nodes were used to assess soil moisture, temperature, and crop disease. Network stability period and network life of the proposed method show 90.4% accuracy. The food supply chain will be more efficient and trustworthy with an intelligent model. The immutability of ledger technology and smart contract support further increases supply chain security, privacy, transparency, and trust among all stakeholders in the multi-party system. By 2050, the world’s population will need a 70% increase in food production. The food supply chain will be more efficient and trustworthy with an intelligent model. This article provides a transparent, decentralized, and intelligent model protocol for several Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
Nowadays, in a world full of uncertainties and the threat of digital and cyber-attacks, blockchain technology is one of the major critical developments playing a vital role in the creative professional world. Along with energy, finance, governance, etc., the healthcare sector is one of the most prominent areas where blockchain technology is being used. We all are aware that data constitute our wealth and our currency; vulnerability and security become even more significant and a vital point of concern for healthcare. Recent cyberattacks have raised the questions of planning, requirement, and implementation to develop more cyber-secure models. This paper is based on a blockchain that classifies network participants into clusters and preserves a single copy of the blockchain for every cluster. The paper introduces a novel blockchain mechanism for secure healthcare sector data management, which reduces the communicational and computational overhead costs compared to the existing bitcoin network and the lightweight blockchain architecture. The paper also discusses how the proposed design can be utilized to address the recognized threats. The experimental results show that, as the number of nodes rises, the suggested architecture speeds up ledger updates by 63% and reduces network traffic by 10 times.
Taher M. Ghazal, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, Siti Norul Huda Sheikh Abdullah, Khairul Azmi Abu Bakar · 5 authors
Electronic Health monitoring system has performed an essential role in managing healthcare monitoring. E-health can provide effective and valuable facilities for the patients to monitor. Though, there are protection disputes in the current E-Health system. The current e-health system, on the other hand, has security issues. Malevolent doctors may work together with cloud Storage Service Providers (CSPs) to interfere with patients' electronic health records (EHRs) or promptly leak EHR matter to other enemies for income. (EHRs). The malevolent doctors may conspire with the Patient Healthcare Monitoring Service Provider (PHMSP) to manipulate with the patients'. For profit, EHRs or directly divulge the EHR content of EHRs to other opponents. Block-chain has recently appeared as one of the most powerful methods in the protection and secrecy fields. It is assumed to be the promised security approach that will eventually replace the security challenges in existing e-health monitoring systems. Encryption in blockchain refers to technical methods that make accessing encrypted data difficult for unauthorized resources. This research proposed a blockchain-based encryption framework to provide security-based solutions using a computational intelligence methodology. The proposed approach provides better results in terms of 0.93 in the training phase and 0.91 in the validation accuracy.
The term blockchain is mainly regarded as the distributed transaction which is mainly comprised of different blocks, and each set tends to represent the data that are being associated with the previous blocks. The blockchain is mainly managed through peer-to-peer networks which comparatively involves in adhering to the protocol of authenticating various blocks to form the blockchain. The usage of blockchain technology has been increasingly used in different fields, and healthcare services are now using blockchain for better patient delivery, detecting disease, and other aspects. The scope of the proposed study is that this study has exploited the function of a blockchain-enabled big data network to support medical professionals in giving better treatment modalities and delivering better patient care. The application of a new generation of smart block chains such as Ethereum and NEM is now offering better services and features in creating blockchain-based healthcare data management and hence support healthcare centers, medical practitioners, nurses, radiologists, and patients for better healthcare management. The application of blockchain technology in big data networks supports adding more value as it results in enhanced data quality, accessibility, and support in creating better security and safety of data and information, which is highly essential in the medical industry. Blockchain technology enables big data technologies enabled in supporting medical practitioners in addressing various healthcare ailments; one of the major diseases impacting many people around the world is diabetes. Patients with such ailments tend to generate more data and information related to the disease and health-related aspects. Hence, this information requires being maintained and analyzed, so that superior healthcare services can be provided. This study is more involved in the investigation of blockchain technology through a big data network enabled in offering better care for elderly individuals who have been affected due to diabetes, the researchers propose to choose a questionnaire method to collect the data from nearly 169 respondents, and these data were then analyzed using SPSS data package. The analyst used percentage analysis, correlation analysis, and chi-square test to analyze the data which has been collated by the researchers. The results and discussion show in detail the major aspects of blockchain technology in supporting healthcare professionals for better diabetes care management for elderly individuals.
Agriculture in developing countries faces numerous challenges such as price fluctuation and non-uniformity, presence of untrusted middlemen in the supply chain, crop wastage due to inadequate storage facilities or long commutes, and lack of proper monitoring. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising approach to solve these challenges. Even though a number of solutions are recently proposed in the literature, they lack in several aspects: (1) lack of proper regulatory interface, (2) absence of proper agricultural supply chain, (3) absence of adequate storage facilities, (4) absence of a fair payment system, (5) poor monitoring and auditing system, (6) non-inclusion of government policies, and (7) missing experimental validation. This paper presents a novel blockchain-based smart agriculture system that overcomes the above-mentioned issues. In particular, our solution covers product traceability in the supply chain, elimination of counterfeit products, easily accessible cold storage facilities, fair payment procedure between buyers and sellers, a transparent process of distributing government financial benefits to farmers, and overall government monitoring. We present a prototype implementation of our proposed system using Ethereum. The backend smart contracts are developed using Solidity programming language, whereas the frontend is developed using ReactJS. The experimental evaluation using Hyperledger Caliper benchmark tool shows an encouraging result, demonstrating the system performance in terms of execution gas costs, CPU utilization, average latency, and transaction throughput.
Mohammed Shuaib, Noor Hafizah Hassan, Sahnius Usman, Shadab Alam · 6 authors
Modern healthcare systems are known for being extremely complicated and expensive. On the other hand, improved health record management can help lessen this. The Electronic Health Records (EHR) sharing system is cutting-edge healthcare delivery. The system’s tools can anticipate results throughout a patient’s life, measure treatment efficacy, follow therapy, and detect human errors. Centralized and cloud-based systems are susceptible to security attacks and illegal modifications that can cause privacy issues and sometimes life-threatening situations. Integrity and interoperability across the treatment continuum are top priorities for major industry players. Given the massive amount of EHR data, security concerns, and variety of healthcare information systems, achieving this aim remains a challenge. Blockchain is an immutable ledger used in EHR systems due to its inherent immutability and privacy attributes. Blockchain-based systems are reliable and efficient. Another advantage of the Blockchain application in healthcare record management is the increased interoperability of records that can further help in better availability of the patient’s records resulting in better healthcare opportunities and collaboration. Quantum computing developments threaten such systems as quantum computers can easily break the algorithms assumed to be impossible to crack in years. This paper reviews the application of Blockchain in EHR, possible challenges, and quantum computers’ effect on the reliability and security of Blockchain-based EHR systems.
Blockchain technology is one of the most important inventions and creative advancements that play a crucial role in today's business world. Blockchain technology is heading in the direction of systematic innovation and revolution. It is a digital ledger of transactions, and every block contains information of transactions linked by cryptographic references. Every block covers information and maintains trust among people based on how far they are. Blockchain is a system used for storing data, and it ensures the security of the system. The resurgence in blockchain technology has encouraged scholars and specialists over the past couple of years to carefully examine new ways of implementing blockchain technology with a wide range in the domain of healthcare. This rapid increase in blockchain technology has generated many endless possibilities. In this article, we provide a review of blockchain technology in healthcare. We present a detailed introduction, history, technical information, and types of blockchain technology. Motivations behind this technology and top healthcare projects completed using this technology are also discussed. This article is classified into three groups based on blockchain applications with their use cases. The evaluation of medical care technologies and relevant applications based on blockchain technology, such as sharing electronic medical records, remote patient monitoring, and supply chain management, are also discussed. In revolutionizing the healthcare industry, we illustrate the potential of blockchain technology. We have also focused on identifying the limitations of previous approaches. Finally, this article is concluded with some open research issues and future research direction.
