Erasmus Mundus Joint International Doctoral Fellow in Law, Science and Technology, European Union, O.I. Konashevych
The use of blockchain technology, in particular, data insertion (anchoring, hashing) in the blockchain as a way of signing documents or imparting legal properties to facts is researched. A comparative analysis of the known methods of using electronic digital signature with the method of inserting data into the blockchain is carried out. The following issues were addressed. What is the data insertion in the blockchain and what properties do the data acquire? What is the difference between insertion, anchoring, and hashing on the blockchain? What is the difference between blockchain hashing and a digital signature on a document? Will the document be legally binding if it is anchored in the blockchain? What conditions must be met to give legal force for the document? How can anchoring be used to sign contracts, certify evidence that has legal value, denote time stamps, confirm authorship and copyrights, as well as transfer them, issue, and transfer power of attorney and delegate other rights, issue and transfer bearer instruments?
This paper discusses a new approach to mobile money, a money transfer solution via mobile phone, which uses accounts associated with SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) identifiers, and which are managed by the Mobile Network Operators (MNOs). The first solution launched in Kenya in 2007, M-PESA is one of the world major mobile money services. Mobile money becomes the new monopoly of MMOs in an economic system where the rate of unbanked adults is very high. Currently in 2019 Orange Money makes nearly 1.5 million transactions per day, which corresponds to a monetary value of nearly 15 billion CFA francs per day. The USSD is the technology at the heart of the Mobile-money transactions. Blockchain, which is the underlying technology of the first crypto currency Bitcoin, has drawn a lot of global attention in recent years. Blockchain does not stop seeing its field of action widen. The field of action of the Blockchain has not yet completed its enlargement. The rate of unbanked is still very high in developing countries; this rate is a factor that does not favor the emergence of the economy. It is necessary to count on the mobile money to skip this obstacle (according to the World Bank) we make here the state of the art on the mobile money and its underlying technologies in the sub-Saharan countries and in Burkina-Faso. We propose a mobile-money solution based on the Blockchain, in order to increase security, trust, and move towards a federation of mobile-money platforms.
Stefano Loss, Nélio Cacho, João Marcos do Valle, Frederico Lopes
Currently, blockchain has been widely used to store decentralised and secure transactions involving cryptocurrency (for instance, Bitcoin solution). On the other hand, smart city applications are concerned about how data and services can be safely stored and shared. In this regard, this article investigates the use of blockchain and pinpoints a set of essential requirements to meet the needs of blockchain for the context of smart cities. Base on that, we propose a platform, named Orthus, to support the use of blockchain in smart city initiatives. We have demonstrated how to use the proposed platform in the context of the Natal Smart City Initiative, in Brazil, to handle land registration. Finally, we compare this platform with other implementations that use blockchain in different domains.
Blockchain is an emerging technology that has many potential applications. The blockchain contains a certain and verifiable record of every single transaction ever made. In this paper, we introduce the application for the prevention of potential plagiarism based on decentralized architecture and public-key cryptosystem, such that no need for trusted third party. We use SHA-256 as hash function and Elliptic Curve as digital signature algorithm. The results show that any attempt to plagiarize a submitted paper will violate the rules. The transmission of a paper is also encrypted through the use of complex cryptographic principles and security algorithms such that nobody can see or alter the paper. Even the reviewer is unable to change the paper because by doing such action the blockchain will report the violation.
