Healthcare is the fastest growing sector that implements the latest technologies for providing healthcare services. Most of the IoMT healthcare systems are using cloud-based systems for providing smart healthcare services. Fog Computing is introduced in loT-based healthcare environments to reduce the additional computing and storage required by cloud servers. Healthcare 4.0 focuses on a smart environment that guarantees security, privacy, reliability, integrity, easy access, trust, transparency, faster processing, etc. Blockchain-integrated IoT-fog systems are used for providing security, and privacy and avoiding single-point failure in healthcare systems. In this paper, we have proposed a Blockchain-Fog-IoMT framework for faster processing of healthcare data and reducing the storage and processing overhead on the cloud server. We have also minimized the latency, resource utilization and response time with the implementation of fog computing at the nearest network of the user devices. Ethereum Blockchain and smart contract has been integrated with our system to address the security, privacy, scalability, transparency, reliability, and interoperability challenges. Block validation and transaction validation are done with the use of proof-of-work. Moreover, this model helps to create a decentralized platform for providing healthcare services, facilitates remote-patient tracking and monitoring, and is cost-effective.
Blockchain network is defined as interconnection of many computers, and each and every computer holds the copy of the ledger. It can be observed as continuously budding chain of blocks, and blocks are interconnected with the support of hash function. Validating of new blocks is followed by a set of protocols and consensus mechanism from every node in the network. The records are kept and arranged in linear fashion chain. The main feature of the Blockchain technology is that it allows secure communication between untrusted parties without the involvement of any third party authority. Artificial intelligence, which emulates the human intelligence, is impacting heavily on the business and social media applications nowadays. Machine learning which is the subset AI, automatically learns and improve based on input data. Whereas deep learning which is subset of machine learning uses networks to identify complex patterns in data. The basic approach of machine learning is to collect and analyze the data at central location like server. But in today’s scenario the data is decentralized and emerges from multiple sources. Hence the need of distributed machine learning algorithms in many applications is required. ML can be used to make chain smarter than before. By making use of decentralized data architecture of Blockchain we can build good models of machine learning. This paper investigates the possibility of integrating Blockchain Technology and Machine learning for optimization and improvement of Warehouse operations at data and transactions levels by providing security processes needed for smart and secure warehouse system.
<abstract><p>The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) significantly impacts our healthcare system because it allows us to track and verify patient medical data before storing it in the cloud for future use. A rapidly expanding platform like IoMT requires high security to keep all data safe. The patient's prescription history and other sensitive information must be encrypted and managed with great care. Nevertheless, it is challenging to determine what data uses are acceptable while protecting patient privacy and security. Understanding the limits of current technologies and envisioning future research paths is crucial for establishing a safe and reliable data environment. An untrustworthy person can communicate with a trustworthy person via blockchain, a decentralized digital ledger that allows for end-to-end communication. Therefore, this research suggests that the healthcare industry with blockchain-integrated cyber-security based on artificial intelligence (BICS-AI) in medical care to preserve medical-related things. Blockchain applications have the potential to consistently identify the most severe, potentially life-threatening mistakes in the medical field. The use of blockchain for decentralized data protection helps to protect patient health records from compromise. With the help of an access control provider (ACP), here came up with a lightweight solution that addresses this issue by allowing the delegating of security operations. Medical data from IoMT and integrated devices can be collected and stored securely and distributed using a conventional in-depth approach combined with blockchain, making it suitable for healthcare professionals such as nursing homes, hospitals, and the healthcare industry where data exchange is required. The research findings indicate that the suggested system is viable and has a 94.84$ \% $ security rate, a security performance of 96.4$ \% $, a success rate of 89.9$ \% $, and a 5.1$ \% $ latency rate compared to traditional methods.</p></abstract>
The Internet of Things and blockchain technology will be the focus of this research. This study looks at issues of security and privacy. The main challenges it faces, as well as the possibility of using it to improve bitcoin transactions for businesses, are the focus points. The blockchain concept is a distributed ledger with decentralization and data that is dispersed evenly across all nodes in the chain. In terms of data security, the blockchain ensures all three components of the CIA trinity by maintaining data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Initially, the significance of this technique was limited to crypto currency because it is a one-way function that prevents any type of record fabrication. This concept is currently widely used in medical and public health data security, and many financial institutions, such as Citi Bank, are exploring employing block chain technology to create a breakthrough in the financial realm. This research is a comprehensive review of the literature on the significance of blockchain technology, as well as the security and privacy issues that this technology now faces.
