Blockchain Papers

Qingfeng Meng, Rungeng Sun

No abstract is available for this record.

Jiameng Liu, Shaoliang Peng, Chengnian Long, Lijun Wei · 6 authors

Nowadays, the development of social information and network leads to the explosive growth of data. The increasing amount and diversity of data have also encouraged researchers to make business decisions by analyzing the big data generated. This has also caused the rapid development of the data science industry. However, there are still many challenges to be solved, especially data security and privacy. Data security and privacy threat permeate every link of data science industry chain, such as data production, collection, processing and sharing, and the causes of risk are complex and interwoven. Blockchain technology is highly praised and recognized for its decentralized infrastructure, anonymity, security and other characteristics. It will change the way we access and share information. We believe that blockchain technology can overcome some limitations in data science and promote the development of data science, but it may also bring some other problems. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the relationship between blockchain technology and data science. In this paper, we investigate the researches and applications of blockchain technology in the field of data science and give the potential advantages and challenges that blockchain technology may bring to data science.

Banach, Richard; id_orcid 0000-0002-0243-9434

The Bitcoin model originated blockchain architectures and inspired their further development. Blockchain architectures are still most commonly associated with currency applications, and with financial speculation. Bitcoin’s rewards for Proof of Work mining became the default consensus technique for blockchains.<br/>As an alternative to reward mechanisms for blockchain maintenance, we propose punishment mechanisms for neglecting to maintain the blockchain (provided participants are intrinsically motivated to be beneficiaries of the blockchain application). Punishment not Reward (PnR) is convincing for enterprise mission critical blockchain applications, and potential punishment mechanisms include denial of service and/or revocation of confidentiality. This obviates the need for reward via cryptocurrencies, along with their attendant volatility, insecure ecosystem and market manipulation demerits. The privacy concerns of competing entities participating in a blockchain application are prima facie in conflict with the needs of the community to be able to inflict punishment mechanisms. Conflicts of this kind can be addressed via sophisticated cryptographic techniques such as secret sharing, multiparty computation, zero-knowledge proofs, etc., which play a vital role. We stress the importance of correctly balancing all application specific interests in the engineering of blockchain applications, so that the mix of incentives and disincentives is stabilising.

Gang Zhao, Bingbing Di, Hui He, Wenjuan Zhu

With the rapid development of E‐Learning, the demand for high‐quality personalized education services and resources has increased rapidly. In order to meet this demand, a project called “Digital Education Crowdfunding and Crowdcreating Personalized Service Platform Development and Application Demonstration” was launched in China. The goal of the project is to provide a personalized education resource and service trading platform for producers, suppliers, and users by joint investment and collaborative creation. So how to ensure the authenticity and credibility of the objects (education resources and services) involved in this multi‐party participated service platform becomes a challenging task. Blockchain is emerging as a promising technology that enables people to make secure and reliable transactions because of the decentralization and collective maintenance features. Thus in this letter we proposed a novel blockchain‐based authentication service for digital education transaction object to resolve the problem of education transaction object authentication among different education institutions. We constructed information models for the two types object and stored the metadata information of the model on the blockchain to make it transparent and safe. And smart contracts are designed to authenticate education transaction object automatically among different education institutions. To improve the performance of blockchain‐based authentication service, an improved consensus process for blockchain network is proposed and incorporated into our prototype system. Performance simulation is carried out and the experimental results demonstrate the practicality of our blockchain‐based authentification service.

Gang Zhao, Bingbing Di, Hui He

In recent years, online education service platform has swept the world due to its high quality, openness and variety of education resource, and user registered in online platform has increased dramatically. However, the traditional centralized information storage method based on the third-party may cause problems such as the loss and disclosure of the transaction subject identity data, seriously threatening the legitimate rights and interests of users. Therefore, based on education service theory, this paper applies blockchain technology to identity authentication to design and implement a blockchain-based digital education transaction subject identity authentication system. The system proposed in this study can store identity information in ciphertext form and is jointly verified and maintained by the entire network node, thus it can guarantee the security and reliability of identity data in the digital identity authentication.