Abstract This work proposes smart auto mining (SAM) for resource‐efficient mining in a blockchain network. The SAM algorithm stops the miners when there is zero pending transaction and starts the miner when there is at least one transaction sent into the network. The miner listens to the network to identify when a transaction has been made by a node. The model does not need any instruction to start mining when there is a pending transaction. The results show that a private Ethereum network produced over 300% more blocks in a 12‐h period with 599,950 transactions compared to when SAM is applied. The proposed algorithm is also able to reduce the storage used by the chaindata by 14%. The overhead of mining is decreased by reducing the production of empty blocks in the network which saves energy, storage space, network bandwidth and computational complexity.
G Bindu, Iwin Thanakumar Joseph S, V Raviteja Kanakala, G L K Niharika · 5 authors
Internet of Things (IoT) plays a major role in deploying futuristic smart systems. The entire globe is focused towards an epoch of intelligent communication, which is ubiquitous and secure in nature. The sixth generation (6G) network leverages superior performance in terms of its enhanced reliability, transmission rate in multi-gigabit, sub-1ms latency and especially ubiquitous communication. However, it is highly necessary to effectively manage the resource allocation process that arises as a result of the scarcity in spectrum resources in order to meet all the increasing requirements of modern digital communication. Since security is an essential feature of intelligent communication era, an emerging technology named blockchain gives significant value to establish secure communication in 6G network with its effective as well as disruptive control and management of resource allocation and sharing process. This research article highlights the importance of blockchain technology in 6G network by highlighting its major challenges, research directions and futuristic application opportunities.
Praveen Mishra, B Mohanraj, Gajjala Savithri, M Roshini · 6 authors
In various applications and disciplines, blockchain is a growing subject of study. It becomes genuinely disruptive, particularly when paired with the Internet of Things (IoT), exploring new action plans, boosting involvement, and transforming numerous industries, notably farming. This research work suggests a blockchain-based, self-organized, open, and ecological food tracking system, which incorporates all players in an intelligent agriculture environment, even if they do not trust each other. Due to the blockchain network’s ability to implement smart contracts and consensus, unauthorized individuals cannot carry out any erroneous transactions. Further, the IoT and blockchain technologies are combined to increase the application progress in real-time. However, maintaining the sensors attached to sensing and mining the blockchains present in an IoT world will always remain as a technological fault. This research study intends to examine the distributed ledger technology’s essential aspects and characteristics. The conceptual model is provided for intelligent farming by combining IoT and Blockchain, and this resulted in developing a different integrated framework.
D. Doreen Hephzibah Miriam, Deepak Dahiya, Nitin Nitin, C. R. Rene Robin
Blockchain technology is critical in cyber security. The most recent cryptographic strategies may be hacked as efforts are made to build massive electronic circuits. Because of the ethical and legal implications of a patient’s medical data, cyber security is a critical and challenging problem in healthcare. The image secrecy is highly vulnerable to various types of attacks. As a result, designing a cyber security model for healthcare applications necessitates extra caution in terms of data protection. To resolve this issue, this paper proposes a Lionized Golden Eagle based Homomorphic Elapid Security (LGE-HES) algorithm for the cybersecurity of blockchain in healthcare networks. The blockchain algorithm preserves the security of the medical image by performing hash function. The execution of this research is carried out by MATLAB software. The suggested framework was tested utilizing Computed Tumor (CT) pictures and MRI image datasets, and the simulation results revealed the proposed model’s profound implications. During the simulation, 94.9% of malicious communications were recognized and identified effectively, according to the total outcomes statistics. The suggested model’s performance is also compared to that of standard approaches in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), time complexity, and other factors.
In cutting edge era the foremost valuable information is ‘Data’, and WSN system has become one in all the integrated elements of our life. From smart phones to shrewd watches, there’s tons of data creation in each and every moment and wireless sensors are one of the primary components of WSN framework. Wireless sensors are utilized in all the WSN systems in corporated gadgets like advanced mobile phones, watches, fitness tracker and so on., these sensors are easy to use and have numerous distinctive characteristics. WSNs are used for real time trailing and surveillance purposes, where the nodes collaborate with each other to pass and retrieve the information. However, there are chances of compromise of data, so security turns into a major issue in WSN. Blockchain is a secure database i.e., a ledger that monitors all transactions occurring. In this paper, an in-depth survey on blockchain integrated WSN is done and the security parameters are also dealt thoroughly.
In traditional Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems, fog devices transmit data from sensors to a centralized cloud server. Issues with security and upkeep while updating firmware for millions of smart devices, single points of failure, as well as third-party Cloud server administration, the difficulty of frequently updating the firmware on millions of smart devices presents security and maintenance issues as well as a bottleneck in information flows, all raise privacy concerns. Blockchain technology eliminates the need for trusted third parties while also preventing single points of failure and other issues. As a result, academics are looking into the usage of blockchain in the IoT space. The most recent state-of-the-art developments in blockchain for IoT, blockchain for Cloud, blockchain for eHealth, smart cities, transportation, and other programmes are examined in this article.
By the development and advancement of blockchain technique, Internet of Things (IoT) proliferation driven devices and the application of blockchain-enabled IoT alter the view and operating infrastructure of the smart networks. The blockchain is responsible for supporting decentralized systems and offers secured means of authentication, management, and access to IoT system thereby deploying smart contracts offered by Ethereum. The increasing demand and the blockchain expansion generate huge volume of sensitive data. The growing demand and expansion of blockchain-IoT systems is generating large volume of sensitive data. Furthermore, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks are regarded as the most promising threats for smart contracts in the blockchain-based systems. Therefore, there is a need to detect and classify the attack type and the data should be stored in server more securely with the use of blockchain and data aggregation method. For this purpose, this presented technique aims at introducing decentralized consensus blockchain and Interplanetary file system (IPFS) based data aggregation for effective classification and data storage. The attack is detected using meta-hyperparameter random forest (MHP-RF) classifier. Once the attack is detected, the transaction information is stored in server securely by means of smart contract-based blockchain system. The transaction handling stage classifies the transaction type as normal or abnormal one which then followed by execution of business logic by smart contract thereby appending the transaction of blockchain in the network cloud. The consensus blockchain technique is employed with the use of PoW-enabled scheme integrated with Elgamal-based data aggregation. Therefore, the system security is improved and the intrusion is prevented greatly. The performance analysis of the system is analyzed in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, F-score, Encryption time, decryption time, execution time, and space complexity. The attained outcomes are compared with traditional approaches to prove the effectiveness of proposed strategy. The proposed system is said to be effective in time consumption, classifier performance, and in overcoming space complexity issues.
Ayesha Altaf, Faiza Iqbal, Rabia Latif, Bello Musa Yakubu · 6 authors
Blockchain technology is at the peak of hype and contemporary research area across the world. It is a distributed ledger that keeps records of transactions with verifiable and immutable structures and continuously grows with the new block of transactions. Blockchain provides better transparency, enhanced security and privacy, and true traceability over the traditional approaches. Due to its advanced and secure features, it is being used in various fields such as trade finance, digital transactions, the Internet of Things (IoT), the healthcare industry, and energy sector. Blockchain technology has a great impact in all its applied fields with the prominent features of privacy and reliability of data and transactions. This survey intends to present the architecture of blockchain, its potential applications, and practices in different domains other than cryptocurrency along with the platform of blockchain. This paper will explore some potential benefits of blockchain and some future directions and open challenges that are expected to come in future research.