2008 yılında yayınlanan "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" adlı makale sayesinde bilgi sahibi olduğumuz Bitcoin, bilimsel litaratüre yeni terimler kazandırarak popülerliğini arttırmaktadır. Alternatif sanal para olarak geliştirilen Ethereum, merkezi bir sunucu veya bir kontrol noktaya ihtiyaç duymadan, karşılıklı uçlar arası anonim ve ucuz şekilde varlık transferine olanak sağlayan bir sistemdir. Blokzincir yapısının en yaygın kullanımı olan Bitcoin ve altcoinlerdir. Kripto paralar madencilik olarak adlandırılan ve zorlu bir algoritmanın çözümü ile gerçekleşmektedir. Sistemde yer alan herhangi bir madenci bu çözümü elde etmek için elinde bulunan ekran kartı ve işlemci gücünü kullanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada GPU'ların barındırdığı işlemcilerin, kayan noktalı işlem hesaplamalarında daha verimli olmaları sebebiyle Ethereum madenciliğinde kullanılan çeşitli ekran kartlarının performansları 4 kademeli bir iyileştirme paketi ile artırılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Önerilen iyileştirme metotları için kullanılan ekran kartlarının model ve bellek miktarları şu şekildedir: 4 GB AMD R9 290, 4 GB AMD R9 380, 8 GB AMD R9 390, 4 GB AMD RX 560, 4 GB AMD RX 470, 4 GB AMD RX 480, 4 GB AMD RX 570, 4 GB AMD RX 580, 6 GB NVIDIA GTX1060, 8 GB NVIDIA GTX1070, 8 GB NVIDIA GTX1080. Bu çalışmanın en önemli amacı, Ethereum madenciliğine özgü Ethash özet algoritmasında iyileştirme yöntemleri uygulamaktır. Bu amaçla, AMD ve NVIDIA yonga seti grafik kartlarının daha düşük güç tüketimi ile daha hızlı algoritmalar çözmelerini sağlamak için iyileştirmeler yapılmıştır. Grafik kartları fabrika ayarlarıyla çalıştırıldığında, hiçbiri geçerli döviz kurlarından dolayı fayda getiremeyecek durumdadır. Algoritmanın hızını arttırmanın yanı sıra güç tüketimini azaltmak kar bölgesine geçiş için önemli bir faktör olmuştur. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda elde edilen değerlere bakıldığında yaklaşık % 30 performans artışı görülmüştür. Ayrıca iyileştirme paketi ile ekran kartlarının tükettiği elektrik enerjisi yüzde 20 ile yüzde 30 arası azaltılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ethereum, Blokzincir, Kripto para madenciliği, GPU madenciliği
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Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Currency Recognition and Detection
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Bushra Hameed, Muhammad Murad, Abdul Noman, Muhammad Umar Javed · 8 authors
Blockchain is a decentralized and shared dis-tributed ledger that records the transaction history done by totally different nodes within the whole network. The technology is practically used in the field of education for record-keeping, digital certification, etc. There have already been several papers published on this, but no one can’t find a single paper covering the blockchain-based educational projects. So, There is a gap of latest trends to education. Blockchain-based educational projects resolve the issues of today’s educators. On that basis, we conclude that there is a need for conducting a systematic literature review. This study, therefore, reviews the artistic gap between these two based on educational projects. For this purpose, the paper focuses on exploring some block-chain based projects and protocols that are used in these projects. It also analyses the block-chain features that are being used and the services are offered by the existing educational projects using block-chain features to improve the execution of this technology in education.
The electronic transition has been gaining a large groundin recent decades due to the use of crypto currencies. One of the most popular is Bitcoin. It is open source, the transactions and the issuance of bitcoins occur collectively through the network.The analysis of the behavior of Bitcoin becomes a relevance to the prediction Price and achieve successful investments in it.This review is conducted for the analysis and comparison of the of the different prediction methods focused on the bitcoin price. Anemphasis is placed on those who have a structure as the basis of the ARIMA model, then adding to the hybrid methods, which use neural networks to complete the method.