Dan Lin, Jiajing Wu, Qi Yuan, Zibin Zheng

As the largest public blockchain-based platform supporting smart contracts, Ethereum has accumulated a large number of user transaction records since its debut in 2014. Analysis of Ethereum transaction records, however, is still relatively unexplored till now. Modeling the transaction records as a static simple graph, existing methods are unable to accurately characterize the temporal and multiplex features of the edges. In this brief, we first model the Ethereum transaction records as a complex network by incorporating time and amount features of the transactions, and then design several flexible temporal walk strategies for random-walk based graph representation of this large-scale network. Experiments of temporal link prediction on real Ethereum data demonstrate that temporal information and multiplicity characteristic of edges are indispensable for accurate modeling and understanding of Ethereum transaction networks.

Antonio Ramón Bartolomé Pina

No abstract is available for this record.

Xixi Yan, Xiaohan Yuan, Yongli Tang, Chen Yan-li

For the problem that the shared decryption key lacks of fine-grained access control and the search results lacks of correctness verification under one-to-many search model,a verifiable attribute-based searchable encryption scheme based on blockchain was proposed.The ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption mechanism was used on the shared key to achieve fine-grained access control.Ethereum blockchain technology was combined to solve the problem of incorrect search results returned by the semi-honest and curious cloud server model,so it could prompt both the cloud server and the user to follow the rules of the contract honestly and achieved service-payment fairness between the user and the cloud server in the pay-per-use cloud environment.In addition,based on the irreversible modification of the blockchain,the cloud server was guaranteed to receive the service fee,and the user was assured to obtain the correct retrieval results without additional verification which reduced the computational overhead of the user.The security analysis shows that the scheme satisfies the semantic security against adaptive chosen keyword attack and can protect the privacy of users and the security of data.The performance comparison and experimental results show that the scheme has certain optimizations in security index generation,search token generation,retrieval efficiency and transaction quantity,so it is more suitable for one-to-many search scenarios such as smart medical.

Priyanka C. Bhatt, Vimal Kumar, Tzu-Chuen Lu, Rico Lee-Ting Cho · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Wei Chen, Kun Zhou, Weidong Fang, Ke Wang · 6 authors

Blockchain is a widely used decentralised infrastructure. Blockchain technology has the decentration of network, the unforgeability of block data, etc. Therefore, blockchain technology has developed rapidly in recent years, and many organisations are involved. Applications are generally optimistic. This paper systematically introduces the background development status of blockchain, and analyses the operation mechanism, characteristics and possible application scenarios of blockchain technology from a technical perspective. Finally, the blockchain technology is applied to the intellectual property protection method as an example to study domestic and foreign examples and analyse existing problems. The review article aims to provide assistance for the application of blockchain technology.

Stijn Van Hijfte

No abstract is available for this record.

Jiaqi Ma

On October 25, 2019, senior Chinese officials conveyed the significance of blockchain to all sectors of society through the 18 th Collective Study of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Blockchain is the distributed ledger that maintains a growing list of chronological blocks linked by cryptographic techniques. It is a combined innovation of peer-to-peer networks, cryptography, consensus protocols, smart contracts, etc., which offers tamper-resistance and traceability characteristics to solve trust issues (1-2).

Qing Tian Deng

No abstract is available for this record.

Jin Wang, Wencheng Chen, Lei Wang, Yongjun Ren · 5 authors

With the development of the Industrial Internet of Things and the continuous expansion of application scenarios, many development bottlenecks have followed. Its data security issue has become an obstacle to its widespread application. It has attracted substantial attention from both academia and industry. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, openness and transparency and non-tampering. It has natural advantages in solving the security of the Industrial Internet of Things. Accordingly, this paper first analyzes the security risks associated with data storage in the Industrial Internet of Things and proposes the use of blockchain technology to ensure the secure storage of data in the Industrial Internet of Things. In traditional blockchains, the data layer uses Merkle hash trees to store data; however, the Merkle hash tree not able to provide non-member proof, which makes it unable to resist attacks from malicious nodes in the network. To solve this problem, this paper replaces the Merkle hash tree with a password accumulator to provide member proof and non-member proof. Moreover, the existing accumulators have trapdoors and cannot be updated in batches, and unable to meet the blockchain’s expansion requirements. This paper presents an improved RSA accumulator and gives the definition of the accumulator. Finally, this paper uses RSA to construct a batch update accumulator scheme without trapdoor, and shows that the scheme is feasible through correctness and security

