Blockchain Papers

Neil McNaughton

A caveat! BITMO blockchain platform at COP26. Data Gumbo’s blockchain audited. BRI gives GuildOne ‘pioneer’ status. Industrial Internet Consortium on distributed ledgers. ANSI on blockchain for access control. ECCMA on the shortcomings of blockchain in track and trace.

Huaqun Guo, Xingjie Yu

Blockchain is a technology that has desirable features of decentralization, autonomy, integrity, immutability, verification, fault-tolerance, anonymity, auditability, and transparency. In this paper, we first carry out a deeper survey about blockchain technology, especially its history, consensus algorithms' quantitative comparisons, details of cryptography in terms of public key cryptography, Zero-Knowledge Proofs, and hash functions used in the blockchain, and the comprehensive list of blockchain applications. Further, the security of blockchain itself is a focus in this paper. In particular, we assess the blockchain security from risk analysis to derive comprehensive blockchain security risk categories, analyze the real attacks and bugs against blockchain, and summarize the recently developed security measures on blockchain. Finally, the challenges and research trends are presented to achieve more scalable and securer blockchain systems for the massive deployments.

Sejong ­Lee, Jaehyeon Kim, Yongseok Kwon, Teasung Kim · 5 authors

BACKGROUND: With the increasing sophistication of the medical industry, various advanced medical services such as medical artificial intelligence, telemedicine, and personalized health care services have emerged. The demand for medical data is also rapidly increasing today because advanced medical services use medical data such as user data and electronic medical records (EMRs) to provide services. As a result, health care institutions and medical practitioners are researching various mechanisms and tools to feed medical data into their systems seamlessly. However, medical data contain sensitive personal information of patients. Therefore, ensuring security while meeting the demand for medical data is a very important problem in the information age for which a solution is required. OBJECTIVE: Our goal is to design a blockchain-based decentralized patient information exchange (PIE) system that can safely and efficiently share EMRs. The proposed system preserves patients' privacy in the EMRs through a medical information exchange process that includes data encryption and access control. METHODS: We propose a blockchain-based EMR-sharing system that allows patients to manage their EMRs scattered across multiple hospitals and share them with other users. Our PIE system protects the patient's EMR from security threats such as counterfeiting and privacy attacks during data sharing. In addition, it provides scalability by using distributed data-sharing methods to quickly share an EMR, regardless of its size or type. We implemented simulation models using Hyperledger Fabric, an open source blockchain framework. RESULTS: We performed a simulation of the EMR-sharing process and compared it with previous works on blockchain-based medical systems to check the proposed system's performance. During the simulation, we found that it takes an average of 0.01014 (SD 0.0028) seconds to download 1 MB of EMR in our proposed PIE system. Moreover, it has been confirmed that data can be freely shared with other users regardless of the size or format of the data to be transmitted through the distributed data-sharing technique using the InterPlanetary File System. We conducted a security analysis to check whether the proposed security mechanism can effectively protect users of the EMR-sharing system from security threats such as data forgery or unauthorized access, and we found that the distributed ledger structure and re-encryption-based data encryption method can effectively protect users' EMRs from forgery and privacy leak threats and provide data integrity. CONCLUSIONS: Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that provides data integrity to enable patient-centered health information exchange and access control. PIE systems integrate and manage fragmented patient EMRs through blockchain and protect users from security threats during the data exchange process among users. To increase safety and efficiency in the EMR-sharing process, we used access control using security levels, data encryption based on re-encryption, and a distributed data-sharing scheme.

Caijun Zhang, Kaiqiang Xian, Qianjun Wu, Huafei Yang · 6 authors

Due to the hierarchical management structure of electric power enterprises, data flow often needs to go through multiple layers of nodes for review, which makes data synchronization slow and distortion high and data reliability difficult to improve. The existing data asset management mode of electric power enterprises faces security problems such as node trustworthiness and data tampering in the process of identity mutual trust, transmission and storage, data collection and data usage. In view of this, this paper proposes a blockchain-based digital asset management framework using the decentralized, untrustworthy, and hard-to-tamper features of blockchain. In the proposed framework, we optimized security authentication mechanism, data recording and consensus process, and data storage and transmission strategy involved in blockchain data sharing applications. The framework can effectively ensure the security, integrity, operability and consistency of digital assets in the management process under the blockchain environment.