Οι υπηρεσίες ονοματοδοσίας παρέχουν τα απαραίτητα θεμέλια για την ανάπτυξη ποικίλων και σημαντικών εφαρμογών, όπως το ηλεκτρονικό εμπόριο και η ηλεκτρονική τραπεζική. Επί του παρόντος, αυτές οι υπηρεσίες ονοματοδοσίας βρίσκονται υπό τον έλεγχο κεντρικοποιημένων οντοτήτων, τις οποίες πρέπει να εμπιστευόμαστε ότι λειτουργούν σωστά. Δυστυχώς, η κεντρικοποίηση (εμπιστοσύνης) επιφέρει πολλά μειονεκτήματα όσον αφορά την ασφάλεια, τη διαθεσιμότητα και την ανοχή σφαλμάτων,όπως φαίνεται από μία πληθώρα περιστατικών ασφάλειας κατά τη διάρκεια των ετών όπου τέτοιες οντότητες έχουν παραβιαστεί. Η αποκέντρωση έχει προταθεί ως εναλλακτική λύση για την αντιμετώπιση αυτών των ζητημάτων. Παρ 'όλα αυτά,η αποκέντρωση εγείρει άλλα προβλήματα όπως, π.χ., η αντιμετώπιση της μη ανταποδοτικότητας και οι Σιβυλλικές επιθέσεις. Σε αυτή τη διατριβή, αξιοποιούμε την επεκτασιμότητα, την ασφάλεια, καθώς και τον ενσωματωμένο μηχανισμό παροχής κινήτρων των συστημάτων blockchain και προτείνουμε τον σχεδιασμό μιας αποκεντρωμένης υπηρεσίας ονοματοδοσίας βασισμένη σε έξυπνα συμβόλαια. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, είμαστε οι πρώτοι που παρουσιάζουμε τον πλήρη φορμαλισμό του προβλήματος σχεδιασμού υπηρεσιών ονοματοδοσίας στο πλαίσιο τoυ μοντέλου Γενικής Σύνθεσης και αποδεικνύουμε την ασφάλεια της κατασκευής μας υπό την ισχυρή υπόθεση RSA στο μοντέλο του Τυχαίου Μαντείου και την ύπαρξη μιας ιδεατής λειτουργικότητας έξυπνου συμβολαίου.Το κύριο εμπόδιο στην πραγματοποίηση μιας υπηρεσίας ονοματοδοσίας βασισμένη σε έξυπνα συμβόλαια είναι το μέγεθος της αποθηκευμένης πληροφορίας σε αυτά η οποία,όντας η πιο δαπανηρή πηγή πρόσβασης και τροποποίησης, θα πρέπει να ελαχιστοποιηθεί για να θεωρηθεί μια κατασκευή βιώσιμη. Επιλύουμε αυτό το ζήτημα ορίζοντας και χρησιμοποιώντας στην υπηρεσία ονοματοδοσίας μας έναν προσθετικό, παγκόσμιο κρυπτογραφικό συσσωρευτή δημόσιας κατάστασης σταθερού μεγέθους, ένα κρυπτογραφικό εργαλείο το οποίο μπορεί να είναι ανεξάρτητου ενδιαφέροντος στο πλαίσιο των πρωτοκόλλων blockchain. Αυτός ο συσσωρευτής προκαλεί αποθήκευση σταθερού μεγέθους πληροφορίας εις βάρος υπολογιστικής πολυπλοκότητας. Για να διερευνήσουμε το αντίκτυπο ανάμεσα σε αυτά τα δύο,προτείνουμε και υλοποιούμε μια δεύτερη κατασκευή, η οποία διατηρεί τις ιδιότητες ασφαλείας της πρώτης και, όπως απεικονίζεται μέσα από την αξιολόγησή μας, είναι η μόνη έκδοση με σταθερού μεγέθους αποθηκευμένη πληροφορία που μπορεί να αναπτυχθεί στη βασική αλυσίδα τουEthereum, της πιο αξιοσημείωτης δημόσιας πλατφόρμας έξυπνων συμβολαίων κατά τη στιγμή αυτής της γραφής. Συγκρίνουμε αυτές τις δύο κατασκευές με την απλή προσέγγιση των περισσότερων προηγούμενων υλοποιήσεων, π.χ., του EthereumName Service, όπου όλα τα αρχεία ταυτότητας αποθηκεύονται πάνω στο έξυπνο συμβόλαιο, για να καταδείξουμε αρκετές ελλείψεις του Ethereumκαι του μοντέλου κοστολόγησής του. Για την αντιμετώπιση αυτών των ζητημάτων, καθώς και άλλων,εισαγάγουμε ένα εναλλακτικό παράδειγμα για την ανάπτυξη εφαρμογών βασισμένες σε έξυπνα συμβόλαια στις οποίες το μέθεγος της αποθηκευμένης πληροφορίας σε αυτά είναι σταθερή και διευκολύνει την επαλήθευση των δεδομένων των εφαρμογών, τα οποία αποθηκεύονται σε και αναζητούνται από ένα εξωτερικό, δυνητικά αναξιόπιστο, δίκτυο αποθήκευσης. Αυτή η προσέγγιση είναι σχετική για ένα ευρύ φάσμα εφαρμογών, όπως κάθε σύστημα αποθήκευσης κλειδιών και τιμών.Δείχνουμε την αποτελεσματικότητα της προσέγγιση μας με την παρουσίαση μιας μελέτης όπου προσαρμόζουμε το πιο ευρέως αναπτυγμένο πρότυπο για ανταλλάξιμα νομίσματα, δηλ., το πρότυπο νομισμάτων ERC20.Αντιμετωπίζουμε τη μονοτονικά αυξανόμενη αποθηκευμένη πληροφορία του Ethereum η οποία, αν δεν ελεγχθεί, θα έχει άμεσο αντίκτυπο στην ασφάλεια του Ethereum και, τελικά, στη μακροζωία του. Εισαγάγουμε επαναλαμβανόμενα τέλη που είναι ανάλογα με την αποθηκευμένη πληροφορία στα έξυπνα συμβόλαια και ρυθμιζόμενα από τους κόμβους που διατηρούν το δίκτυο. Προτείνουμε ένα μοντέλο όπου το κόστος των λειτουργιών αποθήκευσης αντικατοπτρίζει την προσπάθεια που πρέπει να καταβάλουν οι κόμβοι για να τις εκτελέσουν. Δείχνουμε ότι κάτω από ένα τέτοιο σύστημα τιμολόγησης που ενθαρρύνει οικονομία στην αποθηκευμένη πληροφορία στα έξυπνα συμβόλαια, οι κατασκευές που παρουσιάζονται σε αυτή τη διατριβή μειώνουν τα τέλη συναλλαγών κατά μία τάξη μεγέθους. Υποστηρίζουμε ότι αυτές οι βελτιώσεις είναι λογικές για κάθε πλατφόρμα έξυπνων συμβολαίων που επιθυμεί να υποστηρίζει την ανάπτυξη αυθαίρετων κατανεμημένων εφαρμογών από τους χρήστες της.
This article traces the debates occurring in the music industry where blockchain technology surged as an ideal solution for long-standing disagreements over distribution, publishing, licensing, sales, streaming, and listening. The projections (in conferences, media, opinion pieces, and academic reports) started as techno-utopian, but over time the discourse shifted from “radical” to “incorporative” goals. The technological dreams were scaled back as the scope of social challenges to technological solutions became clearer. Borrowing from Clive Barnett’s theory of convening publics, we argue that the role of the blockchain in this environment was not necessarily as a technological solution, but rather as a “convening” force that brought disparate actors together. Nonetheless, we still have to ask, who is invited to convene, and who is left out?
For a better and more sustainable use of irrigation water in this article we present a system that incentivises and rewards virtuous behaviour in agricultural practices in a given multi-actor ecosystem while maintaining yield and improving quality of crops. The ongoing experimentation illustrated here takes place in the Northern Alps region of Italy and is made of IoT monitoring and actuating devices that, with the support of blockchain technologies and smart contracts enable the release of value (monetary or through value-add services) to the contributing actors based on monitored behaviours. Besides the specifics of the particular application the article illustrates how the presented framework could also be the common base for similar type of precision agriculture applications where widespread distributed IoT monitoring technologies and ledgers can be used to incentivise virtuous behaviours and fulfill given stakeholders interests.
In this project, a smart insurance model based on mutual aid, sharing and full transparency is suggested. To develop this model, financial technologies can help. Actually, Blockchain, which is a new technology of data transmission, transparent and secure, has a great potential able to create an enormous progress in the financial sector, particularly for insurance companies. Combining this technology with smart contracts will surely enable them to save time, reduce costs and thus, give a better Customer Service. In this paper, we suggest as example of insurance, a model based on Takaful. For this purpose, we study the suggested model by analyzing the improvements given by blockchain and smart contracts technologies. Then, we analyze model performance to evaluate its impact in the context of different customers and insurance companies, through the software of complex systems simulation “Netlogo”.
Abstract Distributed ledger technologies, and particularly blockchain, have attracted significant attention recently and we believe that it is right time to look back the literature and digest the accumulated knowledge. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the existing knowledge of blockchain technology by surveying the stock of research about this newly rising technology. We conducted a descriptive analysis of current academic and business research on blockchain technology and categorized the studies according to source, field, approach, geography, affiliation, and cryptocurrency-focus. We accompanied this with a global patent publication analysis and presented our insights and takeaways from our analyses.