R. Carlsson

There is a potential in the field of medicine and finance of doing collaborative machine learning. These areas gather data which can be used for developing machine learning models that could predict all from sickness in patients to acts of economical crime like fraud. The problem that exists is that the data collected is mostly of confidential nature and should be handled with precaution. This makes the standard way of doing machine learning - gather data at one centralized server - unwanted to achieve. The safety of the data have to be taken into account. In this project we will explore the Federated learning approach of ”bringing the code to the data, instead of data to the code”. It is a decentralized way of doing machine learning where models are trained on connected devices and data is never shared. Keeping the data privacypreserved.

Theophilus Onyekachukwu Oshoba, Nafiu Ikeoluwa Hammed, Olushola Damilare Odejobi

As organizations increasingly adopt cloud computing to achieve scalability and agility, ensuring compliance and maintaining secure audit trails in cloud configuration management have become critical challenges. Traditional configuration management approaches often lack transparency, are vulnerable to tampering, and offer limited assurance to regulators and stakeholders in highly regulated industries such as finance, healthcare, and government. This paper proposes a Blockchain-Enabled Compliance and Audit Trail Model for Cloud Configuration Management, designed to enhance accountability, trust, and regulatory alignment through the integration of distributed ledger technology. The model employs a layered architecture comprising configuration management tools, a blockchain layer, compliance enforcement mechanisms, and user-facing dashboards. Configuration changes initiated through DevOps pipelines or cloud-native tools are first validated against compliance requirements, such as GDPR, HIPAA, or ISO 27001. Approved changes are then immutably recorded on a blockchain, ensuring tamper-proof logs that serve as an authoritative audit trail. Smart contracts embedded within the blockchain automate compliance enforcement by validating configuration states in real time, rejecting or flagging non-compliant changes before deployment. Key features of the framework include immutable audit trails, automated compliance validation, multi-stakeholder transparency, and cryptographic assurance of integrity. The use of blockchain ensures that no single entity can alter audit records, fostering trust between cloud providers, enterprises, and regulators. Interoperability with APIs allows integration into diverse cloud environments and DevOps workflows, enabling seamless adoption without disrupting existing operations. Use cases span across sectors where compliance is mission-critical: financial services requiring stringent auditability, healthcare systems protecting sensitive patient data, and government services demanding transparent accountability. While challenges remain—such as blockchain scalability, transaction costs, and integration complexity—the model offers a promising pathway toward resilient, compliance-driven cloud governance. Ultimately, it transforms cloud configuration management into a secure, verifiable, and regulator-friendly ecosystem.

Timothy Arndt, Angela Guercio

Blockchain has emerged as a transformative technology, from its beginning as the basis of cryptocurrencies to wider applications in areas such as property registration and insurance due to its characteristic as a distributed ledger which can remove the need for a trusted third party to facilitate transaction. This spread of the technology to new application areas has been driven by the development of smart contractsblockchain-based protocols which can automatically enforce a contract. One area where the types of problems being considered for blockchain exists is higher education. Students in higher education are increasingly mobile, and in an ever more agile world, the friction and delays caused by multiple levels of administration in higher education can cause many anxieties and hardships for students. Distance learning as a primary platform for higher education promises to open up higher education to a wider range of learners than ever before. In this paper, we review the use of blockchain in higher education and experimental implementations of a blockchain-based university transcript system in order to empower students and better fit today's ever more agile society and then describe some experimental results in using blockchain for higher education transcripts.

Tinu N. S.

Data analytics has captured attention of both researchers as well as business organizations, since a long time now, as the knowledge or information getting analyzed and evolved is priceless in upbringing the business. Blockchain is the latest technology which is getting adopted at a faster rate due to its unique properties. This paper focuses mainly on data models, and some tools used for data analytics being used in blockchain environment. Public blockchain is an open ledger platform which allows to perform data analytics.