Xun Yi, Xuechao Yang, Andrei Kelarev, Kwok‐Yan Lam · 5 authors

Blockchain technology was once exclusively associated with cryptocurrencies, but now it has become a powerful force that can reshape industries outside of finance. The concept of decentralized networks is transforming how we manage identity, value, ownership, and even governance. As seen previously, blockchain applications extend into sectors like healthcare, supply chains, social media, finance, and even national infrastructure projects.

Igor Zakharov, Jonathan Anderson, Garrett Parsons, Michael D. Henschel · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Jae Park

No abstract is available for this record.

Xingyu Tao, Moumita Das, Yuhan Liu, Peter Kok-Yiu Wong · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Kamakshi Mehta, Renu Jain, Prabhat Mittal, Shikha Sharma

No abstract is available for this record.

Henri T. Heinonen, Alexander Semenov

No abstract is available for this record.

M. J. Jeyasheela Rakkini, K. Geetha

No abstract is available for this record.

Ibrahim Barada

Blockchain transactions compete for limited space in blockchain blocks. Miners prefer to include transactions with higher fees into new blocks. Ethereum released EIP-1559 as an upgrade for its transaction pricing mechanism. The improvement proposal aims to stabilize the transaction pricing mechanism and improve the predictability of gas prices. In the context of Ethereum, gas price oracles predict fees such that transactions submitted at those fees make it into a block within a target delay. In practice, however, Ethereum gas price oracles are inaccurate, which makes it difficult for distributed applications to operate predictable services in terms of price and performance. To understand and measure oracle accuracy we define new gas prediction performance metrics. We demonstrate that oracles underprice transactions, causing them to miss the delay target. We also show that oracles overprice transactions, causing them to meet the delay target, but at a higher-than-necessary cost. As a result of oracles inaccuracies, users tend to either wait longer or pay more than sufficient gas prices for a transaction to get into a block. We provide a comparative analysis of five gas price oracles pre and post-the release of EIP-1559 showing their performance in terms of accuracy of acceptance, underpricing, and overpricing. We also discuss the factors that influence oracle accuracy and the effects of those inaccuracies in terms of time and money wasted. We apply our predefined metrics to study the performance of oracles pre and post-EIP-1559. We observe that EIP-1559 improved the transaction acceptance rate and shortened acceptance delays. On the other hand, we observe that EIP-1559 increased transaction overpricing. The current gas price prediction mechanisms required further investigation after the release of EIP-1559. Hence, we devised a new mechanism to predict gas prices of EIP-1559-compatible transactions on the Ethereum blockchain. The mechanism allows users to calculate gas prices based on the current block utilization and base fee. We measured the probability of acceptance, time wasted, and money wasted and noticed an increase in the probability of acceptance and a decrease in both time and money wasted in comparison to the currently existing oracles.

Lin Zhang, Brian Lee, Yuansong Qiao

Blockchain is a type of distributed ledger. It is a chain of blocks. Each block contains a series of transactions. Each transaction is for a value transfer or a smart contract execution. The main purpose of the blockchain system is to achieve consensus on transaction sequence without a controller. The transaction processing capability of the blockchain is influenced by the propagation time of a block in the network -- the shorter the block propagation time, the better the transaction processing capability of the blockchain system, and the easier that system can reach consensus. Ethereum is the second-generation blockchain. It supports Turing complete smart contracts. Although many factors will affect the performance of the Ethereum system, the planned future work of the project is to optimise the transaction/block broadcasting process in the Ethereum peer-to-peer network.

Rishabh Garg

The blockchain identity ecosystem offers the possibility of rejecting the outdated identity system and eliminate the intermediaries. Identity management, through blockchain, can allow individuals to take ownership of their identity by creating a global identity (ID) to serve multiple purposes. For user security and ledger consistency, asymmetric cryptography and distributed consensus algorithms can be implemented. Blockchain technology would be able to save costs and increase efficiency due to its key features such as decentralization, persistence, anonymity and auditability. In addition, the digital identity platform would save citizens' time in accessing or exchanging their personal data and records. Instead of being required to appear physically before the service provider, the user may be provided with a digital ID through his/her personal device, such as a smartphone, through which he/she can share his identity details with the service provider, using distributed ledger technology (DLT).

