The purpose of blockchain technology is to make it feasible to store and transfer digital data without the danger of it being changed in transit. Immutable ledgers or transaction records that cannot be edited, erased, or destroyed are created based on a blockchain. DLT is another term for blockchain (DLT). Hashing is a complicated method that cannot be changed or reversed. When it comes to data security, it's all about preserving your information from unauthorized access and corruption at every step of its existence. Encryption, hashing, tokenization, and key management mechanisms are all part of the data security process. The term “identity and access management” encompasses all of the techniques and technologies that an organization uses to identify, authenticate, and authorize someone to access services or systems inside that organization or those of its affiliates. Due to the immutability of a distributed ledger, no personal data should be kept on it. This is why employing a distributed ledger is necessary, when using blockchain for identity management for healthcare. Patient identity has been secured in such a system. In the simulation, the comparative analysis of performance has been made where conventional processing time is compared to proposed processing time, error rate, and immunity toward external attacks. It has been observed that the proposed work is consuming less time and yields less error rate. More the impact of the external attack is less in the case of the proposed work as compared to conventional.
The Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger that has a record of data which comprises all of the information of transactions that have been performed and dispersed across a number of nodes that already exist in the network. All exchanges performed within the framework are confirmed by consensus means and if data is stored once that is never modified. The blockchain innovation mechanism is the most important innovation behind Bitcoin. It is still confronting security, information administration, compliance, reliability. Sellers offer their customers a set of generic items via the cloud. Moving forward, it has become a good choice as it offers pay-as-you-go services to customers. In business and other segments, the cloud has grown significantly with benefits such as rental services, integration resources, storage capabilities, and many more. It has a variety of safety issues despite its vitality, such as data breach, loss of sensitive data, and few others related to cloning, pooling of resources, etc. A significant amount of research was carried out recently that demonstrates the hazards associated with cloud services and the methodologies of cloud deployment to increase resource efficiency. The purpose of the study is to investigate a quick review on earlier contemplations centred on blockchain joining with the cloud in order to display their amazingness as a research target. This research paper aims to understand the risks so that basic security concerns are properly addressed in different cloud regions. The objective of the research is to reveal various security risks in cloud and network issues in order to impede threats in the cloud and facilitate risk reduction strategy for the researchers, end-users, and cloud providers for performing threat analysis. In this overview, the communication between blockchain and cloud is uncovered by joining blockchain with cloud computing.
The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is an imminent and corporal technology that enables the connectivity of smart physical devices with virtual objects contriving in distinct platforms with the help of the internet. The IoT is under massive experimentation to operate in a distributed manner, making it favourable to be utilized in the healthcare ecosystem. However, un- der the IoT healthcare ecosystem (IoT-HS), the nodes of the IoT networks are unveiled to an aberrant level of security threats. Regulating an adequate volume of sensitive and personal data, IoT-HS undergoes various security challenges for which a distributed mechanism to address such concerns plays a vital role. Although Blockchain, having a distributed ledger, is integral to solving security concerns in IoT-HSs, it undergoes major problems, including massive storage and computational requirements. Also, Holochain, which has low computational and memory requirements, lacks authentication distribution availability. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid Holochain and Blockchain-based privacy perseverance and security framework for IoT-HSs that combines the benefits Holochain and Blockchain provide, overcoming the computational, memory, and authentication challenges. This framework is more suited for IoT scenarios where resource needs to be optimally utilized. Comprehensive security and performance analysis is conducted to demonstrate the suitability and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid security approach for IoT-HSs in contrast to the Blockchain-only or Holochain-only based approaches.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has altered the world in the last few years due to its capacity to impact almost every part of life. However, IoT raises concerns about data security and privacy because it collects data from devices via the cloud, increasing its vulnerability to hacking. IoT security is a serious issue that has delayed its widespread adoption. Several security and privacy solutions have been proposed for IoT contexts that meet prevalent security criteria such as authentication, integrity, and secrecy. However, due to resource restrictions and heterogeneous IoT devices, present solutions are unable to address the security requirements of the approaching large-scale IoT paradigm. Blockchain, well known for bitcoin and Ethereum, provides an intriguing approach for IoT security. The IoT and blockchain technologies may be combined and significant improvements in distributed systems have been made as a result of the widespread use of IoT technology. A novel framework with a unique design was proposed to improve security in bitcoin transaction by combining blockchain and SHA-256 hash algorithm. Additionally, the performance of proposed framework is compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms like MD5 and SHA1 in term of encryption time, power consumption, latency, speed and security. It is observed that the proposed framework takes 12 ms lesser latency than MD5 and consumes 2.7Wh lesser power consumption than SHA1 and provides better security than both the techniques.
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has been integrated and deployed in the health care domain as it significantly facilitates medical services for both health care providers and consumers. The IoMT allows various medical devices to exchange data over different wireless communication technologies without the need for human intervention. The widespread adoption of such a technology increases the demand for designing efficient, reliable, and secure IoMT environments. Although IoMT significantly improves quality of medical services, maintaining security and privacy remain major challenges. This article proposes a collaborative intrusion detection framework empowered blockchain technology for protecting IoMT networks, called IDS-Chain. The IDS-Chain framework leverages fog computing to deploy security functions through distributed fog nodes to efficiently detect cyberattacks near data source. Blockchain is used to ensure data trust, integrity, and privacy, as well as to enable secure data exchange among distributed IDS entities.
Ahmed I. Taloba, Ahmed Elhadad, Alanazi Rayan, Rasha M. Abd El-Aziz · 8 authors
Blockchain technology must have sparked widespread interest, applications associated with data monitoring, banking sectors, computer security, the Internet of Things, and food chemistry to the healthcare sector and cognitive science. The use of multimedia in the healthcare architecture also allows for the storage, processing and transmission of patient information in a wide range of formats such as images, text and audio over the Internet using various smart particles. However, managing large amounts of data, including findings and images of each individual, increases human effort and increases protection risks. In this paper, to address these problems by using IoT in healthcare improves the performance of patient care while lowering costs by efficiently distributing healthcare resources. Nevertheless, various attackers can cause a variety of risks in IoT devices. To avoid these problems, Blockchain technology has been identified as the most effective method for maintaining the secrecy and security of control systems in real-time. This should provide a security architecture for healthcare multimedia content using blockchain technology by producing the hash of every information so that any transition or modification in information, as well as any breaches of medicines, would be evidenced across the whole blockchain platform.
Othman Omran Khalifa, Danial Fareez Bin Japar, Farah Diyana Abdul Rahman, Haidawati Nasir
The advancement of technology brings an extensive use of Internet of things (IoT) devices in our daily life. IoT primary used for data collection and provide real-time management information in the network paradigms such as Edge Computing and Fog Computing. However, assuring the reliability of data delivered via Edge Computing is a challenging task. Blockchain has been a technology that has gained traction in recent years. Using Blockchain with IoT allows Smart Cities (SC) applications to spread security information, which protects against Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attacks. IoT devices in a SC can have a lengthy life, increasing the possibility of security flaws caused by obsolete firmware. This paper will highlight the significance of the implementation considering the SC and demonstrate a testbed made up of Blockchain Ethereum and actual IoT devices. The effects of transmission time, memory, and CPU use on the sending also processing of these messages were demonstrated. The proposed Application Programming Interface (API) sign, identify, and validate the messages before collecting them for an IoT data management application.
With the growing demand for smart, secure, and intelligent solutions, Industry 4.0 has emerged as the future of various applications. One of the primary sectors that are becoming more vulnerable to security assaults like ransomware is the healthcare sector. Researchers have proposed various mechanisms in smart and secure health care systems with this vision in mind. Existing systems are vulnerable to security attacks on medical data. It is required to build a real-time diagnosis device using a cyber-physical system with blockchain technology in a considerable manner. The proposed work’s main purpose is to build secure, real-time preservation and tamper-proof control of medical data. In this work, the Bayesian grey filter-based convolution neural network (BGF-CNN) approach is used to enhance accuracy and reduce time complexity and overhead. Additionally, PSO and GWO optimization techniques are used to improve network performance. As an outcome of the proposed work, the privacy preservation of medical data is improved with a high accuracy rate by a blockchain-based cyber-physical system using a deep neural network (BGF Blockchain). To summarize, the proposed system helps in the privacy preservation of medical data along with a reduction in communication overhead using the Bayesian Grey Filter–CNN.
Significant modifications have been seen in healthcare facilities over the past two decades. With the use of IoT-enabled devices, the monitoring and analysis of patient diagnostic parameters is made considerably easy. The new technology shift for medical field is IoMT. However, the problem of privacy for patient data and the security of information still a point to ponder. This research proposed a prototype model to integrate the blockchain and IoMT for providing better analysis of patient health factors. The authors suggested IoMT data to be collected over Edge Computing gateway devices and forward to Cloud Gateway. The three-layered decision making structure ensures the integrity of the data. The further analysis of information collected over sensor-based devices is done in the Cloud IoT Central Hub service. To ensure the secrecy and compliance of the patient data, Smart Contracts are integrated. After the exchange of smart contracts, a block of information is broadcast over the health blockchain. The P2P network makes it viable to retain all health statistics and further processing of information. The paper describes the scenario and experimental setup for a COVID-19 data-set analyzed in the proposed prototype mode. After the collection of information and decision making, the block of data is sent across all peer nodes. Thus, the power of IoMT and blockchain makes it easy for the healthcare worker to diagnose and handle patient data with privacy. The IoMT is integrated with artificial intelligence to enable decision making based on the classification of data. The results are saved as transactions in the blockchain hyperledger. This study demonstrates the prototype model with test data in a testing network with two peer nodes.
Anton Dziatkovskii, Uladzimir Hryneuski, Alexandra Krylova, Adrian Chun Minh Loy
The emergence of Industry 4.0 has awoken the adoption of blockchain as a key factor to enhance the industrial supply chain across the globe, enabling cost-effective and fast-paced delivery of products and services, ownership of products with privacy, and high security as well as traceability. This new digital horizon is underpinning the future direction of humankind, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goal themes of Good Health and Well-being (SDG3) and Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11). Thus, the main objective of this paper is to elucidate the adoption of blockchain technology in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) disciplines by determining of the key academic research players and the evolution of blockchain in different fields. It begins by clarifying the definition of these concepts, followed by a discussion regarding the chronological progress of blockchain over time, an evaluation of the adoption of blockchain technologies in different key research areas, and lastly, providing comments on several directions to guide practitioners in developing a sustainable global blockchain roadmap in education science.
Shimal Sh. Taher, Siddeeq Y. Ameen, Jihan A. Ahmed
Over the last decade, worldwide data traffic has risen at an unprecedented rate, prompting a surge in interest in big data. manufacturing, entertainment, and media. With this interest, Blockchain Technology, appeared as a promising technology that enables the transaction record to be continuously stored, protected with the digital signature, and validated by consensus. It operates under the concept of a digital ledger that is distributed. In this article, recent growth in blockchain interest as an alternative to traditional centralized systems has been presented and considered the emerging implementations thereof. In particular, the key approaches needed for the introduction of the blockchain and security issues. This includes the general issue behind the blockchain, description of the component, and the blockchain importance and connection with the big data. Thus, the paper focuses on reviewing the research in blockchain applications in securing big data. The paper compares big data security techniques and mechanisms provided by the blockchain approach considering security attacks that might shed light on Blockchain enthusiasts and researchers. Finally, the paper evaluates the various challenges of blockchain and put some recommendations for future research.
Over the past few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most significant technologies ever used, as everything is connected to the Internet. Integrating IoT technologies with the cloud improves the performance, activity, and innovation of such a system. However, one of the major problems which cannot be ignored in such integration is the security of the data that are transferred between the client (IoT) and the server (cloud). Solving that problem leads to the use the of IoT technologies in more critical applications and fields. This paper proposes a new security framework by combining blockchain technology with the AES algorithm. Blockchain technology is used and modified to protect data integrity and generate unique device identification within minimal power consumption and best performance. The AES algorithm is used to improve the data confidentiality when being transmitted to the server. The outcomes demonstrated that the proposed solution improves the security system of the IoT healthcare data and proved its efficiency and power consumption compared to other methods.
Real-time tracking and surveillance of patients' health has become ubiquitous in the healthcare sector as a result of the development of fog, cloud computing, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Medical IoT (MIoT) equipment often transfers health data to a pharmaceutical data center, where it is saved, evaluated, and made available to relevant stakeholders or users. Fog layers have been utilized to increase the scalability and flexibility of IoT-based healthcare services, by providing quick response times and low latency. Our proposed solution focuses on an electronic healthcare system that manages both critical and non-critical patients simultaneously. Fog layer is distributed into two halves: critical fog cluster and non-critical fog cluster. Critical patients are handled at critical fog clusters for quick response, while non-critical patients are handled using blockchain technology at non-critical fog cluster, which protects the privacy of patient health records. The suggested solution requires little modification to the current IoT ecosystem while decrease the response time for critical messages and offloading the cloud infrastructure. Reduced storage requirements for cloud data centers benefit users in addition to saving money on construction and operating expenses. In addition, we examined the proposed work for recall, accuracy, precision, and F-score. The results show that the suggested approach is successful in protecting privacy while retaining standard network settings. Moreover, suggested system and benchmark are evaluated in terms of system response time, drop rate, throughput, fog, and cloud utilization. Evaluated results clearly indicate the performance of proposed system is better than benchmark.
Abdur Rehman, Sagheer Abbas, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Taher M. Ghazal · 6 authors
In recent years, the global Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) industry has evolved at a tremendous speed. Security and privacy are key concerns on the IoMT, owing to the huge scale and deployment of IoMT networks. Machine learning (ML) and blockchain (BC) technologies have significantly enhanced the capabilities and facilities of healthcare 5.0, spawning a new area known as "Smart Healthcare." By identifying concerns early, a smart healthcare system can help avoid long-term damage. This will enhance the quality of life for patients while reducing their stress and healthcare costs. The IoMT enables a range of functionalities in the field of information technology, one of which is smart and interactive health care. However, combining medical data into a single storage location to train a powerful machine learning model raises concerns about privacy, ownership, and compliance with greater concentration. Federated learning (FL) overcomes the preceding difficulties by utilizing a centralized aggregate server to disseminate a global learning model. Simultaneously, the local participant keeps control of patient information, assuring data confidentiality and security. This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the findings on blockchain technology entangled with federated learning in healthcare. 5.0. The purpose of this study is to construct a secure health monitoring system in healthcare 5.0 by utilizing a blockchain technology and Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect any malicious activity in a healthcare network and enables physicians to monitor patients through medical sensors and take necessary measures periodically by predicting diseases. The proposed system demonstrates that the approach is optimized effectively for healthcare monitoring. In contrast, the proposed healthcare 5.0 system entangled with FL Approach achieves 93.22% accuracy for disease prediction, and the proposed RTS-DELM-based secure healthcare 5.0 system achieves 96.18% accuracy for the estimation of intrusion detection.
IoT has been an efficient technology for interconnecting different physical objects with the internet. Several cyber-attacks have resulted in compromise in security. Blockchain distributed ledger provide immutability that can answer IoT security concerns. The paper aims at highlighting the challenges & problems currently associated with IoT implementation in real world and how these problems can be minimized by implementing Blockchain based solutions and smart contracts. Blockchain helps in creation of new highly robust IoT known as Blockchain of Things(BCoT). We will also examine presently employed projects working with integrating Blockchain & IoT together for creating desired solutions. We will also try to understand challenges & roadblocks preventing the further implementation of both technologies merger.
Infectious and contagious diseases exist in humanity for many centuries which causes a curb in the growth of the population. Immunization plays a vital role to prevent mortality and morbidity against infectious diseases. COVID-19 pandemic continues to rage the urgency of developing a vaccine that should ensure the safety, efficacy, swift and fair deployment, implementation, and monitoring of vaccines across the globe. In the present context, the vaccine production to immunization campaign is a critical challenge. Therefore, an effective vaccine supply chain mechanism is required to address issues such as counterfeit vaccines, reduce vaccine wastages, and vaccine record fraud. In this paper, a blockchain-enabled vaccine supply chain is proposed to ensure the correctness, transparency, trust, and immutable log and improve the efficiency of vaccine distribution in the cold chain. The uniqueness of the proposed system is to provide distributed system to verify the reliability and efficacy of the vaccine from production to end beneficiaries' feedback about the vaccine. Our proposed system gives a clear view to the users as well as to the healthcare provider about the vaccination and ensures the anticounterfeit vaccine. The proposed system minimizes counterfeit vaccines and records, provides transparent communication between stakeholders in the supply chain, and improves the security of the vaccine supply chain and immutable feedback system about the vaccine.
Soroush Goodarzi, Vahid Kayvanfar, Alireza Haji, Alireza Shirzad
Vaccinating the global population against Covid-19 is one of the biggest supply chain management challenges humanity has ever faced. Rapid supply of Covid-19 vaccines is essential for successful global immunization, but its effectiveness depends on a transparent supply chain that can be monitored. In this research, we have proposed an approach based on blockchain technology, which is used to ensure seamless distribution of the Covid-19 vaccine with transparency, data integrity, and full traceability of the supply chain to reduce risk, ensure safety, and immutability. A vaccine supply chain needs to update the status of the vaccine at every stage, and any problem in the supply and distribution path can lead to irreparable damage. Currently, the research conducted on the use of blockchain in supply chains is still in the early stages. In this paper, the use of blockchain technology to monitor the vaccine supply and distribution system will be investigated. A model close to reality of today's vaccine supply chains in developing countries is considered and then a new intelligent system for vaccine monitoring in the vaccine supply chain is designed based on the considered model. Also, smart contracts based on a blockchain network is designed to check consumer vaccination records as well as vaccine circulation from beginning to end. The implementation and design of the vaccine supply chain is done using smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain network. Additionally, the system has been tested on both local networks, the HardHat suite and Rinkbey's test network. The system has also been developed to work seamlessly when it is using an integrated IoT chip that can automatically update a batch's location, temperature, and other physical conditions periodically.
The healthcare and medicine production goals are to provide quality goods and prevent any counterfeit drugs with the help of the supply chain. The medicine tends to deteriorate its chemical properties when it is exposed to extremely high temperatures or low temperatures beyond its specified optimum level. The optimum temperature should be controlled even when it is subjected to high or low temperatures. When the medicine is exported, the entire flow process from the manufacturer to the customer should be monitored to meet the goals. The principal motive was to solve the issue of the transport of putrescible goods such as medicines, vaccines food products, etc. liable to the changes in the environment which might affect their chemical composition. An RFID tag is employed to track the temperature of the package, during transportation and storage. The components involved are a passive High-Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (HF-RFID) tag kept within the package to read the surrounding temperature, an RFID reader which gets updated with the readings from the tag, a smart device, here, a phone, to access the information graphically via an application and a temperature adjusting installation inside the containment box. Another biggest challenge is to prevent counterfeit drugs. Blockchain technology is proposed to use in the supply chain to prevent data manipulation and data breaching. The blockchain platform along with the Internet of Things (IoT) framework is used to store and secure data at the end of each process in the supply chain and provided to the customers to view.