A blockchain is a decentralized, disseminated and digital ledger that can’t be altered retroactively without modifying every single blocks and the consensus of the network. Blockchain can be used in smart contracts, Banks, IoT devices, Database management, etc., Due to recent times flaws and leakage of Aadhaar information (Aadhaar which is the largest government databases of the Indian citizens) in Internet the security and privacy of Aadhaar became questionable. In order to ensure the security of Aadhaar, Blockchain has the potential to overcome security and privacy challenges in Aadhaar. In this project we are going to create a Blockchain for Aadhaar database and implement light weight algorithm for efficiency, optimization and scalability along with the Blockchain securing algorithm.
Cryptocurrencies and their foundation technology, the Blockchain, are reshaping finance and economics, allowing a decentralized approach enabling trusted applications with no trusted counterpart. More recently, the Blockchain and the programs running on it, called Smart Contracts, are also finding more and more applications in all fields requiring trust and sound certifications. Some people have come to the point of saying that the "Blockchain revolution" can be compared to that of the Internet and the Web in their early days. As a result, all the software development revolving around the Blockchain technology is growing at a staggering rate. The feeling of many software engineers about such huge interest in Blockchain technologies is that of unruled and hurried software development, a sort of competition on a first-come-first-served basis which does not assure neither software quality, nor that the basic concepts of software engineering are taken into account. This paper tries to cope with this issue, proposing a software development process to gather the requirement, analyze, design, develop, test and deploy Blockchain applications. The process is based on several Agile practices, such as User Stories and iterative and incremental development based on them. However, it makes also use of more formal notations, such as some UML diagrams describing the design of the system, with additions to represent specific concepts found in Blockchain development. The method is described in good detail, and an example is given to show how it works.
Every year lakhs of students graduating from different university, after passing from university different students have different plans. All students who graduated will have different certificate such as marksheets, degree certificate, best performance certificate and etc. Some students have plans to get employed in companies or to do higher studies. Wherever students go they need submit the certificate for important reference. Due to lack of anti-forge mechanism some started to forge the certificate to get the employed or for further steps. In the digital certificate verification based on blockchain done only for the degree certificates. In the proposing system along with the degree certificate entire personality and behaviour activities of the person using personal id will be uploaded in blockchain. Because of unmodifiable property it is stored in block chain. Initially the student request for the e-certificate by uploading certificate or personal id to electronic certificate system. If requesting for e-cert then the system will review certificate from the university or schools or from organization and get the assurance and store the serial number and e-certificate to the block chain. The system will be generating the QR code and send it to the user. when applying for company user will send only the certificate serial number and QR code received from the e-certificate company. Â
Mustafa Al-Bassam, Alberto Sonnino, Vitalik Buterin
Light clients, also known as Simple Payment Verification (SPV) clients, are\nnodes which only download a small portion of the data in a blockchain, and use\nindirect means to verify that a given chain is valid. Typically, instead of\nvalidating block data, they assume that the chain favoured by the blockchain's\nconsensus algorithm only contains valid blocks, and that the majority of block\nproducers are honest. By allowing such clients to receive fraud proofs\ngenerated by fully validating nodes that show that a block violates the\nprotocol rules, and combining this with probabilistic sampling techniques to\nverify that all of the data in a block actually is available to be downloaded,\nwe can eliminate the honest-majority assumption, and instead make much weaker\nassumptions about a minimum number of honest nodes that rebroadcast data. Fraud\nand data availability proofs are key to enabling on-chain scaling of\nblockchains (e.g. via sharding or bigger blocks) while maintaining a strong\nassurance that on-chain data is available and valid. We present, implement, and\nevaluate a novel fraud and data availability proof system.\n
Today, the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in all aspects of life is increasing exponentially. Our cities are getting smarter and informing us about our surroundings in a contextual manner. However, we face significant challenges in deploying, managing, and collecting data from these devices. In addition, we must address the problem of storing and mining that data for higher-quality IoT services. Blockchain technology, even in today's nascent form, has the potential to be the foundation for a common, distributed, trustless, and autonomous infrastructure system. This article describes a standardized IoT infrastructure where data are stored on a distributed storage service that is fault-tolerant and resistant to distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks and data access is managed by a decentralized, trustless blockchain. The illustrated system used LoRa as the emerging network technology, Swarm as the distributed data storage platform, and Ethereum as the blockchain platform. Such a data back end will ensure high availability with minimal security risks while replacing traditional back-end systems with a single "smart contract".