Anders Stensås, Magnus Frostholm Nygaard, Khine Kyaw, Sirimon Treepongkaruna
This paper investigates whether Bitcoin acts as a diversifier, hedge or safe haven tool for investors in major developed and developing markets, as well as for commodities. This paper employs the GARCH Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) model. The sample covers seven developed and six developing countries, five regional indices and 10 commodity series. The results show that Bitcoin acts as a hedge for investors in most of the developing countries such as Brazil, Russia, India and South Korea, but only as a diversifier for investors in developed countries and for commodities. Moreover, Bitcoin acts as a diversifier for all the 10 commodities studied here. During the US election in 2016, Brexit referendum in 2016, and the burst of Chinese market bubble in 2015, Bitcoin acted as a safe haven asset for both the US and non-US investors. Understanding the role of Bitcoin is important for financial market participants who seek protection against market turmoil and downward movements. Furthermore, our findings would be of interests to regulators and governments to engage in more discussion of the role of Bitcoin in financial markets. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the usefulness of Bitcoin for investments. Furthermore, it distinguishes the benefits of Bitcoin as a diversifier, hedge and safe haven to investors in the developed versus developing markets.
In the last century, the automotive industry has arguably transformed society, being one of the most complex, sophisticated, and technologically advanced industries, with innovations ranging from the hybrid, electric, and self-driving smart cars to the development of IoT-connected cars. Due to its complexity, it requires the involvement of many Industry 4.0 technologies, like robotics, advanced manufacturing systems, cyber-physical systems, or augmented reality. One of the latest technologies that can benefit the automotive industry is blockchain, which can enhance its data security, privacy, anonymity, traceability, accountability, integrity, robustness, transparency, trustworthiness, and authentication, as well as provide long-term sustainability and a higher operational efficiency to the whole industry. This review analyzes the great potential of applying blockchain technologies to the automotive industry emphasizing its cybersecurity features. Thus, the applicability of blockchain is evaluated after examining the state-of-the-art and devising the main stakeholders' current challenges. Furthermore, the article describes the most relevant use cases, since the broad adoption of blockchain unlocks a wide area of short- and medium-term promising automotive applications that can create new business models and even disrupt the car-sharing economy as we know it. Finally, after strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis, some recommendations are enumerated with the aim of guiding researchers and companies in future cyber-resilient automotive industry developments.
Tejasvi Alladi, Vinay Chamola, Reza M. Parizi, Kim‐Kwang Raymond Choo
The potential of blockchain has been extensively discussed in the literature and media mainly in finance and payment industry. One relatively recent trend is at the enterprise-level, where blockchain serves as the infrastructure for internet security and immutability. Emerging application domains include Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Therefore, in this paper, we comprehensively review existing blockchain applications in Industry 4.0 and IIoT settings. Specifically, we present the current research trends in each of the related industrial sectors, as well as successful commercial implementations of blockchain in these relevant sectors. We also discuss industry-specific challenges for the implementation of blockchain in each sector. Further, we present currently open issues in the adoption of the blockchain technology in Industry 4.0 and discuss newer application areas. We hope that our findings pave the way for empowering and facilitating research in this domain, and assist decision-makers in their blockchain adoption and investment in Industry 4.0 and IIoT space.
Blockchain Technology is an emerging technology nowadays. The Blockchain was first used as a Peer-to-Peer ledger for registering Bitcoin transactions. The blockchain is a singly linked list which consists of a number of transactions. The blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger which consists of a number of blocks organized in the form of a chain. A block in blockchain consists of two parts data and hash pointer. The first block in the blockchain is known as genesis block. The transactions and data in the block are secured by cryptography. The data inside a block in blockchain can be anything like bank transactions, backup data etc., which are recorded chronologically and publicly. The Hash pointer of a block is a unique code generated by a hash function like SHA256, SHA-3 etc., the hash function used in bitcoin blockchain. A block consists of a public key and a private key, using hash function digital signature is generated to the block. This is how the data inside the blockchain is so secured. The blocks are added into the blockchain by verifying the transaction in the block, the transactions are verified by miners. The miners use consensus algorithm to solve the blocks.
Digital coin became an interesting subject for research in the last few years. For security reasons, the technical detail of digital coins (for example Bitcoin) are studied to stop security breaches. Bitcoin work dependently on a blockchain. Blockchain holds the record of all user's transactions. The user opens a wallet with public/private key pairs. The user then buy/sell his coin through the wallet. The security of the user's wallet depends on how secure the user's private key. Some people hide bitcoins (which in this case refers to the private key) in their house. Others hide the security key into a plain-text. In this paper we proposed a robust steganography technique to hide bitcoins into steganographic fractals. Steganographic fractal is our novel approach, it is not explored before. The fractal tree is selected for its simple recursive structure. The private-key bit stream is hidden by discretizing the angles and lengths of the tree branches. The tree can then be printed without the fear of being lost or stolen. The proposed approach showed high security and robustness to attacks.
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Over the past few years, Bitcoin has been a topic of interest of many, from academic researchers to trade investors. Bitcoin is the first as well as the most popular cryptocurrency till date. Since its launch in 2009, it has become widely popular amongst various kinds of people for its trading system without the need of a third party and also due to high volatility of Bitcoin price. In this paper, we propose a suitable model that can predict the market price of Bitcoin best by applying a few statistical analysis. Our work is done on four year's bitcoin data from 2013 to 2017 based on time series approaches especially autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and the work finally could acquire an accuracy of 90% for deciding volatility in weighted costs of bitcoin in the short run.
Yury Yanovich, Igor Shiyanov, Timur Myaldzin, Ivan Prokhorov · 6 authors
Counterfeit and unaccounted postage stamps used on mailings cost postal administrations a significant amount of money each year. Corporate and individual clients become victim to stamp fraud and incur losses when security teams investigate such mailings. The blockchain technology is supposed to be a solution to make postage stamps market transparent and to guarantee invariability of stamps volume produced and used. The blockchain-based supply chain for postage stamps is introduced in the article.
The Blockchain is the newest and perspective technology in modern economy. This technology can help to solve different kind of problems in the industrial sphere, such as trust, transparency, security and reliability of data processing. In theory, the use of Blockchain technology shows great and positive results, but what can say about practice? In this paper the description of the Blockchain technology, and it advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. Many already implemented applications of Blockchain technology were studied, as well as affected success or problems factors during the implementations. This paper aim is to analyze conveniences and difficulties, related to the Blockchain integration and implementation in the different fields of modern industry.
Blockchain technology is actually a distributed database technology. It adopts a series of security technologies such as P2P network technology, asymmetric encryption technology and smart contract technology to ensure the security and reliability of transactions. It has advantages of decentralization, anonymity and traceability. In view of the problems existing in the current centralized network transaction mode, this paper creatively proposes the design scheme of “network trading system based on blockchain technology”, and proposes a safe and feasible network transaction system model to ensure the transaction in network data transmission, data processing and other aspects of security. In-depth research and elaboration of some key technologies and principles in the network trading system. Comprehensive application of P2P network technology, asymmetric encryption technology, consensus mechanism, smart contract and other technologies to solve the security problem of network transaction systems. The specific implementation process is given for the transaction system from the aspects of demand analysis, transaction process, interface design, data model design and storage scalability design. Finally, it summarizes the application of blockchain technology in network transactions and points out the future research direction.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Currency Recognition and Detection
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Kyungchan Ko, Chaehyeon Lee, Taeyeol Jeong, James Won‐Ki Hong
On 2017, Bitcoin and Ethereum shocked the world with their coins being traded in coin exchange markets at incredibly high prices around the world. The fervor led to more than 1,700 startups launching ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings) and many more preparing one. Blockchain the fundamental technology behind these cryptocurrencies - is being used by many companies worldwide to solve mathematically meaningful problems. enhance efficiency, save cost and/or generate new revenue. The growing popularity of blockchain has brought about the need for monitoring and analyzing blockchain transactions, nodes, blocks, and smart contracts in order to make sure that the blockchains operate legally, efficiently, and reliably. Various government authorities (police, taxation office, banking and financial) show great interest in monitoring blockchain transactions. In this paper, we present the design of blockchain monitoring and analysis system for collecting and analyzing important aspects of blockchain operations.
The Blockchain technology is not very matured yet, but we cannot underestimate its topicality for modern industry and society. When it appeared first, it was most discussed theme in majority of news and scientific portals. The results of the scientific researches show the big perspective of the use of the Blockchain technology in the different industrial areas. The biggest IT companies develop the Blockchain technology solutions free for use in different spheres. Implementation of these solutions show very positive and fruitful results in different areas of economics. In this paper the description of the Blockchain technology and it's implementation is given. Analyzing numerous applications of the Blockchain technology authors decide the benefits and lucks of it with respect to specific of separate industries.
Ulfah Nadiya, Kusprasapta Mutijarsa, Cahyo Y Rizqi
Blockchain is a distributed database that has advantage of being irreversible, transparent and decentralized. However, beside of its advantages, blockchain still face several challenges, one of them is scalability. One of the scalability challenges is increasing block size for every new transaction. The size of blockchain reached more than 180 GB. The block size will burden the node in conducting transaction verification. To overcome this problem, this paper has an objective to make summary blocks and compression for the summary blocks so that it can increase the space saving of blockchain and make it easier for nodes to verify transactions. The proposed method used for transactions whose entities can be transferred. This method combines block summarization algorithm and deflate compression algorithm. The proposed method applied to Bitcoin blockchain. Space saving is calculated by comparing the total size of original block with the total size of block that has been summarized and the total size of summary block which has been compressed. From the experiment results, the value of space saving for summary blocks is 22.318% and space saving for summary blocks that have been compressed is 78.104%.
The sentiment in Twitter about Bitcoin have direct or indirect influence on overall market value of the Bitcoin. This research is concerned with predicting the volatile price of Bitcoin by analyzing the sentiment in Twitter and to find the relation between them. The tweets of Bitcoin collected from different news account sources are classified to positive or negative sentiments. The obtained percentage of positive and negative tweets are feed to RNN model along with historical price to predict the new price for next time frame. The accuracy for sentiment classification of tweets in two class positive and negative is found to be 81.39 % and the overall price prediction accuracy using RNN is found to be 77.62%.
We study the probabilistic distribution of the confirmation time of Bitcoin transactions, conditional on the current memory pool (i.e., the queue of transactions awaiting confirmation). The results of this paper are particularly interesting for users that want to make a Bitcoin transaction during `heavy-traffic situations', when the transaction demand exceeds the block capacity. In such situations, Bitcoin users tend to bid up the transaction fees, in order to gain priority over other users that pay a lower fee. We argue that the time until a Bitcoin transaction is confirmed can be modelled as a particular stochastic fluid queueing process (to be precise: a Cramér-Lundberg process). We approximate the queueing process in two different ways. The first approach leads to a lower bound on the confirmation probability, which becomes increasingly tight as traffic decreases. The second approach relies on a diffusion approximation with a continuity correction, which becomes increasingly accurate as traffic intensifies. The accuracy of the approximations under different traffic loads are evaluated in a simulation study.
Agri-food trade has a profound impact on social stability and sustainable economic development. However, there are several technological problems in current agricultural product transactions. For example, it is almost impossible to improve the efficiency of transactions and maintain market stability. This paper designs a novel Food Trading System with COnsortium blockchaiN (FTSCON) to eliminate information asymmetry in the food trade, in order to establish a sustainable and credible trading environment, the system uses consortium blockchain technology to meet the challenge of different authentications and permissions for different roles in food trade. Meanwhile, we have used the online double auction mechanism to eliminate competition. We also have designed a improved Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (iPBFT) algorithm to improve efficiency. In addition, a case study based on a series of data from Shandong Province, China indicate that the FTSCON can achieve profit improvement of merchants. Therefore, the proposed system proved to have high commercial value.
Aleksandr Zelensky, Viacheslav Voronin, Evgeny A. Semenishchev, Iliya Svirin · 5 authors
In distributed high-performance systems that allow processing large data sets, the important task is the analysis and verification of the video data. The problem of confirming data is relevant for many areas. The need for this arises when fixing offences, banking, remote management, confirmation of actions, etc. In this paper, we describe an approach to verifying video received by a mobile device like mobile phone, tablet or PC, equipped with a camera and controlled by the operating system (Windows, Android or iOS). The proposed algorithm uses the procedure of entering the Swype code using the movement mobile camera. To improving the accuracy, we use additional information from different mobile sensors like accelerometer, gyro, barometer, and GPS. In the process of data verification, video transmission to the server is not perform what ensures the privacy of the captured video data. The server and mobile device stores data about the file size, the date of its recording, the time, the data device and its position.
Currency Recognition and Detection
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques