R Dhanvardini, Pa Martina, Ritesh Vijay, Rengarajan Amirtharajan · 5 authors
Websites and Web apps have become increasingly crucial over the past decade to daily life. Over the last ten years, websites have increased from three million to over 1.7 billion. Modern centralised digital marketplaces and enterprises provide consumers with an alternative method of selling and purchasing items conveniently. However, disadvantages among the marketplaces include the platform’s potential to arbitrarily block merchants, the fees associated with listing and selling products on the site, and the lack of user data privacy. In this, we propose and demonstrate a decentralised application that takes advantage of the Ethereum blockchain to address all these issues. The Truffle development framework was employed in the creation of the application. An Ethereum smart contract later migrated to the Ethereum network comprised the application’s features. The web3.js API (Application Program Interface) was used to send the user’s input to the Ethereum network after being received through a web interface. The users involved will be able to do transactions with the help of an interactive user interface. The interfacing is done using the Truffle framework, and the transactions are made through MetaMask, where ETH tokens are used. The dApp is created using JavaScript and React JS library. Thus, the integration of the blockchain and with front-end application by interfacing it with web 3.0 helps create a secured, immutable, trusted, and easy-to-use e-commerce website.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Digital Platforms and Economics
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Kripto paralar, dünyada son yıllarda ortaya çıkan ve klasik para anlayışından farklı olarak hızlı bir şekilde yaygınlaşmış ve alternatif yeni bir değişim ve yatırım aracı olmuştur. Gelişmiş ülkelerde kağıt para ile yapılan harcamalar büyük oranda yerini kripto paralara bırakmaya başlamıştır. Kripto paralar elektronik olarak transfer edilebilme ve saklanabilme özelliğine sahip olup, kâğıt paraları temsil etmektedir. Bitcoin (BTC) kripto paraların ilki olup, 2009 yılında ortaya çıkmış ve kripto para çağının kapılarını aralamaya başlamıştır. 
 
 Bu çalışmanın amacı Bitcoin fiyatları ile Dolar endeksi arasındaki ilişkinin ekonometrik olarak araştırılmasıdır. Araştırmada, tarih aralığının belirlenmesinde, Bitcoin verilerinin ulaşılabilir olduğu en eski tarih 02.02.2012 olup, veri aralığı olarak 21.12.2021 dönemi iş gününü kapsamakta ve günlük verilerden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada yöntem olarak zaman serisi analizlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi test edebilmek için serilerin durağan olup olmadığı ve yapısal kırılmaları da dikkate alan “Lee Strazicich Birim Kök Testi” uygulanmıştır. Değişkenler arasında herhangi bir nedenselliğin olup olmadığı, nedensellik mevcutsa bu ilişkinin yönünün ne olduğu “TodaYamamoto Testi” ile ikili analiz şeklinde test edilmiştir. Toda-Yamamoto testi sonuçlarına göre, Bitcoin fiyatlarıyla, Dolar endeksi arasında bir nedensellik ilişkisinin bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir.
6G systems are perceived to be heavily softwarized, and therefore, the collaboration among all stakeholders, such as network and cloud providers, operators, application developers, service providers and device and equipment vendors, shall occur via software in a secured, distributed, and automated manner. This could be envisioned with a brokerless and immutable marketplace anchored in distributed ledger technologies, removing the need for a trusted party as a marketplace operator while avoiding this single point of failure, increasing transparency and flexibility of operational rules, and featuring automated contract negotiation and fulfillment supporting governance, delivery, and billing operations. This work goes a step forward and introduces a smart resource and service discovery application, based on intent recognition and machine learning assisted techniques, to enable the automated discovery of resources and services exposed over the marketplace. Evaluation results demonstrate the accuracy of our approach and its suitability to provide decentralized telecom marketplaces with intelligent and data-driven discovery capabilities.
This session delves into a real use case that led to the development of an existing production quality consumer app currently available on both Apple App Store and Google Play. The discussion focuses on practical considerations, implementation decisions and the nuances of the token economics that were the foundation of this solution.