Digitalization has become a crucial part of healthcare 4.0 by transforming systems such as electronic health records (EHR), electronic medical records (EMR), and electronic personal medical records (ePHR). Healthcare 4.0 is derived from industry 4.0 and aims to enhance collaboration, virtualization, coherence, and convergence, which helps transform modern healthcare into more personalized and predictive. Healthcare 4.0 also aims to develop digital enablers which will support coordination among various stakeholders and seamless information flow in the patient journey towards wellbeing. These systems enhance patient care through the timely sharing of patient data across different providers globally. Timely sharing helps, but it also makes the electronic system vulnerable to alteration and breaches. In healthcare, blockchain application is widely used in various areas, such as health information exchange, pharmaceutical counterfeit, clinical trials, health supply chain management, patient data management, insurance claims, and product recall in case of adverse events. This research paper aims to identify how blockchain technology can help enhance the privacy and security of electronic health record systems. This paper discusses various blockchain-based systems, which provide a more efficient and secure option than client-server architecture-based traditional EHR systems.
H. Shaheen, A. Mohanraj, Meesala Shobha Rani, S Sreeraj · 6 authors
The motto behind the keenness of urban areas has become unmistakable in current cities because of the rise of installed and associated shrewd gadgets, frameworks, and innovations. It is possible to connect every object to the Internet. As a result, in the impending Internet of Things era, the “Internet of Vehicles-IoV” will play a critical role in newly developed dazzling urban communities. The IoV can possibly address different traffic and street wellbeing issues successfully to forestall deadly crashes. In any case, a specific test of IoV, particularly in “Vehicle-to-Vehicle” as well as “Vehicle-to-Infrastructure” communications, guarantees quick, in order to transmit securely and exact performance of the information. The above effort is modifying Blockchain innovation for continuous application called RTA to meet “Vehicle-to-Every thing-V2x” communications problems in order to overcome these challenges. As a result, the main goal of the study is to develop a Blockchain-based IoT framework for establishing communication security and creating a completely decentralized computing platform. Research methodology used here is divided into two major sections. In the part 1 presented below, authors discuss the traceability and optimization over Merkle trees. The second section deals with implementing an actual blockchain with our optimized Merkle tree as the underlying technology to represent a distributed trust based ledger.
Decentralization, autonomy, integrity, immutability, verification, fault tolerance, anonymity, auditability, and transparency are all desirable qualities in a system, and all of them are present in blockchain. In this paper, we first conduct a more in-depth survey of blockchain technology, focusing on its origins, the quantitative comparisons of consensus algorithms, the specifics of the cryptography employed in the blockchain (including public key cryptography, Zero-Knowledge Proofs, and hash functions), and the exhaustive list of use cases. Moreover, this study focuses on the blockchain's security measures. In specifically, we use a risk-based approach to evaluate blockchain security, developing a taxonomy of blockchain security risks, examining actual attacks and defects, and summarising newly created blockchain security solutions. We conclude with a discussion of the obstacles and emerging research trends that must be overcome to develop blockchain systems that are both scalable and secure enough for large-scale deployments.
Shadab Alam, Mohammed Shuaib, Sadaf Ahmad, Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody · 7 authors
The Internet of Things (IoT) has radically transformed how patient information and healthcare monitoring are monitored and recorded and has revolutionized the area by ensuring regular 24 × 7 tracking without costly and restricted human resources and with a low mistake probability. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a subsection of the Internet of things (IoT) that uses medical equipment as things or nodes to enable cost-effective and efficient patient monitoring and recording. The IoMT can cope with a wide range of problems, including observing patients in hospitals, monitoring patients in their homes, and assisting consulting physicians and nurses in monitoring health conditions at regular intervals and issuing warning signals if emergency care is necessary. EEG signals, electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood sugar levels, blood pressure levels, and other conditions can be examined. In crucial situations, quick and real-time analysis is essential, and failure to provide careful attention can be fatal. A cloud-based IoT platform cannot handle these latency-sensitive conditions. Fog computing (FC) is a novel paradigm for assigning, processing, and storing resources to IoT devices with limited resources. Where substantial processing power or storage is required, all nodes in a fog computing scheme can delegate their jobs to local fog nodes rather than forwarding them to the cloud module at a greater distance. Identifying potential security risks and putting in place adequate security measures are critical. This work aims to examine a blockchain (BC) as a potential tool for mitigating the impact of these difficulties in conjunction with fog computing. This research shows that blockchain can overcome fog computing’s privacy and security concerns. It also discusses blockchain’s issues and limitations from the perspective of fog computing (FC) and the IoMT.
S. Mohammadali Zanjani, S. Mohammadali Zanjani, Hossein Shahinzadeh, Zohreh Rezaei · 6 authors
Different organizations and service providers have defined, implemented, and recognized the IoT architecture in different ways. But the core architecture of IoT remains the same across all implementations and business models. The main architecture of the IoT system can be understood from a four-layer model: IoT devices and gateways, communication network, Cloud or server, and IoT application. Various methods have been presented for the way of information exchange, the amount of information exchanged, and the processing location of big data collected by the components of the Internet of Things or sensors. In this paper, while examining and analyzing the various methods of big data, such as cloud processing and fog processing, the corresponding pros and cons are reviewed. In a general way, by using the possibilities and potential of blockchain, it is tried to introduce a new method for analyzing big data on the Internet. Objects using the blockchain platform. In this method, in order to solve the problem of centralized storage of data generated in the IoT and to increase the fault tolerance and cost-effectiveness of the design, the method of storage in network sensors is considered, and to increase the reliability and reduce the volume of information transferred on the Internet network platform, processing It is proposed on the blockchain based on the requests received.
Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have created a big revolution in the ICT industries. It’s has penetrated in almost all sectors including healthcare, manufacturing, education, agriculture, etc. However, there are many challenges facing the IoT implementations due to its centralized server/client model. Many of the technologies in IoT is based on centralized model which introduce a new set of technical limitations to manage them. These includes traffic congestion when the server couldn’t support the large number of request from clients and when the server is down, client request cannot be met. Shifting IoT systems into the decentralized systems is one of the potential solution and Blockchain is the best option for decentralization. Blockchain technology decentralizes computation and management processes and can solve many IoT issues including security. A generalized IoT-based Blockchain architecture for Smart Agriculture application is proposed. Furthermore, the opportunities and challenges based on this architecture is discussed in detail.
In the last few years, technological development has multiplied. New technologies are affecting almost every industry. One of these which noticed the abrupt change in their ecosystem is the healthcare industry. As this industry has a direct impact on the human lives so adoption of new technology is not so easy. Proper testing and trials are performed before amalgamating any new technology with the healthcare system. Emerging technologies are being employed to deliver better health-related services to patients. Different communication and information collection technologies are used to maintain and access patients' health data to authorized users. But with the employment of technology, health data security and privacy-related issues are increasing. Maintaining trust among multiple entities of the healthcare system is a challenging task. One emerging technology, distributed ledger technology (DLT), is creating some hope for resolving the fears mentioned above of the healthcare ecosystem. Attributes like Security, privacy and authentication can be enhanced by integrating this technology with the healthcare ecosystem. This study examines the role of distributed ledger technology in the healthcare system while highlighting how some aspects of this disruptive technology can completely alter current business practices. To achieve this, the theoretical foundations of numerous research papers published in prestigious scientific journals and several reports from industries are included in this survey. This helps to streamline our analysis and fully capture the constantly expanding blockchain domain. This survey also identifies several research holes and prospective areas for further study using these findings as a starting point. Both academics and practitioners should find great value in these discoveries. This survey presents a comprehensive evaluation of current DLT- supported approaches in the healthcare system. and provides benefits and limitations of the recent work. This survey also emphasizes the essential security needs for a healthcare ecosystem and discusses the security flaws with existing methods.
Madeleine B. P. Vega, António Mauro Saraiva, Marcos A. Simplício, Bruno Albertini · 5 authors
International health organizations advocate for health care with greater quality and safety, reflecting population needs. However, current health services are inefficient, facing problems of inadequate treatment, human resources, infrastructure, and high costs. Digital health technologies play an increasingly important role in healthcare services such as remote care and vital signs monitoring. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)., which is a customized version of the Internet of Things (IoT), is increasingly important as it interconnects different medical devices, sensors, patients, and doctors, among others. This brings several benefits in improving health services. Nevertheless, in the IoMT environment, there are several challenges to overcome. Blockchain technology, a distributed ledger, with its Immutability, transparency, and anonymity features, is being used in IoMT to help overcome these challenges. In this paper, a systematic review was carried out to identify the research topics of blockchain application in IoMT., the challenges in IoMT., how blockchain helps to overcome them, and the maturity stage of those works. The review results allowed us to identify five research topics in which the main ones are authentication and intrusion detection. This review shows an overview of current research on this subject, giving the possibility of directing other research works, or optimizing the existing ones.
Nowadays, health data are fragmented and scattered across various systems and technologies. Complex support infrastructures, data system silos, and administrative bureaucracy have led to inefficiencies and inefficacies. This article aims to propose a blockchain platform to share big health data in real time between the authorized actors while ensuring a high level of health information protection. The proposed platform can offer a highly innovative approach to administering benefits and keeping all parties in sync. Implementing a blockchain for managing health data is a valuable support for diagnosing and monitoring the progress of the therapies of individual patients under treatment. In addition, it helps to reduce the time required for the exchange of information and keep the healthcare operations under control. Healthcare organizations and ecosystems will benefit from having a complete picture of a patient's health condition and reaching a global audience through the blockchain platform.
Abstract Disruptive innovation has extensively changed human interactions, market trends and other aspects such as transportation and communication. Over last decade many new technologies (artificial intelligence, block chain technology, Internet-Of-Things) has changed the way world do business. These new technologies are playing an important role in increasing efficiency and effectiveness in businesses around the world. This paper focuses on application of blockchain technology and use of distributed ledgers to leverage process safety and integrity management program. The focus of safety management system is to evaluate hazards and decrease risks with an assurance that the identified safeguards are effective. All the elements of process safety management program are interlinked so failure or gap in one element will adversely affect the efficacy of the overall process safety management program. The effectiveness of a process safety management depends on many factors such as management support, personnel participation, effective and tamper-proof data management and reporting. So, it takes considerable number of resources to set up and manage these systems. This paper explores use of blockchain and distributed ledgers to effectively manage elements of process safety management program with major focus around integrity management for oil and gas industry. The paper focuses on core 6 elements however the discussion could be applied for the other elements of the process safety management program. This paper provides an overview application of blockchain to different elements of process safety management program discussing the pros and cons. The paper provides a detailed scoping of application of blockchain and distributed ledgers for integrity management program.
Abhiram Puranik, Akanksha V Akkihal, Prasad B. Honnavalli, Sivaraman Eswaran
Individual medical records have a high priority of integrity and security, yet they are vulnerable to data breaches and manipulation. It’s vital to communicate these data in a secure and safe manner. To overcome this problem, the proposed solution named, CoreMedi, uses blockchain technology to store and share medical data. Data stored on blockchain is immutable, verifiable and transparent (based on accessibility). As data cannot be altered on blockchain, the rate of fraud may be drastically decreased. With the help of smart contracts which are small pieces of code that run on blockchain, a Decentralized Application (DApps) is designed and implemented that enables patients/individuals to store and share medical records securely. Users may share their medical history, medications, and personal data with a specific medical personnel on the same blockchain network using CoreMedi, a Decentralized Web application. The application is implemented with React as frontend and the backend infrastructure uses Ethereum solidity smart contracts. The process of running a blockchain application is not simple because the users must be willing to spend crytpocurrencies as gas fees, as this is the way to maintain the network with no single organization having control.
Abdul Rehman, Saima Abdullah, Muqaddas Fatima, Muhammad Waseem Iqbal · 7 authors
With the advancement of new technology, security is the biggest issue nowadays. To solve security problems, blockchain technology will be used. In recent work, most of the work has been done on homogeneous systems, but in our research, the primary focus is on the security of wireless sensor networks using blockchain. Over the last few decades, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been the most advancing technology due to the number of intelligent devices and associated technologies that have rapidly grown in every field of the world, such as smart cities, education, agriculture, banking, healthcare, etc. Many of the applications are developing by using IoT technologies for real-time monitoring. Because of storage capacity or low processing power, smart devices or gadgets are vulnerable to attack as existing cryptography techniques or security are insufficient. In this research work, firstly, we review and identify the privacy and security issues in the IoT system. Secondly, there is a solution for the security issues, which is resolved by blockchain technology. We will check the wireless sensor network to see how data work on distributed or decentralized network architecture. Wireless sensor network clustering technique was introduced by researchers for network efficiency because when the workload spreads, the system will work faster and more efficiently. A cluster comprises a number of nodes, and the cluster head manages the local interactions between the nodes in the cluster (CH). In general, cluster members connect with the cluster head, and the cluster head aggregates and fuses the data acquired in order to save energy. Before approaching the sink, the cluster heads may additionally create another layer of clusters among themselves. The clustering concept divides data traffic into several groups similar to the other data points in the same data point. In contrast, this data point is dissimilar from other data points in another group. All results are presented at the end of this study paper, in which we will see the network or nodes’ performance in the specific area of the network, how it works, and how efficient it is. Likewise, Blockchain also works in a distributed manner.
Adil El Mane, Younes Chihab, Khalid Tatane, Redouan Korchiyne
Since the commercialization of agriculture technology, there has been a surge in interest in agricultural data. However, these data are notoriously chaotic, and analysts are concerned about their authenticity because there is a big possibility that others may have influenced data quality at various points along the data stream. This article suggests a new blockchain architecture to protect the integrity of agricultural data. The goal of this architecture is to provide farmers with safe storage. The agriculture data inserted cannot be modified without some rules. Many procedures are completed automatically using smart contracts to limit the danger of manipulation. One of the suggested architectures is the proof of concept. It connects a traditional farm system with the blockchain accompanied by smart contracts to facilitate the entire agri-supply chain. The conceptual architecture will eliminate the flaws discovered in prior studies. Sensors are used in this approach to provide us with environmental data. As a result, we store our data in blocks using the blockchain system. Then, we built some unique agricultural smart contracts to handle all transactions and automatize decisions based on the source code of these automated contracts. This strategy would be more efficient and secure.
Blockchain, also known as distributed ledger technology, is considered to have the potential to cause significant economic, political, and social transformations in India. Blockchain technology has been most helpful in understanding the source and journey of produce in agriculture. This is vital for farmers and consumers: it authorizes farmers to bargain for better prices throughout the supply chain while giving consumers confidence in knowing exactly where the produce comes from. This is crucial considering the growing lack of trust in sourcing produce sold in markets. While still challenged with fundamental limitations, Blockchain technology is a transformative Information and Communications Technology (ICT) that has changed our notion of trust. Improved efficiencies for sustainable agricultural development have been demonstrated when ICT-enabled farms have access to knowledge banks and other digital resources. The visible effects of this technology are already being noted there. This paper presents early evidence linking the use of blockchain in overcoming agricultural challenges facing India. The paper examines blockchain technology's impact and critical applications in agriculture and the food supply chain. It demonstrates how blockchain can help promote transparency, build trust and reputation, and enhance transaction efficiency. This paper looks at opportunities and key triggers for blockchain diffusion in agricultural practices in India. It also delves into challenges and obstacles developing economies will likely encounter in using blockchain.
Blockchain technology has recently paved a significant role for a broad range of uses where data distribution and sharing are the primary issues. This ledger technology enables the safe interchange of medical data in the healthcare industry. The primary goal of this study is to examining the research on blockchain technology utilization in the healthcare industry. The literature was reviewed on popular databases like IEEE Xplore, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The major findings of this study are that majority of the scientists are using the Ethereum platform for blockchain simulations that suffers from scalability issues. This study also found that still there is a need to explore IoT and blockchain based healthcare solutions on Hyperledger fabric.
Blockchain technology is recognised as being a key focus when it comes to modern-day studies and interest on a global scale, with the new block of transactions responsible for the continued growth and expansion of a distributed ledger that details transactional data, complete with immutable and verifiable structures. A greater degree of transparency, privacy, security, and traceability is provided by blockchain when a comparison is drawn with more conventional strategies. As a result of its secure and more progressive elements, blockchain is applied in a number of different arenas, including digital transactions, education, the healthcare industry, the Internet of Things (IoT), trade finance, and the training sector. Importantly, a notable effect on all applied fields has been witnessed as a result of blockchain technology, with data and transactional reliability, as well as privacy, recognised as the most important aspects when it comes to data-sharing in the training arena specifically. Very few models and frameworks are aligned with the guidelines put forth in this sector; as such, this report seeks to consider the pressing need to determine a model and framework to facilitate the sharing of data between training providers in line with the IoT. This study, therefore, centres on the creation of a blockchain model, with the creation of a sole recognition system for professionals seen to be advantageous for all such providers, specifically in the mind of providing a greater degree of clarity and simplification to the system in line with the IoT. The suggested model is focused on a number of different elements that have been identified as a result of studied theories, with consideration of the three different standpoints and professional assessments of 16 unique items.