S. M. Hasan Sazzad Iqbal

Blockchain technology, initially developed for cryptocurrency, has shown promise in revolutionizing cybersecurity solutions. This paper explores the potential of blockchain in enhancing security across digital platforms by providing a decentralized, transparent, and tamper-resistant framework for data exchange. Through its distributed ledger system, blockchain can address key cybersecurity challenges, such as data integrity, authentication, access control, and vulnerability management. The paper further evaluates its applications in areas like secure communication, identity management, and fraud detection. By reviewing various case studies and current research, this study presents the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of implementing blockchain in cybersecurity, ultimately suggesting a comprehensive approach to integrating this technology in modern security systems.

Mohong Liu

Blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in sequence in chronological order. It has the advantages of decentralization, immutability, distribution and transparency. Blockchain is mainly used in economy and finance, judicial practice, social governance, public welfare and charity, and other fields in China. As a new technology, the risks and challenges brought by blockchain include but are not limited to: algorithm security, convenience for crime, difficulty in determining jurisdiction, and inability to guarantee the right to be forgotten. To prevent blockchain risks requires to establish scientific algorithm rules, improve blockchain legislation, innovate regulatory measures, and establish a blockchain global governance system.

Chao Li, Feng Yu, Yu Nie, Yilai Zhang · 6 authors

With the rise of living standards, more and more people pay attention to the grade of ceramic products. The beautiful appearance of two different ceramic products of the same type can bring a price difference of more than 1,000 times. Because the structure of ceramic products is simple, easy to imitate, and difficult to identify, many imitation products have infringed on the rights of customers and original product enterprises. Therefore, copyright protection becomes particularly important. However, traditional methods of copyright registration fail to satisfy the requirements due to their long cycle, non-transferable, and cumbersome in rights confirmation, etc. In this paper, we combine the appearance and structural features of ceramic products, investigate an approach for rights confirmation and infringement tracking with the digital features of ceramic products. As another contribution, we propose to establish a copyright transaction model based on smart contracts. To identify the infringement acts, we invoke smart contracts to extract the rights. Through the computer vision algorithms to compare the similarity between physical products and digital resources. Combined with this research, the registration, confirmation, traceability, and transaction of ceramic product copyright can be well realized.

Roland Kromes

Conception d'une architecture spécifique Low Power pour les accès blockchain et Smart Contracts des plateformes IoT De nos jours, de nombreuses applications IoT sont devenues une partie essentielle de la vie des gens, des industries et des écosystèmes modernes. La plupart des applications IoT sont basées sur un système centralisé dans lequel tous les participants au système doivent s'en remettre à une entité centrale. Dans un tel système, l'immuabilité, la traçabilité et la transparence des données ne peuvent être assurées. La technologie Blockchain est un système entièrement décentralisé dans lequel le tiers de confiance (entité centrale) est supprimé. La particularité de cette technologie est qu'elle prévoit qu'une fois que les données y sont déployées, elles ne peuvent pas être modifiées ou retirées du système. Contrairement aux systèmes centralisés, la blockchain assure la traçabilité et la transparence des données. La plupart des blockchains modernes permettent également le déploiement de Smart Contracts, qui sont des programmes numériques pouvant être lus par tous les participants et exécutés automatiquement en fonction d'un événement sur la blockchain. Les caractéristiques avantageuses de la technologie blockchain montrent un intérêt évident pour l'intégration des IoT avec la technologie blockchain.Cette contribution de thèse étudie les possibilités d'intégration des IoT avec la technologie blockchain. L'une des principales parties de la contribution est le développement d'un modèle d'architecture matérielle IoT dédiée à faible consommation d'énergie qui permet la communication avec plusieurs types de blockchains. Le modèle d'architecture est composé d'un CPU basé sur ARM émulé sur QEMU et d'accélérateurs matériels cryptographiques modélisés dans le langage de description matérielle de haut niveau SystemC-TLM. Un système d'exploitation (OS) Linux est exécuté au sommet de l'architecture.Le développement de pilotes de périphériques dédiés au noyau Linux a été nécessaire car les API exécutés sur Linux ne peuvent pas accéder directement à des IP matérielles (propriétés intellectuelles) données. Les pilotes de périphériques dédiés et la bibliothèque SystemC TLM PwClkARCH ont été utilisés pour mettre en œuvre la gestion de l'énergie de l'architecture afin d'optimiser la consommation énergétique globale de l'architecture lorsqu'une API blockchain donnée est exécutée. Ce travail propose également différentes API de blockchain (Ethereum, Hyperledger Sawtooth) écrites en C++, incluant toutes les exigences de la blockchain donnée, par exemple, l'encodage ABI, la structure de transaction et les primitives cryptographiques. Les résultats de la contribution montrent qu'une réduction significative de la consommation énergétique globale peut être obtenue lorsque l'opération de multiplication des points de la courbe elliptique est accélérée par le matériel. Les résultats montrent également que lorsque la taille de la charge utile de la transaction augmente, il est intéressant d'utiliser des accélérateurs matériels de hachage pour réduire la consommation d'énergie globale et accélérer l'exécution de l'API donnée.