Chao Qiu, F. Richard Yu, Haipeng Yao, Chunxiao Jiang · 6 authors
With the developments of communication technologies and smart manufacturing, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has emerged. Software-defined networking (SDN), a promising paradigm shift, has provided a viable way to manage IIoT dynamically, called software-defined IIoT (SDIIoT). In SDIIoT, lots of data and flows are generated by industrial devices, where a physically distributed but logically centralized control plane is necessary. However, one of the most intractable problems is how to reach consensus among multiple controllers under complex industrial environments. In this paper, we propose a blockchain (BC)-based consensus protocol in SDIIoT, along with detailed consensus steps and theoretical analysis, where BC works as a trusted third party to collect and synchronize network-wide views between different SDN controllers. Specially, it is a permissioned BC. In order to improve the throughput of this BC-based SDIIoT, we jointly consider the trust features of BC nodes and controllers, as well as the computational capability of the BC system. Accordingly, we formulate view change, access selection, and computational resources allocation as a joint optimization problem. We describe this problem as a Markov decision process by defining state space, action space, and reward function. Due to the fact that it is difficult to solve this joint problem by traditional methods, we propose a novel dueling deep Q-learning approach. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.
Chenhan Xu, Kun Wang, Peng Li, Song Guo · 7 authors
The emergence of edge computing has witnessed a fast-growing volume of data on edge devices belonging to different stakeholders which, however, cannot be shared among them due to the lack of the trust. By exploiting blockchain's non-repudiation and non-tampering properties that enable trust, we develop a blockchain-based big data sharing framework to support various applications across resource-limited edges. In particular, we devise a number of novel resource-efficient techniques for the framework: (1) the PoC (Proof-of-Collaboration) based consensus mechanism with low computation complexity which is especially beneficial to the edge devices with low computation capacity, (2) the blockchain transaction filtering and offloading scheme that can significantly reduce the storage overhead, and (3) new types of blockchain transaction (i.e., Express Transaction) and block (i.e., Hollow Block) to enhance the communication efficiency. Extensive experiments are conducted and the results demonstrate the superior performance of our proposal.
Today, the number of IoT devices in all aspects of life is exponentially increasing. The cities we are living in are getting smarter and informing us about our surroundings in a contextual manner. However, there lay significant challenges of deploying, managing and collecting data from these devices, in addition to the problem of storing and mining that data for higher-quality IoT services. Blockchain technology, even in today's nascent form, contains the pillars to create a common, distributed, trustless and autonomous infrastructure system. This paper describes a standardized IoT infrastructure; where data is stored on a DDOS-resistant, fault-tolerant, distributed storage service and data access is managed by a decentralized, trustless blockchain. The illustrated system used LoRa as the emerging network technology, Swarm as the distributed data storage and Ethereum as the blockchain platform. Such a data backend will ensure high availability with minimal security risks while replacing traditional backend systems with a single "smart contract".
The success of blockchain as the underlying technology for cryptocurrencies has opened up possibilities for its use in other application domains as well. The main advantages of blockchain for its potential use in other domains are its inherent security mechanisms and immunity to different attacks. A blockchain relies on a consensus method for agreeing on any new data. Most of the consensus methods which are currently used for the blockchain of different cryptocurrencies require high computational power and thus are not apt for resource constrained systems.
In this article, we discuss and survey the various blockchain based consensus methods that are applicable to resource constrained IoT devices and networks. A typical IoT network consists of several devices which have limited computational and communications capabilities. Most often, these devices cannot perform the intensive computations and are starved for bandwidth. Therefore, we discuss the possible measures that can be taken to reduce the computational power and convergence time for the underlying consensus methods. We also discuss some of the alternatives to the public blockchain like private blockchain and tangle, and their potential adoption for IoT networks. Furthermore, we discuss the existing consensus methods and blockchain implementations and explore the possibility of utilizing them to realize a blockchain based IoT network. Some of the open research challenges are also put forward.
Internet of Things (IoT) devices present different security challenges that have not been addressed yet and there is no clear commitment from stakeholders to do so. Such problems have become evident and IoT devices are targets of malicious actors that employ them as instruments to fulfill their nefarious purposes. Recent attacks to major Internet services have shown the real damage vulnerable devices can make when compromised. Many of the endangered devices sit in home-based environments with users that are not familiar with security or network best practices, which make them easy targets for bad actors. Therefore, there exists the need to find practical solutions using existing technologies that have been, so far, proven to be efficient, such as the blockchain. This paper implements a proof of concept to secure consumer/home-based IoT devices and the networks around them using blockchain technology powered by Ethereum. The results obtained support the idea of a whitelisting application based on the Ethereum protocol.