To overcome the spectrum scarcity issues, the citizens broadband radio service (CBRS) presents a centralized spectrum management solution. The efficiency of spectrum utilization could be further improved by introducing spectrum trading. Blockchain-based spectrum trading has been considered as a decentralized, flexible, and secure approach. However, current studies rarely investigate the interference to incumbent users caused by spectrum trading between CBRS devices (CBSDs), and the scalability issues in blockchain-based spectrum trading are rarely discussed. To address the problems above, this paper develops the blockchain-based spectrum trading mechanisms for CBRS. Particularly, we propose a queuing mechanism for intra-coexistence group (CxG) trading, in which spectrum trading is leveraged to reduce the aggregated interference to incumbents. A new parameter termed “network feature” is proposed to prioritize spectrum transactions in different queues, which helps to achieve the trade-off between the interference to incumbents and resource requirements in spectrum transactions. Furthermore, we propose a multi-blockchain architecture and a corresponding cross-chain mechanism to improve the speed of inter-CxG spectrum trading. Simulation results show that the aggregated interference to incumbents can be reduced by adopting the proposed method. Meanwhile, when adopting the proposed cross-chain spectrum trading mechanism, the network throughput can be improved by up to 24% compared with the traditional CBRS spectrum management framework.
Purpose This paper addresses a gap in research literature in the fields of blockchain technology (BC), supply chain network dynamics (SC) and network effect phenomena (NE). Extant BC and SC literature describes the potential benefits to be reaped through the adoption of BC technology. While BC technology does not yet meet the researched expectations of adoption, performance and efficacy, the authors analyze the three inter-related fields (BC, SC and NE) to bridge this gap in theory. Design/methodology/approach This paper begins with a research review correlating the technological fundamentals of BC technology into fundamental value propositions for SC logistics contexts. The authors review the gap between these theoretical technological functions and the current ecosystem of BC applications. With an overarching understanding of BC in SC contexts, this paper then explores the phenomena of NE and attempts to synthesize various interrelated aspects of the three fields (BC, SC and NE). Research frameworks from extant literature are used for cross-comparing legacy software/information system solutions with potential and existing BC-based solutions. Case studies are utilized to support this analysis. Findings Several key considerations and themes are identified to better inform practitioner and researcher decision-making. Novel insights pertain to BC platform architecture and application modularity, integrated governance and decision-making capabilities, and the automation capabilities that arise from a healthy application and smart contract ecosystem. Originality/value The core contribution is the synthesis of network effect theory with SC phenomena and BC theory and the exploration of how these three fields are inter-related in the maturation of BC technology. Specifically, the authors deepen insights from extant literature by contextualizing findings with relevant interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks.
Benedikt C. Eikmanns, Pascal Mehrwald, Philipp Sandner, Isabell M. Welpe
This work contributes to architectural and economic understanding of a largely unexplored field of blockchain-based applications referred to as Decentralised Finance (DeFi). Merging technical and economic perspectives, we define DeFi as an ecosystem of decentralised applications which is built on top of permissionless smart contract platforms to mimic and extend traditional financial services. We frame DeFi as a research object in information systems (IS) and management-related platform literature. Further, we conceptualise DeFi as a platform economy within software ecosystems and in interdependence with exogenous factors. This enables us to identify three promising avenues for future research: (i) base layer blockchains as a platform for developers, (ii) the dApp economy of platform modules, and (iii) the diffusion and adoption of DeFi.
The financial system has been changing rapidly with the recent advancements in technologies underlying the money and payment systems. With the increase in the involvement of technology in the financial world and the emergence of new technologies like distributed ledger technologies (DLT), there has been a rising trend of creating private cryptocurrencies and stablecoins to replace existing currencies and assets. The increasing influence of big-tech companies in the financial systems and the usage of unregulated cryptocurrencies and stablecoins pose many challenges for financial authorities worldwide, generating the need for government intervention. As a result, numerous central banks worldwide are looking for possibilities to change their monetary systems by including central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) like the digital euro in their offerings. However, it is uncertain how these CBDCs and other digital money initiatives will impact the existing systems and provide solutions to existing problems and benefit the citizens and other stakeholders.
Technology has changed the future of money. The need to foster innovation in banking has been instigated by a shift from traditional finance provided by incumbents to fintech companies, such as challenger banks and decentralized platforms, offering new forms of money and payments services. The Bank of England has responded to this shift with the exploration of a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), which in its retail form, would give the public the opportunity for the first time to directly hold state central bank money. This CBDC proposal emerges in a landscape where private money such as cryptocurrencies are increasing in capacity of coins and in trading volume; in a crypto economy with an expanding market capital. This competition opens the possibilities to reform banking to adapt to new payments platforms such as blockchains with advanced features such as smart contracts. The proposed design of a CBDC can either compete or complement such innovations which is evaluated in this review chapter. The author argues that the plethora of public and private currencies on the market, once reached legal maturity in terms of governance, can provide the element of choice to consumers in an open, innovative, and competitive free market. The author put forward that the Bank of England must act to introduce a CBDC that is interoperable with innovative payment platforms including blockchains, accompanied by a user centric design, to participate in the ever adapting fintech economy.