Sevda Özdemir Çalıkuşu, Fevzi Erdoğan

In this study, Bitcoin data is examined by Stochastic Differential Equation Modeling(SDEM). At first, the parameters of SDE established for the given Bitcoin data areestimated by using maximum likelihood estimation method. Then, we have obtainedreasonable Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE) based on the Bitcoin data. Finally, byapplying Euler-Maruyama Approximation Method trajectories of SDE according to thefixed time are achieved. The performances of trajectories are established by Chi-Squarecriteria. The results are acquired by using statistical software R-Studio.<br>

Eranga Bandara, Sachin Shetty, Abdul Rahman, Ravi Mukkamala

“Let'sTrace” is a blockchain-enabled cyber supply chain provenance platform. It enables cyber supply chain verification with TUF (The update framework) and In-ToTo frameworks. In this paper, we discuss a prototype where the TUF and In-ToTo frameworks have been integrated into a blockchain smart contract platform to facilitate robust supply chain verification functions. In this paper, we describe the TUF and In-ToTo frameworks and how they are implemented as the secure software update system which can verify the software update and use In-ToTo metadata files as the software supply chain end-to-end verification. Further, we have proposed a mechanism to analyze cyber supply chain information and software updates on different parties using a blockchain-enabled federated learning system. With this approach, we make the cyber supply chain more secure, reliable, and meaningful to conduct further analytics efficiently. This paper aims to demonstrate how through the use of our integrated approach, cyber defenders can harden relevant SSCs thus reducing a multitude of attack vectors leading to a stronger overall security posture.

Jiao Peng, Shulin Yang, Xiang Li, Meiqi Zhou · 5 authors

In recent years, the development of digital educational resources has advanced by leaps and bounds, but the problem of copyright protection of educational resources has become increasingly prominent. Based on the phenomenon that it is difficult to solve the problems of copyright traceability, platform monopoly and transaction protection by existing digital resource protection methods, using the characteristics that it is difficult to tamper with the blockchain achieves the purpose of copyright traceability, using the decentralization feature realizes the resource antitrust function, and using the smart contract creates a secure trading environment. It is based on Spring Boot framework, Fabric distributed ledger, asymmetric encryption technology, IPFS and other technologies putting forward the design scheme of education platform based on blockchain technology. From the technical level, let the creators of educational resources be willing to share, dare to share educational resources, and let more learners obtain the knowledge they want.

Yassine Himeur, Aya Sayed, Abdullah Alsalemi, Faycal Bensaali · 9 authors

Recommender systems have been widely used in different application domains including energy-preservation, e-commerce, healthcare, social media, etc. Such applications require the analysis and mining of massive amounts of various types of user data, including demographics, preferences, social interactions, etc. in order to develop accurate and precise recommender systems. Such datasets often include sensitive information, yet most recommender systems are focusing on the models’ accuracy and ignore issues related to security and the users’ privacy. Despite the efforts to overcome these problems using different risk reduction techniques, none of them has been completely successful in ensuring cryptographic security and protection of the users’ private information. To bridge this gap, the blockchain technology is presented as a promising strategy to promote security and privacy preservation in recommender systems, not only because of its security and privacy salient features, but also due to its resilience, adaptability, fault tolerance and trust characteristics. This paper presents a holistic review of blockchain-based recommender systems covering challenges, open issues and solutions. Accordingly, a well-designed taxonomy is introduced to describe the security and privacy challenges, overview existing frameworks and discuss their applications and benefits when using blockchain before indicating opportunities for future research.

Haibo Yi

No abstract is available for this record.

Muller Gerd

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