Sina Rafati Niya, Sebastian Allemann, Arik Gabay, Burkhard Stiller
Data leaks and privacy scandals have been a growing concern of the last decade. While most traditional, i.e., centralized, online platforms require users to register with their personal data, they potentially expose the user's identity and data to be used for unintended purposes. This work proposes TradeMap as an integrated architecture, designing and enabling an online end-to-end (e2e) trading market place, while supporting anonymous management features. TradeMap addresses the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) regulations by designing a FINMA-complaint Know Your Customer (KYC) platform. Additionally, TradeMap is based on blockchains and employs Ethereum Smart Contracts (SC). Thus, trust and anonymity between the market place and the KYC system relies on zero knowledge proof-based SCs used for user identification processes. With this management approach proposed, the user authentication is only verified within the KYC platform, providing a legally valid and fully anonymous online trading platform.
There has been increasing interest in connecting disjointed Electronic Medical Records, mobile health data, and related health data systems for the purpose of improving preventative and precision medicine, while also providing individuals with greater access and control to their data. Blockchains provide data transparency, immutability, and decentralized trust - making them a promising solution to the interoperability and security issues faced by such health data systems. Several papers have proposed the use of blockchain technology in healthcare to determine its viability as a solution and to identify potential applications and challenges. We build upon their work by 1) presenting implementation details related to blockchain applications in health data systems, 2) discussing the security, privacy, and performance trade-offs of each, and 3) identifying a set of research questions regarding the use of blockchain technology in health data systems. We find that blockchain-based healthcare research should place greater emphasis on real-world deployments and testing, smart-contract security, efficient and usable audit tools, blockchain governance, and adherence to healthcare data regulations and standards.
Abstract Using a recent philosophical account of trustworthiness, the author evaluates whether Bitcoin can be considered trustworthy in each of its three most common uses: as a medium of exchange, as a store of value, and as a speculative investment. Primarily because the entity that controls Bitcoin, its community of users, does not take actions to stabilize and secure the cryptocurrency – that is, in the manner that nations’ monetary policies can stabilize and secure national currencies – the author evaluates Bitcoin as untrustworthy. The author then offer an argument that its untrustworthiness undermines Bitcoin’s ability to serve both as medium of exchange and as store of value. Bitcoin’s untrustworthiness does not, however, undermine its usefulness as a speculative investment. Finally, the author discuss the extent to which – and how – other cryptocurrencies can avoid the evaluation that they are untrustworthy.
Blockchain has been receiving considerable attention from the research community lately. Several research efforts have proposed the use of blockchain in many application domains. Not all of these application areas have received the same level of blockchain attention however and, for some of the applications, blockchain investigation has even stopped. Blockchain has the ability to shape the future, but not in all applications and topics. We explored those application areas that have not received much blockchain attention so that we can focus more on the application domains that have strong potential to reach the customer and have a high impact on the market. Based on our quantitative evaluation of blockchain applications and topics, we recommend those that need further investigation and implementation.
Muskan Vinayak, Saulo dos Santos, Ruppa K. Thulasiram, Parimala Thulasiraman · 5 authors
Blockchain technology is disrupting current business models and practices by making intermediary services obsolete and the term has become a buzzword worldwide. One particular area based on the distributed ledger technology that has grabbed the attention of many financial businesses is "Smart Contracts". A lot of research is going on to harness its full potential in many fronts from small to large financial businesses. Currently, the Collateral Smart Contract Services (CSCS) are manually processed in financial institutions. The main objective of this research is to help financial institutions in choosing the most appropriate financial instrument for CSCS and allow its automated trading using blockchain technology, which we have achieved on one of the prominent blockchain platforms. We have designed a Chaincode for CSCS using Hyperledger Fabric, maintaining a transparent distributed ledger for the CSCS between financial institutions. The clients in the network are permissioned and possess certificates that they utilize to interact with the Hyperledger Fabric network. Go programming language has been used to create contracts on Hyperledger Fabric. One of the main challenges in the implementation has been to identify different elements that are required to get the network and chaincode running on the Hyperledger. We have designed a network consisting of multiple organizations each one connecting with other organizations for the Hyperledger transactions, for achieving collateral services among these institutions. The experimental evaluation criteria designed for this study could be used as formal procedure for designing financial smart contracts on Hyperledger.
The spread of distributed ledger technology (DLT) in finance could help to improve the efficiency and quality of supervision. This paper makes the case for embedded supervision, i.e., a regulatory framework that provides for compliance in tokenised markets to be automatically monitored by reading the market's ledger, thus reducing the need for firms to actively collect, verify and deliver data. After sketching out a design for such schemes, the paper explores the conditions under which distributed ledger data might be used to monitor compliance. To this end, a decentralised market is modelled that replaces today's intermediary-based verification of legal data with blockchain-enabled data credibility based on economic consensus. The key results set out the conditions under which the market's economic consensus would be strong enough to guarantee that transactions are economically final, so that supervisors can trust the distributed ledger's data. The paper concludes with a discussion of the legislative and operational requirements that would promote low-cost supervision and a level playing field for small and large firms.
ABSTRACT Recently, accounting academics have reported increased attention in the accounting profession toward the employment of various technologies. These studies only highlight the exploitation of these technologies in the profession and areas for future research, while missing the need for modernizing the accounting curriculum to meet the industry's technological needs. This paper follows an integrated model for curriculum redesign to reflect blockchain technology, business data analytics, and artificial intelligence employment in the accounting profession. By building on the main four educational curricula designs components, we propose ways to incorporate these technologies into the accounting curriculum. Current industry implementation of new technologies should be considered by academia when designing accounting curriculum to prepare graduates for the market and to ensure their employability. This paper calls for radical changes in the accounting curriculum to reach a balance between existing accounting knowledge and information technology skills relevant to the profession. JEL Classifications: M4; I23; O33.
We develop a blockchain-based mobile ticketing system which utilizes smart contracts and multi-signature to enforce and authorize the executions of transactions. The transactions of buying and using mobile tickets are verified by the blockchain, and the immutable ledger and multi-signature on the blockchain ensures the authenticity and security of the tickets. The experimental results show that the proposed system is very efficient and requires only a nominal cost.
Blockchain is one of the most splendid technologies in today's industrial sector which is going to disrupt various sectors and the way the process, product and services have been done today. Both government, corporate and institutions started exploring the opportunities in blockchain technology which paves a fresh route for beneficial growth and development in this industry. The strategy taken by Indian Government on the development and application of Blockchain started with the ‘Indiachain’ – colossal blockchain pilot project of NITI Aayog through which government is going to use blockchain for land records, identity management, supply chain management, benefit distribution, power distribution, educational certificates, and cross border finance. It will help all stakeholders enormously in terms of enforcing contracts quickly and prevent fraud and efficient disbursement of subsidies. Further through regulatory sandbox it will test the work possibilities and facilities in blockchain through pilot project. New kind of business model and process will be implemented with the use of blockchain technology. This paper reviews the concept of Blockchain and analyse the available and prospective Blockchain technology use cases and its application at global level, technology providers and stakeholders. This paper covers the adoption policy framework of India, current development and application of Blockchain technology in various sectors of business in India and highlights the changing business model for its adoption.
Crowdfunding has revolutionized the way of raising funds for not only start-ups but for all traditional or existing businesses. Crowdfunding made it easy for fundraisers to raise funds as they don’t have to knock on doors of banks and financers and get the desired amount in return of interest or offering equity or even through donation, or reward. Blockchain, on the hand, is decentralizing the system of records and control which makes crowdfunding more transparent and secure. Though a number of blockchain-based crowdfunding platforms are already doing good business and they vary in crypto, model and type of crowdfunding. The study is conducted on a very new blockchain-based crowdfunding platform, WHIRL. The unique and different in this model is the model, “pay-it-forward” itself. The model assures that members will get their legit project funded after they help other projects succeed. The study also highlights some thoughts from the Executive Board of Directors and co-founders after doing a brief discussion with them.
A protocol for enabling smart, social currency for publishers and content businesses across the internet 1 Delegated Proof of Stake Position Paper.Grigg, 2017.https://steemit
Cleverence Kombe, Anael Sam, Mussa Ally, Auvo Finne
Background: Blockchain technology is a distributed electronic ledger containing digital records, transactions or events that are protected with advanced encryptions, extremely hard to tamper, and updateable through a consensus algorithm agreeable to all connected network nodes. In Sub-Sahara Africa, the technology has started to be adopted in real estate, supply chain, agriculture, and financial sector. Unfortunately, there is a lack of effort in introducing this technology in the healthcare sector. Therefore, this study aims to explore the issues facing electronic healthcare systems in Sub-Sahara Africa taking Tanzania as a case study and introduce blockchain-based solutions for the discovered issues.
Methods: The study used qualitative methods for data collection and analysis. Data were collected through interviews, observation and documentary analysis. Interviews were done with the sample size of 50 participants who were selected from groups of healthcare facility leaders, ICT experts, government representatives, doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians, pharmacists, accountants, and receptionists. Direct observation and participatory observation were used to assess different electronic healthcare records systems’ functions. Moreover, researchers used document analysis to collect data from public records (like policy manuals), personal documents (like incident reports), and physical evidence (like training materials and handbooks). NVivo 11 software was applied in managing and organizing data analysis.
Results: Out of 710 healthcare facilities involved in this study, 34.5% fully implemented electronic healthcare records systems and 78% installed Mfumo wa Taarifa za Uendeshaji Huduma za Afya (MTUHA) also known as (District Health Information Software (DHIS) II). The findings showed that the issues facing electronic healthcare records are; difficulties in taking care of the patients’ private information, problems in safely sharing medical information between healthcare facilities, bandwidth issues, and improper handling of data integrity.
Conclusion: The existing issues facing electronic healthcare records systems can be tackled through blockchain based solutions like self-sovereign identity and sharing and storing patients’ medical data securely in blockchain ledgers and interplanetary file system. Therefore, healthcare facilities owners are recommended to use the findings of this study to elucidate the existing issues. In the future, this study will develop the recommended systems for developing countries environment.
Francis Berenger, Marcia Penna, Sandra Regina da Rocha-Pinto, Leonardo Lima Gomes
A DAO ( Decentralized Autonomous Organization ) e um modelo autonomo, descentralizado e automatizado baseado em uma tecnologia digital emergente que possibilita a seus membros associados relacionarem-se entre si sem que haja intermediacao de pessoas ou entidades externas. A adocao de modelos DAO vem sendo ampliada, a partir da difusao de tecnologia do blockchain e com o uso de smart contracts que sao artefatos digitais autoexecutaveis. Abre-se, entao, um novo locus para a investigacao de fenomenos ainda pouco explorados sob a lente das dinâmicas das rotinas organizacionais. A principal conclusao do estudo e a confirmacao da importância do artefato nas dinâmicas das rotinas em modelos que utilizam artefatos digitais de forma intensa. Alem disso, assuntos como materialidade dos artefatos e actância parecem ser de interesse especial dentro dessas novas formas organizacionais. Propoe-se assim, o aprofundamento do estudo de novos modelos organizacionais e suas relacoes com os artefatos digitais.
Challenges presented as a result of emerging technologies and the developments revolving around the financial environment, as well as the need to design tools and techniques which can accommodate and realize potential and intended benefits of Distributed Ledger Technologies, are considered in this section of the volume.
Even though it might be expected that internal controls and corporate governance related matters would influence and dominate main concerns relating to implementation of emerging technologies, it appears from recent surveys and statistics that employing staff and employees with adequate skills and expertise, as well as concerns relating to those risks emanating from cyber risks constitute and generate the greatest levels of concerns for industry experts and professionals.
Designing tool and techniques which can accommodate and adapt to – as well as ensure that enterprise programs and systems are able to align with the demands presented by emerging technologies, back up plans, namely internal control measures should constitute or rather, also embody part of the fore of concerns in a changing business and financial environment.
The Future of Forensic Accounting – particularly Computer Forensics, in becoming more engaged in Distributed Ledger Technology Designs – particularly in matters relating to internal control systems and designs – as a means of more effectively addressing associated risks attributed to crypto currencies and other emerging technologies is also considered in this section of the volume.
Rongen Zhang, Amrita George, Jongwoo Kim, Veneetia Johnson · 5 authors
BACKGROUND: The potential of blockchain technology to achieve strategic goals, such as value-based care, is increasingly being recognized by both researchers and practitioners. However, current research and practices lack comprehensive approaches for evaluating the benefits of blockchain applications. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to develop a framework for holistically assessing the performance of blockchain initiatives in providing value-based care by extending the existing balanced scorecard (BSC) evaluation framework. METHODS: Based on a review of the literature on value-based health care, blockchain technology, and methods for evaluating initiatives in disruptive technologies, we propose an extended BSC method for holistically evaluating blockchain applications in the provision of value-based health care. The proposed method extends the BSC framework, which has been extensively used to measure both financial and nonfinancial performance of organizations. The usefulness of our proposed framework is further demonstrated via a case study. RESULTS: We describe the extended BSC framework, which includes five perspectives (both financial and nonfinancial) from which to assess the appropriateness and performance of blockchain initiatives in the health care domain. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed framework moves us toward a holistic evaluation of both the financial and nonfinancial benefits of blockchain initiatives in the context of value-based care and its provision.