PURPOSE: The banking sector is under intense pressure from digitalization. One of the accompanying processes is the development of digital platforms and platform ecosystems in banking services. The paper aims to present the dynamic pattern of behavior among partners stemming from the tensions between governance costs and co-created value within platforms in banking services. METHODOLOGY: The study employs an approach based on a systematic literature review of 54 publications selected from Scopus and WoS databases. We applied an approach that consists of two steps. The first step of the research was a literature review and critical analysis of the sources related to our research questions. In the second step, we propose a causal loop diagram research procedure, which is a research system dynamic tool used in modeling system dynamics. FINDINGS: There are different types of platforms, and among the most important are blockchain-based and cloud-based platforms. In both types, the relations between owners, complementors, and customers are important. The tension between governance costs and co-created value informs behavior patterns among platform partners. The degree of interconnectedness between platform participants and the level of centralization of banking services depends on the platform type. The study highlights that blockchain-based and cloud-based platforms play a significant role in the transformation of the current banking services. The choice of platform type has important implications for the platformization of banking services. IMPLICATIONS: The pattern of behavior among platform partners identifies the self-reinforcing dynamics that suggest how managers can navigate the tension over time amidst the asymmetry of benefits and risks. The research findings can be informative for financial regulators and they help work out a policy that reduces the asymmetry of benefits and contributes to the more sustainable development of digital platforms. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: This paper addresses the paradox perspective on the banking sector changes during the intensive processes of digitalization and the creation of new ‘platform ecosystems.’ This topic has not been studied in this context so far.
1 Abstract This thesis examines the price impact of order book events in the Bitcoin mar- ket. Using the data obtained from Binance exchange, the thesis shows that short-term price changes can be explained by high-frequency demand-supply interaction depicted in the Limit Order Book (LOB). The thesis demonstrates that the instantaneous price impact function has a non-linear shape, indicating that small and large orders have di↵erent e↵ects on price, potentially leading to opportunities for price manipulation and quasi-arbitrage. Additionally, the analysis confirms the inverse relation between the price impact coe cient and market depth. Furthermore, the thesis observes that there are no clear intraday patterns for the price impact coe cient. These findings provide valuable insights into the understanding of Bitcoin's price dynamics, benefiting traders, investors, and policymakers seeking to understand the complexities of the cryptocurrency market. 1
Blockchain tokens have accumulated tremendous market value but remain highly controversial, given their price volatility and seemingly speculative nature. Ironically, this very characteristic can foster token retention as users wait for occasions of appreciation. In this paper, we conduct an empirical analysis with 58 tokens in two steps: first, an investigation of the drivers of user activity and token price volatility using a new blockchain token classification framework, searching for possible tokenomics links. Our findings suggest that there is an intrinsic relationship between the way tokens are used as a means of exchange and how token usage dynamics influence user engagement oppositely to market stability. Only some features, such as earning potential and voting rights, foster token-holding strategies, while only Ethereum ecosystem membership has positive effects on price volatility. Second, we analyze the direct relationship between price volatility and active users. Results show that, on average, a 10% increase in volatility is related to a decrease in active addresses ranging between 3.96% and 5.88%. The finding is supportive of the hypothesis that token price volatility may be treated as an opportunity to increase token retention.
La presente indagine si pone come obiettivo di analizzare l’impatto ambientale delle criptovalute nell’ambito delle iniziative avviate in ambito europeo. Dopo aver delineato un excursus storico delle criptovalute ed illustrato i principali interventi normativi adottati in materia dal legislatore italiano, verrà illustrata la nuova disciplina europea concernente il mercato delle cripto-attività, ovvero il Regolamento MiCA.
Leandro Pupe Nóbrega, Carlo Kleber da Silva Rodrigues, Vladimir Rocha
This article aims to identify and discuss the challenges andopportunities involved in the deployment of the digital currencybased on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) in theBrazilian Payment System (BPS), regulated by the CentralBank (CB) of Brazil. To do so we consider the following twosteps. First, a theoretical study is made concerning learnedlessons from the digital-currency deployment projects in theBahamas, the Eastern Caribbean, and China. These countriesare herein explored due to the maturity stage alreadyreached in their respective projects. Second, an interviewis conducted with specialists in the Brazilian financial market.This interview is carried out with the goal of capturingthe perception of the Brazilian market in the face ofthe challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. The finalresults obtained in this work lead to the main conclusionthat the adoption of a digital currency in Brazil cannotresult successfully without considering proper governmentactions related to motivation for its adoption by the populationand financial institutions, besides the existence ofinvestment in cybersecurity technology. Furthermore, thisdeployment is likely to bear opportunities regarding the useof technology to boost the resilience, interoperability, programmability,and security of the BPS. In this context, as amain contribution, this article provides indicators and theoreticalsubsidies that may help assess the efficiency of theBPS in the face of the deployment of digital currency. Atlast, final conclusions and future works close this article.