The success of blockchain as the underlying technology for cryptocurrencies has opened up possibilities for its use in other application domains as well. The main advantages of blockchain for its potential use in other domains are its inherent security mechanisms and immunity to different attacks. A blockchain relies on a consensus method for agreeing on any new data. Most of the consensus methods which are currently used for the blockchain of different cryptocurrencies require high computational power and thus are not apt for resource-constrained systems. In this article, we discuss and survey the various blockchain based consensus methods that are applicable to resource constrained IoT devices and networks. A typical IoT network consists of several devices which have limited computational and communications capabilities. Most often, these devices cannot perform intensive computations and are starved for bandwidth. Therefore, we discuss the possible measures that can be taken to reduce the computational power and convergence time for the underlying consensus methods. We also talk about some of the alternatives to the public blockchain like private blockchain and tangle, along with their potential adoption for IoT networks. Furthermore, we review the existing consensus methods that have been implemented and explore the possibility of utilizing them to realize a blockchain based IoT network. Some of the open research challenges are also put forward.
This paper proposes a novel blockchain-based technique for creating an environment where individuals can be the custodians of their official education records and can easily share those records with others. A blockchain is a digitized, decentralized, open record of all cryptographic data exchanges. One key characteristic of the blockchain is its decentralized nature. Unlike records or accounts maintained by department, college, university, government agencies and other institutions, the blockchain does not require an intermediary to complete education records or alter records. Our solution incorporating the advanced features of blockchain allows education providers to issue official certificates that supply proof of completion or achievement. The proposed framework could also provide the corresponding functions for the after-college education and many other further usages.
Rohit Mital, Jack de La Beaujardiere, Rohan Mital, Marge Cole · 5 authors
With the thrust towards multi-sensor satellite architectures for earth and space exploration, such as constellations and swarms, new technologies are required to enable the transition to this future capability. One of the areas of interest is establishing secure, efficient and prioritized data and command communication pathways among ground and space-based sources for such systems. This paper presents early research results on the potential role, capabilities and value of blockchain usage within constellation and swarm satellite architectures. It demonstrates the use of blockchain's smart contract and distributed ledger capabilities for secure and prioritized multi-sensor satellite collaborative data exchanges, as well as the logging and tracking of command and control events. Adapting and utilizing this emerging technology will aid in addressing technology gaps expected from future constellation flight architectures, such as managing collective computational operations (correlation), dynamic and autonomous observation planning, time-critical events, and provenance tied to ground and space-based autonomous operations and control recordkeeping. In this scenario blockchain is applied in encrypted command transmittal to multiple, yet specific, entities enabling acknowledgement transmittals, performance scalability, and automatic event-based triggering.
The issues of trust in the area of supply chain management are an immense concern among the stakeholders cooperating in the supply chain. For a sustainable process of transportation, efficient information sharing is considered crucial. The models that serve as a base for the current operations have several drawbacks in terms of data security and trust among stakeholders, who share information as part of their cooperation. Information is shared in a paper-based or semi-digitalized way due to the lack of trust or risk of competitive disadvantages in the current systems. This paper aims to analyze the trust issues in supply chain management and propose new ways of improving trust by considering these issues at the design level.
Marko Hölbl, Marko Kompara, Aida Kamišalić, Lili Nemec Zlatolas
Blockchain technology enables a decentralized and distributed environment with no need for a central authority. Transactions are simultaneously secure and trustworthy due to the use of cryptographic principles. In recent years, blockchain technology has become very trendy and penetrated different domains, mostly due to the popularity of cryptocurrencies. One field where blockchain technology has tremendous potential is healthcare, due to the need for a more patient-centric approach to healthcare systems and to connect disparate systems and increase the accuracy of electronic healthcare records (EHRs). In this systematic review, an analysis of state-of-the-art blockchain research in the field of healthcare is conducted. The aim is to reveal the potential applications of the technology and to highlight the challenges and possible directions of blockchain research in healthcare. First, background information is discussed, followed by a description of the exact methodology used in this paper. Next, an analysis of the results is given, which includes a bibliometric overview, an analysis of gathered data and its properties, and the results of a literature quality assessment. Lastly, there is a discussion of the results from the analysis. The findings indicate that blockchain technology research in healthcare is increasing and it is mostly used for data sharing, managing health records and access control. Other scenarios are very rare. Most research is aimed at presenting novel structural designs in the form of frameworks, architectures or models. Findings also show that technical details about the used blockchain elements are not given in most of the analyzed publications and that most research does not present any prototype implementation or implementation details. Often even with a prototype implementation, no details about blockchain elements are given.
Agri-food trade has a profound impact on social stability and sustainable economic development. However, there are several technological problems in current agricultural product transactions. For example, it is almost impossible to improve the efficiency of transactions and maintain market stability. This paper designs a novel Food Trading System with COnsortium blockchaiN (FTSCON) to eliminate information asymmetry in the food trade, in order to establish a sustainable and credible trading environment, the system uses consortium blockchain technology to meet the challenge of different authentications and permissions for different roles in food trade. Meanwhile, we have used the online double auction mechanism to eliminate competition. We also have designed a improved Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (iPBFT) algorithm to improve efficiency. In addition, a case study based on a series of data from Shandong Province, China indicate that the FTSCON can achieve profit improvement of merchants. Therefore, the proposed system proved to have high commercial value.
Marco Conoscenti, Antonio Vetrò, Juan Carlos De Martin, Federico Spini
The Lightning Network (LN) is one of the most promising off-chain scaling solutions for Bitcoin, as it enables off-chain payments which are not subject to the well-known blockchain scalability limit. In this work, we introduce CLoTH, a simulator for HTLC payment networks (of which LN is the best working example). It simulates input-defined payments on an input-defined HTLC network and produces performance measures in terms of payment-related statistics (such as time to complete payments and probability of payment failure). CLoTH helps to predict issues and obstacles that might emerge in the development stages of an HTLC payment network and to estimate the effects of an optimisation action before deploying it. We conducted simulations on a recent snapshot of the HTLC payment network of LN. These simulations allowed us to identify network and payments configurations for which a payment is more likely to fail than to succeed. We proposed viable solutions to avoid such configurations.
The blockchain represents emerging technologies and future trends. For the traditional social organization and mode of operation, the development of the blockchain is a revolution. As a decentralized infrastructure and distributed general ledger agreement, the blockchain presents us with a great opportunity to establish data security and trust for automation and intelligence development in the Internet of Things (IoT) and it creates a new un-centralized programmable smart ecosystem. Our research synthesizes and analyses extant articles that focus on blockchain-related perspectives which will potentially play an important role in sustainable development in the world. Blockchain applications and future directions always attract more attention. Blockchain technology provides strong scalability and interoperability between the intelligent and the physical worlds.
IoT utilization in daily lives is very potential and can be applied in various fields, unfortunately the implementation in the social field still lacking. The large number of orphanages in Indonesia caused information distribution not easily available, however donors find it difficult to get the right information about food reserves, especially rice stock in orphanages. This paper proposes an IoT-based system where rice stocks in orphanages can be detected by Raspberry pi which is connected to sensors, data information from raspberry-pi connected to the network that can be accessed and monitored by mobile applications. This application designed for service providers, donors and rice suppliers. Donors send rice through financial transactions with service providers, and rice suppliers will ship items to the orphanage. Blockchain technology is applied to all parties in order to be transparent and reduce transaction manipulation.
In this work, we propose using edge computing and caching to enhance wireless communications in terms of bandwidth and delay by leveraging concept of mobile 3C systems (communications, computing, and caching). First we argue that without leveraging concepts of edge computing and caching, the huge burden of data transmission and processing necessary for smart city applications and concept is going to exhaust the current wireless infrastructure. Then we demonstrate the need to merge edge computing with caching to enhance wireless communication needed for massive data collection in smart cities. To address the security concerns of using IoT in smart cities, we propose using a blockchain database to secure communication between the smart city and home devices and sensors. This will provide the scalability that is necessary for data transfer between the massive number of nodes in IoT that current security protocols do not provide.
Alessio Meloni, Syam Madanapalli, Sanil Kumar Divakaran, Steven F. Browdy · 8 authors
While initially conceived as a system for cryptocurrency transactions' validation among untrusted parties, blockchain technology has gained momentum as a tool that can theoretically be applied to many domains beyond the intended one. Among these domains, one of the biggest and most promising is the Internet of Things. The IEEE 1931.1 WG is currently working on the definition of an Internet standard for technical and functional interoperability of federated IoT systems for Real-Time Onsite Operations Facilitation (ROOF) that operate and function in a secure, semi-autonomous, and decentralized manner. Blockchain technology can play a key role in accomplishing this goal. In this article, after discussing the use of blockchain technology in the IoT, the architectural framework as well as the use of blockchain technology in the IEEE 1931.1 standard are discussed in terms of advantages brought, criticalities, and future improvements that are necessary for fruitful deployment within ROOF.
Smart health (s-health) is an emerging paradigm that brings together a whole new range of digital data, both personal and non-personal, in order to deliver a holistic approach to health that overcomes the boundaries of the traditional patient caring system. By including non-personal smart city data, mobile s-health applications can improve prediction, prevention, and prescriptive care, while generating feedback that make cities smarter when accounting for and adapting to individual needs. As a result, the constantly ongoing societal challenge of improving individual life will receive additional support. As an example of such life improvement, cities might reduce pollution by promoting mobile applications that incentivize people lacking of adequate physical activity to use alternative transport means. Despite of the envisioned benefits, the diverse nature and jurisdiction of infrastructures and data required to develop s-health applications open up a number of challenges that need to be addressed. In this position paper, we first present a sustainable model for fostering the creation of s-health applications, then identify and discuss the existing challenges, and finally explore the role of blockchain in overcoming some of them.