Alevtina Dubovitskaya, Petr Novotny, Zhigang Xu, Fusheng Wang

BACKGROUND: Timely sharing of electronic health records across providers, while ensuring data security and privacy, is essential for prompt care of cancer patients, as well as for the development of medical research and the enhancement of personalized medicine. Yet, it is not trivial to achieve efficient consent management, data exchange, and access-control policy enforcement, in particular, in decentralized settings, and given the gravity of the condition such as cancer. Using blockchain technology (BCT) has been recently advocated by research communities and gained momentum from the industry perspective. However, most of the proposed solutions are at the level of a prototype, and blockchain-based healthcare data management systems are not in place yet. SUMMARY: This paper presents a systematic literature review, aiming to analyze the motivations, advantages, and limitations, as well as barriers and future challenges faced when applying the state-of-the-art distributed ledger technology in oncology. We then discuss its outcomes and propose the direction of the future research that can help to attain integration and adoption of the BCT for data-sharing, medical research, and the pharmaceutical supply chain in oncology, as well as in healthcare in general. Key Messages:BCT has the potential to enhance data-sharing (for primary care and medical research), as well as to attain optimization of the pharmaceutical supply chain by bringing properties such as transparency, traceability, and immutability to the applications. However, BCT itself cannot guarantee data privacy and security. Thus, it is never proposed as a stand-alone technology, but as a combined technology with cryptographic techniques. Regardless of the number of existing prototypes of blockchain-based healthcare systems, due to the existing barriers of the adoption (e.g., legal, social, and technological limitations), there is a lack of evaluation in real-world settings. Aiming to overcome these limitations, we propose future research directions that include design of the privacy-preserving hybrid data storage, interoperable infrastructures and architecture, and are compliant with the international laws and regulations.

Aye Mi San, Nopporn Chotikakamthorn, Chanboon Sathitwiriyawong

Various forms of learning credentials play an important role in society. For example, a degree certificate is usually required to apply for many jobs. Currently, paper-based learning credentials such as diploma or degree certificates are still widely used. However, proof of such credentials' authenticity has become increasingly more difficult in recently years due to availability of low-cost desktop publishing tools. Recently, a blockchain-based digital certificate issuing and verification system has been proposed to address these problems. However, existing blockchain-based certification verification solutions have a few shortcomings in common. One of them is the lack of mechanism to control the amount of information and anonymity exposed during the verification process. This paper proposed a blockchain-based learning credential verification system, where a credential recipient can control the amount of credential-related information to be exposed during the verification process. The proposed solution makes use of a Merkle tree to encode causal relationship among pieces of information the credential is composed of. The abstract data model built on top of the binary Merkle tree has been proposed so that a recipient can choose to disclose part of the credential information, including the recipient profile. This means it is possible for credential verification to be performed anonymously. This can be achieved without increasing blockchain transaction cost and complexity. Example of use case scenarios that require such anonymous verification are described.

Shin Morishima

Blockchain is a distributed ledger system composed of P2P network proposed as an electronic cash system which can transfer money without a trusted third party. Blockchain has high tamper resistance by the structure which cannot modify a transaction by everyone including the creator of it. However, it also becomes a problem that Blockchain system cannot modify fraudulent transaction already approved. This problem means once an illegal transaction occurs, the damage expands. It is necessary to detect the transaction by the anomaly detection and modify it before approval in order to suppress the damage. However, existing anomaly detection methods of Blockchain need the processing for all the past transactions in Blockchain. The execution time exceeds the approval interval of the major Blockchain system (Ethereum). In this paper, we propose an anomaly detection method using a fixed size user-centric subgraph which is extracted from whole graph made from all the transactions, to prevent the increase of the execution time. Furthermore, to accelerate the anomaly detections, we propose the subgraph structure which is suitable for GPU processing so that all of the subgraph making, the feature extraction, and the anomaly detection are performed in GPU. When the number of transactions is 300 million, our proposed method archives 195 times faster than the existing GPU-based method and the execution time is shorter than the approval interval of the Ethereum. In terms of accuracy, the true positive rate is significantly higher than the existing method in the case of small scale transactions because the local anomaly can be detected by the subgraph with locality. And the rate in the case of large scale and the false positive rate are close to the existing method.