The evolution of blockchain technology has transcended its initial application in cryptocurrencies, leading to the development of decentralized applications (dApps) with far-reaching implications across various industries. This paper investigates the evolution and impact of blockchain beyond cryptocurrencies into decentralized applications, exploring the transformative potential of blockchain-based solutions in reshaping traditional systems and processes.Blockchain technology, originally conceived as the underlying infrastructure for Bitcoin, has since evolved into a versatile platform that enables the creation of decentralized, immutable, and transparent digital ledgers. Beyond serving as the backbone of cryptocurrencies, blockchain has paved the way for the development of decentralized applications, which leverage its inherent features such as decentralization, immutability, and cryptographic security to enable trustless interactions and automate complex processes.The impact of blockchain-powered decentralized applications extends across diverse sectors, including finance, supply chain management, healthcare, and governance. In the financial realm, blockchain facilitates secure and efficient transactions, enables the tokenization of assets, and fosters financial inclusion by providing access to banking services for underserved populations. In supply chain management, blockchain enhances transparency, traceability, and accountability, enabling stakeholders to track the provenance of goods and mitigate fraud and counterfeiting.Moreover, blockchain-based decentralized applications are revolutionizing healthcare by enabling secure sharing of medical records, enhancing interoperability among healthcare providers, and ensuring patient data privacy and integrity. In governance, blockchain offers opportunities for transparent and tamper-proof voting systems, verifiable identity management solutions, and the digitization of public services.However, the adoption and implementation of blockchain beyond cryptocurrencies into decentralized applications are not without challenges. Issues such as scalability, interoperability, regulatory compliance, and environmental sustainability pose significant hurdles to widespread adoption. Moreover, concerns regarding data privacy, security, and governance in decentralized ecosystems necessitate careful consideration and mitigation strategies.In conclusion, the evolution of blockchain technology into decentralized applications represents a paradigm shift in how digital systems and processes are conceived, implemented, and governed. By exploring the evolution and impact of blockchain beyond cryptocurrencies, this paper sheds light on the transformative potential of decentralized applications and highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with their adoption in various domains.
The growing demand for wireless communications drives the development of new networking technologies, but also makes efficient usage of the limited frequency spectrum increasingly important. Leasing unused spectrum on a short-term basis would help increase utilisation, but the complicated lease negotiations usually make it financially unviable. To address this, the whole leasing process including the negotiations needs to be streamlined. This paper proposes an automated spectrum marketplace for leasing that allows frequency bands to be put for anonymous auction between qualified (sub)leasers. The solution utilizes decentralized identifiers and verifiable credentials for the entities’ privacy and distributed ledgers for automation and auditing of contract agreements. The prototype implementation demonstrates that the solution significantly streamlines the spectrum leasing process compared to the existing solution.
Rakesh Kumar, Rithika Singh, P. Neeharika, M. Shashi Vardhan Reddy · 5 authors
This research paper investigates the transformational potential of Polkadot-based NFT (Non-Fungible Token) marketplaces in transforming digital ownership.NFTs have evolved as distinct digital assets on blockchain networks, reflecting ownership of different materials such as art, music, and collectibles.However, present blockchain platforms face scalability, interoperability, and transaction cost constraints that prevent the full realization of NFTs' potential.In this setting, Polkadot, a multi-chain environment, stands out as a novel solution.The platform's emphasis on interoperability enables smooth communication between various blockchains, encouraging collaboration and liquidity.Furthermore, its scalable architecture allows for parallel processing, decreasing congestion and improving user experience.Polkadot's shared security concept protects NFT assets across interconnected para chains, enhancing the accuracy of ownership records.Additionally, decentralized governance allows stakeholders democratic control over the platform's progress.As Polkadot's ecosystem grows, the research investigates its impact on the broader NFT market, providing insights into the future of digital ownership.This study contributes to the ongoing discussion about altering the digital world through decentralized and efficient ownership systems by assessing the benefits of Polkadot-based NFT marketplaces.