Mohammad Hammoudeh, Ibrahim Ghafir, Ahcène Bounceur, Thomas A. Rawlinson
This paper is set to demonstrate the methodology and benefits of applying blockchain to the Internet of Things (IoT). It outlines the design of a mission-critical monitoring system using the IoT and blockchain technologies. Blockchain is used to ensure the integrity of data gathered by IoT devices. Smart contracts are used to verify and enforce the conditions of monitored assets during their lifecycle. This system provides continuous, real-time and secure monitoring. A highly configurable interface is designed to allow users set thresholds and alerts.
Abstract In the traditional medical system, individual medical data is managed by hospitals rather than individual patients. It is difficult to exchange effectively with fragmented storage, and large amounts of data are difficult to realize their potential value. With the rapid development of medical informatization, centralized storage of fragmented medical data has been unable to meet the relevant needs of the medical industry. To solve the difficulty of sharing and the complexity of confirming rights in the medical system, this paper proposes a medical data sharing model based on blockchain. The model provides reliable storage with IPFS file system, uses Proxy re-encryption to realize data sharing and ensure data proprietary rights, and uses Token economic system to measure the contribution in the sharing process, which stimulates the enthusiasm of sharing. At last, based on the existing sharing problem of medical data, the paper shows the potential solution.
In the era of the Internet of Things(loT) smart devices are connected with wire or wireless way. The IoT devices are capable of sensing the environment and has the ability to transmit that information to the next level. The application area of IoT is Smart city, Smart transportation, Healthcare sector, Agriculture, Monitoring environment. Each of these applications, lots of information are share or transmit among different devices. In the information sharing system among devices, lots of security and privacy challenges exist like data leakage, data modification, device identity. In this paper, authors firstly identify the communication protocols used in IoT application and given their working principle. Secondly, challenges exist in IoT and corresponding Blockchain solution approach are explained, Lastly, the authors proposed a secure architecture based on open Blockchain which can solve some of the challenges in IoT applications.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Education plays an important role in the economic and social progress of any community. Currently, the higher education system needs immense of enhancements for fulfilling essential needs of the productive and beneficial educational environment. The major challenges faced by the higher education system is the verification of student's data at the time of admission in the university. Current admission system requires a lot of time along with an excess of human resources. there is no mechanism for the authentication of degrees and educational certificates in Pakistan. In this paper, the proposed system based on blockchain technology. This system can validate and verify degree/certificates. The proposed system can verify and validate the student's educational record from respective educational stakeholders like HEC, PEC, IBCC. It allows students to apply for admission using the single platform at a few clicks. Using blockchain, this system is secure, tamper-resistant, time saving, efficient and reliable.
Nowadays, massive healthcare data is collected for analysis and diagnosis from various applications and devices in mobile healthcare. To manage these data, existing work proposed centralized data management while this causes unexpected security threats, such as single point of failure and typical DDoS attack. For secure data management, we leverage blockchain technology and present a decentralized data management system based on consortium blockchain, called by HealChain. Specifically, network-wide healthcare data is processed by consortium blockchain nodes (CBNs) from collection, verification and recording in a strictly distributed manner. To realize HealChain, a hierarchical architecture with three layers is elaborately designed to facilitate network functionalities. After that, an operation procedure is put forward for ensuring considerate interactions between users and CBNs. Moreover, we formulate an optimization problem for a CBN to maximize the economic benefit in the mining procedure by optimizing the computing power. Genetic algorithm is utilized to solve the problem. Security analysis and numerical results demonstrate that HealChain is effective and efficient to achieve secure data management for mobile healthcare.
P. Karthikeyyan, S. Velliangiri, Mr.Iwin Thanakumar Joseph. S
The always increasing number of Internet net of Things (IoT) devices in the society, it makes a secure, accessible, and reliable infrastructure to process and store the computed data. The present IoT model uses a central cloud server model which leads to single point failures. To avoid this Blockchain technology is integrated with IoT because Blockchain uses a distributed network. Blockchain technology has tremendous development in the field of IoT security. In this paper, we conducted a systematic review of Blockchain based IoT application and its security issues. Comparison between IoT and Blockchain technology discussed. Based on an organized, evaluation and efficient content analysis of the academic literature, we discussed the broad classification of blockchain-based IoT applications through various segments such as Industrial, smart Health care, smart city, smart home, ad-hoc vehicle networks (VANET), eBusiness model, and supply chain management. We also pointed out the security issues of Blockchain based IoT application, particularly limitations the blockchain technology in IoT. This paper will help the academician and researcher further develop the IoT based Blockchain application.
As cyber attacks to Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) remain a major challenge, blockchain has emerged as a promising technology for IIoT security due to its decentralization and immutability characteristics. Existing blockchain designs, however, introduce high computational complexity and latency challenges which are unsuitable for IIoT. This paper proposes Xyreum, a new high-performance and scalable blockchain for enhanced IIoT security and privacy. Xyreum uses a Time-based Zero-Knowledge Proof of Knowledge (T-ZKPK) with authenticated encryption to perform Mutual Multi-Factor Authentication (MMFA). T-ZKPK properties are also used to support Key Establishment (KE) for securing transactions. Our approach for reaching consensus, which is a blockchain group decision-making process, is based on lightweight cryptographic algorithms. We evaluate our scheme with respect to security, privacy, and performance, and the results show that, compared with existing relevant blockchain solutions, our scheme is secure, privacy-preserving, and achieves a significant decrease in computation complexity and latency performance with high scalability. Furthermore, we explain how to use our scheme to strengthen the security of the REMME protocol, a blockchain-based security protocol deployed in several application domains.
Farhan Ahmad, Chaker Abdelaziz Kerrache, Fatih Kurugöllü, Rasheed Hussain
The revolution of Internet-of-vehicles (IoV) has stimulated a substantial response from academia, research, and industry due to its massive potential to improve overall transportation. Current IoV faces huge challenges due to its reliance on IP-based network architecture. Therefore, named data networking (NDN) is proposed as a promising architecture to solve issues posed by IP-based systems. Recently, blockchains (BCs) have been utilized within IoV to increase network security. However, the integration of BC within NDN-enabled IoV is still an open research problem. In this study, we proposed a novel tier-based architecture known as “Blockchain in NDN-enabled Internet-of-vehicles (BINDN),” which can support BC within NDN-enabled IoV. BINDN can be used as reference architecture to design security solutions in NDN-enabled IoV using BC. Furthermore, it provides an extensive set of applications including IoV security, trust management, and privacy enhancements. Moreover, we highlighted major challenges and issues when integrating BC within NDN-enabled IoV.
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an emerging technology that becomes popular not only in military operation but also in civil applications. Internet of things (IoT) is another popular technology which brings automation in our daily life. Like other areas, IoT also exposes its potential in healthcare. Using IoT sensors, it becomes easy to monitor the health of a user remotely. UAV consolidated with mobile edge computing (MEC) can provide real-time services in outdoor health monitoring. However, communication among them surrounds with cyber threats and data integrity issue. Blockchain is a data structure in which data are shared among peers. In this paper, a blockchain based secure outdoor health monitoring scheme using UAV is proposed for a smart city. In the proposed scheme, health data (HD) are accumulated from users wearable sensors and these HD are transmitted to the nearest MEC server via UAV. Prior to transmitting to MEC, HD experience encryption in order to provide protection against cyber threats. Moreover, after arriving at MEC, HD are diagnosed and if any abnormalities are found in the user's health, MEC server notifies the user and the nearest hospitals. When the processing is completed, HD are stored in blockchain with the consent of validators. Finally, simulation results and experimental set up are discussed in order to manifest the feasibility of the proposed scheme.
In this paper, the performance evaluation for Internet of Things based on blockchain Technology is proposed. In a blockchain network, all IoT devices communicate and synchronize with each other and allow device to transact with each other directly without the need of trusted intermediary. IoT devices have a smart contract associate with them which are deployed on the blockchain network. User or device who wish to use a service can transact to smart contract that associated with IoT device. Moreover, all transactions of IoT device, device-to device or human-to-device, will not only permanently store on Blockchain network but also gain the security and privacy of them. In this implementation, a private Ethereum network is chosen to use as a blockchain platform and the raspberry pi act as a lightweight node to transact with a smart contract in a full node which install on PC desktop. In addition, the performance evaluation of two realistic traffic flow, store and access transactions, such as latency, execution time and throughput are highlight.
Internet of Things (IoT) plays an indispensable role in our daily life, in many cases, IoT systems are implemented following the client-server paradigm, which are vulnerable to single point of failures and malicious attacks. Due to the resilience and security promise of blockchain, the idea of combining blockchain and IoT has gained considerable attention in recent years. However, blockchains are power-intensive and low-throughput, which may not suitable for power-constrained IoT devices. To tackle these challenges, we present B-IoT, a blockchain based IoT system with credit-based consensus mechanism. We propose a credit-based proof-of-work (PoW) mechanism for IoT devices, which enhances security and improves transaction efficiency simultaneously. In order to protect the confidentiality of sensitive IoT data, we design a data authority management method to regulate the access to sensor data. In addition, our system is built based on a directed acyclic graph (DAG)-structured blockchain, which is more efficient than the satoshi-style blockchain. We implement a prototype of B-IoT on Raspberry Pi, and conduct case studies of a smart factory. Extensive evaluation and analysis results demonstrate that the proposed credit-based PoW mechanism and data access control are practical for IoT.
Internet of Things (IoT) devices achieve the rapid development and have been widely deployed recently. Meanwhile, inherent vulnerabilities of IoT systems (including firmware and software) have been continually uncovered and thus the systems are always exposed to various attacks. The root cause of the issue is that IoT systems always have design flaws and implementation bugs. In particular, the released systems (e.g., by third-party marketplaces and IoT vendors) may be maliciously repackaged with malware. Unfortunately, IoT consumers are not able to effectively capture such vulnerabilities because of the limited detection capabilities. In this paper, we propose SmartCrowd, a blockchain-based platform that aims to outsource security detection of IoT systems to distributed detectors with strong detection incentives. SmartCrowd enables built-in accountability for IoT providers and authoritative references of detection results for IoT consumers. By building smart contracts, we can incentivize the efficient and high-coverage security detection of IoT systems, while providing decentralized and automated incentives for both IoT providers releasing secure IoT systems and detectors uncovering vulnerabilities. We present the security and theoretical analysis that demonstrates the security of SmartCrowd and the incentives for participators. We prototype SmartCrowd by using Ethereum and the experimental results show that SmartCrowd has both technical feasibility and financial benefits, which can be applied to build a secure IoT ecosystem.
Private and consortium blockchains have recently raised interest in the blockchain community around facilitating business collaboration. In a business network, multiple participants either (1) work with a centralized authority to maintain a complete and verifiable ledger, or (2) transact in a decentralized manner to maintain an independent shared ledger. A centralized, private blockchain system, such as Amazon QLDB, addresses scenario one with good price-to-performance ratio. The second scenario is commonly backed by a consortium blockchain network, such as Hyperledger Fabric, that requires greater and more complex hardware and software to handle complicated consensus and peer-to-peer communications. The disparate design objectives and resultant principles complicate efforts to handle both scenarios within a single blockchain system. Moreover, the two situations are often mixed together for a user in different business activities, and interchangeable with the evolution of the business collaboration. From the outset, users face a dilemma in choosing which blockchain system type will handle their long-term needs. In this paper, we present a novel Full-Spectrum Blockchain as a Service (FSBaaS) built on top of a high-performance centralized private blockchain runtime called Blockchain Lite and a Hyperledger Fabric blockchain runtime. It handles different scenarios flexibly by providing a unified interface for the two blockchain runtimes from programing model and RESTful APIs to the tenant model. A BaaS tenant can subscribe to the two runtimes simultaneously and migrate data from one to the other as needed. Experimental results contrasted the performance of two blockchain runtimes and the practicality of the proposed BaaS.
Blockchain is seen as a promising technology to provide reliable and secure services due to its decentralized characteristic. However, because of the limited throughput, current blockchain platforms can not meet the transaction demand in practical use. Though researchers proposed many new solutions, they suffered either decentralization or security issues. In this paper, using Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure, we improve the linear structure of traditional blockchain protocol. In the new structure, blocks are organized in levels and width, which will generate into a compacted DAG structure (CoDAG). To make CoDAG more efficient and secure, we design algorithms and protocols to place the new-generated blocks appropriately. Compared with traditional blockchain protocols, CoDAG improves the security and transaction verification time, and enjoys the consistency and liveness properties of blockchain. Taking adversary parties into consideration, two possible attack strategies are presented in this paper, and we further prove that CoDAG is a secure and robust protocol to resist them. The experimental results show that CoDAG can achieve 394 transactions per second, which is 56 times of Bitcoin's throughput and 26 times of Ethereum's.
Ali Alzubaidi, Ellis Solaiman, Pankesh Patel, Karan Mitra
In pursuit of effective service level agreement (SLA) monitoring and enforcement in the context of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, this article regards SLA management as a distrusted process that should not be handled by a single authority. Here, we aim to justify our view on the matter and propose a conceptual blockchain-based framework to cope with some limitations associated with traditional SLA management approaches.
Health Data Records Fragmentation across hospitals, labs, pharmacies, and general caregivers has been hurting medical services quality and patient outcome. The problem is getting worse as we have even more healthcare accesses from different sources such as mobile phones, wearable devices, etc. In an attempt to defragment health data, we are proposing the utilization of distributed transaction ledgers (DTL) technology by IOTA-Tangle which facilitates communication between patients and care providers. Through this technology the gap between health-care delivery and population health can be bridged so the quality of health services and patient outcomes may be improved. Our approach provides complete picture for each patient by sharing data between healthcare participants.
Internet of Things (IoT) as per estimated will connect 50 billion devices by 2020. Since its evolution, IoT technology provides lots of flexibility to develop and implement any application. Most of the application improves the human living standard and also makes life easy to access and monitoring the things in real time. Though there exist some security and privacy issues in IoT system like authentication, computation, data modification, trust among users. In this paper, we have identified the IoT application like insurance, supply chain system, smart city and smart car where trust among associated users is an major issue. The current centralized system does not provide enough trust between users. Using Blockchain technology we have shown that trust issue among users can be managed in a decentralized way so that information can be traceable and identify/verify any time. Blockchain has properties like distributed, digitally share and immutable which enhance security. For Blockchain implementation, Ethereum platform is used.
Anas Dawod, Dimitrios Georgakopoulos, Prem Prakash Jayaraman, Ampalavanapillai Nirmalathas
This position paper presents recent results in developing a blockchain-based solution for Global IoT Device Discovery and Integration (GIDDI). GIDDI makes IoT application development more efficient and cost-effective via enabling (1) sharing and reuse of existing IoT devices owned and maintained by different providers, and (2) deployment of new IoT devices that is supported by a revenue generation scheme for their providers. More specifically, this paper proposes a distributed IoT ledger that is specifically designed for managing the metadata needed for GIDDI. This GIDDI Blockchain is IoT-owned (i.e., it is not controlled by any individual or organization) and is IoT-scaled (i.e., it can support the discovery and reuse of millions of IoT devices). In addition to the GIDDI Blockchain, this paper outlines the design of a GIDDI Marketplace that provides the functionality needed for IoT device registration, query, integration, payment and security via the proposed GIDDI Blockchain. Finally, the paper outlines a prototype GIDDI Blockchain implementation and discusses future research in this area.
Traditional small-scale business framework takes a centralized approach, with the necessary financing being done by local, independent institutions or individuals. The scenario can be improved with a decentralized platform that aids in finding investors for startups, agriculture, small scale industries and businesses. A decentralized platform that supports non-banking financial institutions to collaborate with entrepreneurs is also practically scarce. The proposed model aims at solving this problem by providing a secure, decentralized platform that brings together entrepreneurs, small scale businessmen, farmers and investors. It would create an extensive market that would satisfy the financial needs of small business and would encourage them and entrepreneurs alike. In this paper, we describe a Financial Mapping(FinMap) model, a revolutionary financial mechanism that uses blockchain technology to map investors, entrepreneurs, and the beneficiaries together in a secure manner. This model expects to devise a globally available, self-sustaining business environment where people with different needs work together.
There has been a great focus on services across the Internet. Freelancing is one such service that is thought to be in the middle of a dramatic change. Here, the online freelancing platforms have created global opportunities for people to outsource their works, and seek employment slots, like a job. Online freelancing platforms have transformed how, when, and where the work is to be performed. However, these platforms also carry risks. These platforms lack credibility, security, and flexibility d ue to centralized nature. Designing n ew approach, that overcomes these issues, is very important for growth of freelancing. This paper proposes Boomerang, a decentralized freelance administration paradigm on Hyperledger Fabric. Hyperledger Fabric is a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains. The Boomerang integrates blockchain-based distributed ledger, consensus protocol, and a fine-grained access control. The design includes demonstration of Boomerang and a detailed description of Boomerang architecture. The prototype implementation, based on the Boomerang architecture, is detailed next. The implementation of database and application logic are illustrated for better understanding. In addition, the tools chosen and assumptions made in prototype development are mentioned. This research would help the coming and existing startups to secure grow fast with requisite security.
Suisheng Li, Hong Xiao, Hao Wang, Tao Wang · 6 authors
The blockchain technology becomes a key facilitator for Intelligent Manufacturing as it enables intelligent nodes to participate in global manufacturing networks with secure ledgers and smart contracts features. However, Traditional centralized storage cannot meet performance and security requirements and fully distributed storage consumes a large amount of computing, storage and network resources, which is inefficient and difficult to implement. In this paper, we propose a clustering strategy on node community clustering by constructing a trust model based on the decentralization of blockchain technology. We introduce a multi-chain storage structure. Our experiments show that the proposed strategy reduces data synchronization time and storage space, improves system performance by enabling efficient parallel processing.
Blockchain is receiving huge attention from researchers and various organizations as it brings forth magical solutions to the classical centralized architecture problems. Blockchain, either private or public, is a kind of distributed ledger for maintenance of integrity among various transactions by the process of ledger decentralization among the participating end users. On the contrary, Internet of Things (IoT) is the internet revolution that facilitates connection of all end user devices over the internet so that they can share their services and applications for improvement of daily living standards. Centralized IoT provides numerous benefits, however, it also brings forth several security challenges. Integrating blockchain with IoT is an effective way to resolve these security challenges. This paper presents a detailed review that highlights this integration process. The paper presents the working mechanism of the blockchain and how it changes the nature of value. Application areas and security challenges are also outlined and discussed in the paper.
In contrast with past, the blooming of Internet of Things is enlarging swiftly. But providing security in IoT devices is still a challenging issue and the solution is “Blockchaln”. Blockchain is a synthesis technology that integrates an innovative and well-built eye-sight to mould all-inclusive clarification to IoT device securities. Blockchain is used to furnish IoT device in a way of security, as it fixed a route to modify our job by cloud build evolution. Blockchainis speedily growing to be the upcoming interrupted revolution for secured connection or association, hopefully provide positive changes towards our working and living upcoming century.
Himanshu Saini, Bharat Bhushan, Aman Arora, Anureet Kaur
With the increasing concerns about the security of data, Blockchain a decentralised public ledger, linked block structure which verifies and stores data and follows trusted consensus algorithms which ensure synchronisation of data in a distributed peer to peer network acquired a lot of attention as well as discussions recently. As it makes sure a tamper-proof digital platform for decision-making processes to store and share data among different individuals, authorities and organisations who do not trust each other. This technology is considered as the future of data security and integrity and is expected to serve in a lot of new or existing potential application, so the motive of this paper is to present insights of blockchain's architecture, it's security background, and it elaborate the two versions of blockchain: permissioned and permission-less. and some of its applications. Moreover, the first decentralized cryptocurrency and a public ledger named bitcoin are also elaborated in this paper. Furthermore, we summarize some typical implementations in blockchain, the lifecycle of bitcoin and explore future research challenges that still need to be addressed in order to preserve privacy when blockchain is used.