Jin-whan Kim

As one key infrastructure technology to lead the Fourth Industrial Revolution, blockchain technology is expected to bring about exciting developments across a variety of fields, such as politics, economy, culture and education. This paper is intended as a general overview of the main features of blockchain technology. In addition, the latest trends and development methods of blockchain technology will be briefly reviewed. The terminology of blockchain infrastructure technology has the potential to foster technological innovation across various industrial sectors as well as improve mutual harmony and understanding of complex structures and diverse phenomena in human society, especially antagonism, confrontation, and ideological conflict. With such progress in social innovation, blockchain technology will render human society more transparent and fair.

Gang Wang, Zhijie Shi, Mark Nixon, Song Han

Blockchain, a potentially disruptive technology, advances many different applications, e.g., crypto-currencies, supply chains, and the Internet of Things. Under the hood of blockchain, it is required to handle different kinds of digital assets and data. The next-generation blockchain ecosystem is expected to consist of numerous applications, and each application may have a distinct representation of digital assets. However, digital assets cannot be directly recorded on the blockchain, and a tokenization process is required to format these assets. Tokenization on blockchain will inevitably require a certain level of proper standards to enrich advanced functionalities and enhance interoperable capabilities for future applications. However, due to specific features of digital assets, it is hard to obtain a standard token form to represent all kinds of assets. For example, when considering fungibility, some assets are divisible and identical, commonly referred to as fungible assets. In contrast, others that are not fungible are widely referred to as non-fungible assets. When tokenizing these assets, we are required to follow different tokenization processes. The way to effectively tokenize assets is thus essential and expecting to confront various unprecedented challenges. This paper provides a systematic and comprehensive study of the current progress of tokenization on blockchain. First, we explore general principles and practical schemes to tokenize digital assets for blockchain and classify digitized tokens into three categories: fungible, non-fungible, and semi-fungible. We then focus on discussing the well-known Ethereum standards on non-fungible tokens. Finally, we discuss several critical challenges and some potential research directions to advance the research on exploring the tokenization process on the blockchain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic study for tokenization on blockchain.

Βασιλική Βελλή

Η ανά χείρας διπλωματική εργασία επικεντρώνεται στη πρόβλεψη του price return του Bitcoin μέσω αλγορίθμων Μηχανικής μάθησης. Στόχος αυτής της εργασίας ήταν η ανάπτυξη του αντίστοιχου κώδικα, χρησιμοποιώντας πραγματικά δεδομένα, που αφορούν το κρυπτονόμισμα Bitcoin, η πρόβλεψη της εξέλιξης του price return και τελικά η αξιολόγηση του κάθε αλγορίθμου, μέσω της ακρίβειας της πρόβλεψης. Αρχικά, πραγματοποιήθηκε μία βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση βασισμένη στο Bitcoin, στη Μηχανική μάθηση και στο συνδυασμό αυτών των δύο. Στη συνέχεια, το επόμενο βήμα αφορούσε τη μεθοδολογία και τα δεδομένα. Ήταν απαραίτητη η συλλογή, η επεξεργασία και ο διαχωρισμός των δεδομένων σε δεδομένα εκπαίδευσης και ελέγχου. Επίσης, σε αυτό το σημείο της έρευνας, προέκυψαν τα πρώτα περιγραφικά στατιστικά των δύο συνόλων δεδομένων. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν τη βιβλιογραφία, οι επιλεγμένοι αλγόριθμοι Μηχανικής μάθησης ήταν ο Random Forest και ο Naïve Bayes, ενώ ως οικονομική μέθοδος χρησιμοποιήθηκε η Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση. Τόσο τα δεδομένα εκπαίδευσης, όσο και τα δεδομένα ελέγχου, εφαρμόστηκαν σε κάθε αλγόριθμο. Βασιζόμενοι στην ακρίβεια της πρόβλεψης, τα κύρια συμπεράσματα ήταν, ότι ο αλγόριθμος Random Forest είχε τη βέλτιστη απόδοση (ακρίβεια πρόβλεψης: 65%), ο αλγόριθμος Naïve Bayes είχε μία αρκετά καλή απόδοση (ακρίβεια πρόβλεψης 60%), ενώ η Λογιστική Παλινδρόμηση έφερε ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα (ακρίβεια πρόβλεψης 60%). Τέλος, οι υπόλοιπες παρατηρήσεις που προέκυψαν κατά τη διάρκεια της έρευνας, αναφέρονται στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας.