FastChain is a simulator built in NS-3 which simulates the networked battlefield scenario with military applications, connecting tankers, soldiers and drones to form Internet-of-Battlefield-Things (IoBT). Computing, storage and communication resources in IoBT are limited during certain situations in IoBT. Under these circumstances, these resources should be carefully combined to handle the task to accomplish the mission. FastChain simulator uses Sharding approach to provide an efficient solution to combine resources of IoBT devices by identifying the correct and the best set of IoBT devices for a given scenario. Then, the set of IoBT devices for a given scenario collaborate together for sharding enabled Blockchain technology. Interested researchers, policy makers and developers can download and use the FastChain simulator to design, develop and evaluate blockchain enabled IoBT scenarios that helps make robust and trustworthy informed decisions in mission-critical IoBT environment.
Internet of Things devices provide data from existing sensors and usually have limited resources from computing performance to storage. That happens because IoT devices are required to be able to save much energy as possible, so the network lifetime of the IoT devices will be more optimal. The limitations of computing and storage reduce the level of security and trust in the IoT network environment itself. Blockchain can guarantee data security and reliability, as well as solve security problems in the IoT network. There is some research focused on modifying blockchain without eliminating security features and data reliability. This technology can be applied to the IoT network. This type of blockchain is usually called a lightweight blockchain. For example, a lightweight blockchain called LightChain, it modifies Proof-of-Work consensus algorithm. It is reported the use of this modified consensus algorithm can reduce computing power by 39.32%. This study will show some lightweight blockchain concepts that exist today and allow them to be applied in conjunction with IoT technology.
The Blockchain is an encrypted database that stores information statistics, or in different words, it is a virtual ledger of any transactions, contracts - that needs to be independently recorded. One of the key capabilities of Blockchain is that this virtual ledger is out there throughout several masses and heaps of computer and isn't always sure to be stored in a single place. Blockchain chain has already commenced disrupting the financial offerings area, and it's far this technology which underpins the virtual currency- bitcoin transaction. The aim of the paper is to conduct research on the effect of blockchain technology on the financial sector. There is no doubt that the world is curious to see how this promising technology will influence or shape the future of banking. Blockchain enhances safety in data storage and transmutation, avails a decentralized and transparent network infrastructure and significantly reduces the costs in operations. These remarkable attributes make blockchain a very promising and in-demand solution even in an industry as restricted as the banking sector.
The blockchain technology has broad application prospects in the financial field, public welfare industry, and Internet with its characteristics of decentralization, openness, autonomy, information unchangeability and anonymity. The most prominent problem it faces is the difficulty in reaching a credible consensus quickly. Based on the consensus mechanism of DPoS and PBFT, a new trust blockchain consensus protocol is proposed. This protocol adds trust value attributes to nodes, dynamically classifies node roles, tracks node behaviors in transactions, and scores trust values for the nodes. The node promotion and demotion mechanism is introduced and the roles of nodes are reclassified according to their latest trust values. Results show that the proposed consensus protocol has high efficiency, low consumption, high fault tolerance and dynamic adaptability, which can meet the needs of most alliance chains.
Presidential Decree on One Data Indonesia is intended to govern data produced by central agencies and local agencies to support planning, implementation, evaluation, and development control, including one of them is the local tax. It is a Big Data development contains a lot of data from the central and local government of Indonesia. The defining factors of data collection on Big Data are volume, velocity, variety, and veracity. Volume and velocity state how much and how soon the data is generated. Variety states the condition of the data is structured or not, while veracity speaks the level of trust in data validity. Data veracity is a big problem on Big Data Analytics and using data integrity protection feature and other methods, Blockchain can offer solutions to improve data interoperability, security, and veracity.
Besides confidentiality and privacy, trust is an important factor for any IoT system. When a sensor send data that is signed with its private key, the receiving nodes verify it using the public key of the sensor. Hence, it is understood that authenticating the public key of the system is part of creating trust within the system. Traditionally, trust is maintained using Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) where a centralized Certificate Authority (CA) is used for authenticating the public keys. However, a centralized system can result in single point of failure where CA can be compromised or can act maliciously. Decentralizing this system using blockchain and by automating the process of certificate authentication without the need for a central third party can overcome the abovementioned limitations. We identify the challenges in creating such a system and propose a generic framework for PKI in IoT infrastructure using blockchain that can provide the functions of a CA.
Mazin Debe, Khaled Salah, Muhammad Habib ur Rehman, Davor Svetinović
The omnipresence of Internet of Things (IoT) devices nowadays has resulted in a large amount of data transferred regularly to the cloud. This continuous data transfer degrades the application performance in terms of latency, bandwidth consumption, connectivity, security, privacy, user experiences, and energy efficiency. Fog computing brings cloud services closer to the IoT devices. In public settings, variety of handheld and IoT devices need to connect to public fog nodes in order to access localized compute, storage, and networking capabilities. Therefore, the reputations of publicly available fog nodes become critical. Maintaining a reputation score is one of the popular techniques to ensure trust for fog nodes. This paper introduces a blockchain-based solution to establish trust in public fog nodes that provides services for IoT devices in a decentralized manner. Our proposed solution exploits blockchain smart contracts to compute the reputation in a decentralized manner by capturing and analyzing its past interactions with IoT devices. The solution also penalizes IoT devices that may collude to provide dishonest reputation scores.
The educational resource sharing among higher educational institutions is always an important element for the improvement of the educational level. With the development of digital and network construction among universities and colleges, the sharing and use of high-quality educational resources can reach a new level. This paper proposes a method to build a global platform for educational resource sharing using blockchain. Learners all over the world can get access to high-quality education easier through the proposed platform which can improve educational equality. Meanwhile, the credit recognition system can eliminate the trust barriers between higher educational institutions and social institutions and can well protect personal privacy. This article explains architectural components and preliminary solutions for implementation.
Md. Ashraf Uddin, Andrew Stranieri, Iqbal Gondal, Venki Balasubramanian
Blockchain technologies emerging for healthcare support secure health data sharing with greater interoperability among different heterogeneous systems. However, the collection and storage of data generated from Body Area Sensor Net-works(BASN) for migration to high processing power computing services requires an efficient BASN architecture. We present a decentralized BASN architecture that involves devices at three levels; 1) Body Area Sensor Network-medical sensors typically on or in patient's body transmitting data to a Smartphone, 2) Fog/Edge, and 3) Cloud. We propose that a Patient Agent(PA) replicated on the Smartphone, Fog and Cloud servers processes medical data and execute a task offloading algorithm by leveraging a Blockchain. Performance analysis is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed Blockchain leveraged, distributed Patient Agent controlled BASN.
Mogi Jordan Christ, Rahmanto Nikolaus Permana Tri, Wiranto Chandra, Gunawan Wang
Healthcare is a crucial industry because it contains sensitive information of human health condition history then security and privacy are the main concern. Currently, Internet enables sharing of those records possible, but it poses a new risk like misuse of patient data as it is shared. Meanwhile in Indonesia one of the main problems that faced in healthcare industry is hospital integration of electronic medical recording. At the age of internet era, one of the hottest technology, that arise is blockchain due to it is astonishing features such as security, transparency, and traceability. Blockchain comes out as a holy grail technology that have great opportunity in the future and already implemented in several business industry. Many previous studies have implemented blockchain in Healthcare. The article examines the use of blockchain in healthcare system, that have been studied and reviewed intensively to see how this technology can be implemented in healthcare system in Indonesia, and to solve several Electronic Medical Record (EMR) problems such as security, privacy and interoperability.
Julija Golosova, Andrejs Romānovs, Nadezhda Kunicina
With the appearance of Blockchain technology, besides cryptocurrency, interest in the use of this technology in various fields has increased, including in the energy sector. Since Blockchain technology has repeatedly proven its importance in various fields, now the advantages of technology have become obvious in large energy companies. Many developed countries are massively starting to introduce Blockchain technology into the energy industry. While it is mainly pilot projects or just technology testing but already now Blockchain can qualify for creating new energy markets. The energy sector is currently at the stage of transition from a centralized system to a decentralized one in which complete autonomy will be achieved through the production and storage of energy.
Blockchain system is distributed and decentralized that make it can be applied to develop a tamper proof-employee attendance system. There are many attendance systems have been developed but most of it still use conventional systems and databases that have not been distributed yet. A conventional databases do not have special features in checking whether a piece of information has experienced unauthorized changes. On a blockchain based system, no administrator permission is allowed to editing or deleting data. Someone who inserts an information record on the blockchain will not be able to deny that he is doing the activity. Each party on the blockchain has access to the whole database and history. The blockchain-based employee attendance system is required to provide a database that keeps its reliability and integrity and tamper proof.
The traffic load balance, the interferences reduction, and the security during the routing phase in wireless sensor networks (WSN) and IoT are investigated in this paper. In our work, we suppose that the network's nodes are sensing some events which generate heavy data that must be carried over several packets. We propose a routing protocol that makes use of the Blockchain technology to offer a shared memory between the network's nodes. These nodes are considered as coins in which the ownership transacts between the source nodes and the sink. All the transactions are stored in the Blockchain as a means to share the network's status in real-time. In order to select the optimal path, we introduce a cost function which considers the load density and interferences level at each node. Furthermore, we are taking advantage of the Blockchain security to secure the selected paths in the network. The simulation results have shown that this solution could be applicable and could resolve the issues cited above.
There has been a massive growth of Internet of Things (IoT) applications recently for both personal and organization use cases. But an IoT network is vulnerable to many privacy and security concerns. While some researchers have tried to define different access control models for IoT and tried to use blockchain in some cases, the solutions presented to date lacks a flexible and robust access control model that can be used for complex organization and cross-organization resource access scenarios and lacks the scalability and performance needed for IoT. This paper introduces a novel entitlement-based access control model that provides an efficient and secure way to delegate resource access rights to any entity. The solution uses service-oriented approach and a combination of public blockchain (with smart contracts) and local off-chain data for entitlements management and control. To analyze the proposed architecture, a large-scale cross-organization IoT scenario is taken into consideration and some qualitative evaluations are presented while implementation with Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts are currently in progress.
Saiful Rizal, Henry Rossi Andrian, Novianto Budi Kurniawan, Suhardi Suhardi
The decentralized storage system has problems in terms of secure data and access control issues have an important role in storage security on the service computing system platform. New challenges in data storage provide an opportunity for technology blockchain to be able to solve them. At present, there are several methods in the blockchain that have been implemented. Each method used has different technical characteristics. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of blockchain technology to secure a service computing system platform. In this research, it can be used as an understanding to develop a service computing system platform to produce reliable security.. Ethereum blockchain platform is the most used choice in research.
Blockchain is very important in finance field and electronic business field, so many researchers are attracted to study the technologies of blockchain. Since the transactions in blockchain takes much time, and they make the blockchain poor efficiency, business processes across organizations require the transactions as soon as possible. Concurrency is attracted much attention and is very important in blockchain field. In this paper, a novel decentralized blockchain network model with high concurrency is proposed. First, the idea of the proposed model is stated. Second, the high concurrency blockchain network model is proposed. Third, the corresponding algorithms are designed according to the proposed model. Furthermore, the experiment is conduced and the results show that proposed model works well.
Several applications can benefit from recording information about the places a mobile entity visits and the length of time it spends there (e.g., shoppers, employees, buses, movable equipment, autonomous robots, etc.). In this paper, we present our approach to recording spatio-temporal information in a secure and inviolable way using a Distributed Ledger Technology. So far in this work, we observe that, although sending data to the blockchain is a heavy process, there are ways that this transaction time does not disrupt the flow of new data such as adding these data to a queue. However, this makes the sending process overall longer. We intend to continue this study by testing different blockchain services and comparing their performances.
Salam Khanji, Farkhund Iqbal, Zakaria Maamar, Hakim Hacid
The evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) enables addressing problems with limited human assistance. It offers communication across various modern smart city applications, for example, using communication technologies like wireless sensor networks that would generate a huge amount of data. It is imperative to maintain reliable and trustworthy interactions over things to guarantee proliferation of IoT applications. As these applications are being rolled out in many fields, sensitive data need to be safeguarded against misuse and/or leakage. Moreover, promptness and real-time responses should feature all IoT services. This paper explores, through an experimental framework, the integration of blockchain into IoT in order to investigate its impact, security enhancements, and limitations or open challenges it might bring. A private fork on Ethereum blockchain platform is developed to connect IoT devices (Raspberry pi) deployed to detect car crashes so, that, the process of insurance claims are expediated. The same scenario is also deployed on public Ethereum network in order to offer a comprehensive overview of both public and private blockchain platforms and their related security issues and challenges. The findings formulate a rigid foundation upon which a proper and efficient IoT paradigm can be provisioned to unlock blockchain technology potentials in different other domains besides IoT.
Ulfah Nadiya, Muhammad Ilham Rizqyawan, Oka Mahnedra
A smart home uses information technology to manage the devices inside the home to provide convenience for its owners. The most widely used technology for smart home systems is IoT. Nevertheless, IoT has challenges related to data security, moreover for the large scale and distributed IoT network properties. A thing that related to data security is data storage security. One of the data that needs to be secure is the door lock data access. This data must not be vulnerable to counterfeiting and hacking, because a door is directly related to the safety of the homeowner. Door lock access data can be used to find out who and when someone is in or out of the house, hence we can increase the home security if something suspicious happens. However, we must guarantee the integrity of the door lock access data. A method that can be used to ensure data integrity is making a blockchain-based system as data storage because the properties of blockchain are immutable and nonrepudiation. This study uses the Ethereum blockchain platform to store door lock access data and smart contracts to manage the policies. In addition, this study conducts a test to analyze the security level of the proposed system by using an avalanche effect method. The test results show the avalanche effect index for the proposed system is about 96% on average which means the proposed system can be categorized as a secure system.
Muneer Bani Yassein, Farah Shatnawi, Saif Rawashdeh, Wail Mardin
The Blockchain technology is the most widely used and known of the cybersecurity techniques in recent years. This technology contained a lot of techniques, which are economic models, mathematics, cryptography, and algorithms. It is vital for several reasons, which are solving the synchronization problem and does not require the presence of more than two parties. In this paper, we survey Blockchain technology in terms of the consensus algorithms, the architecture, and the main features of this technology. This survey is constructed by explaining the importance of the privacy and security of the blockchain, issues, and some solutions if possible exists. This paper contributes to supporting the researchers who want to study the Blockchain Technology in terms of concept, applications, "security and privacy issues and solutions", and work mechanism of it.
Omar Alamir, Ramakrishnan Raman, Amal Faisal Alhashimi, Fatima Ali Almoaber · 5 authors
The purpose of this research is to highlight the usage of blockchain technology for the maintaining the health records of the patients across visiting hospitals in a highly secured environment. A blockchain is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) in which the blockchain is separated into blocks that contain a list of digital records that are secured by using encryption technology (cryptography). The blockchain is a data structure that show the way the data are stored and logically joined together in a peer to peer (P2P) network. Sharing health records between the various hospitals is a vital and life-saving during emergency. This will greatly reduce the time needed for the physicians to prescribe and take preventive actions required as quickly as possible. This helps to attend the patients on-time and save their life during the emergency situations. MBlocks stands for medical blocks with sequence of blocks having the patient's information shared and stored across various entities in a secured Hyperledger environment.
Blockchain is the name given to the technology that allows any data set to be stored in a distributed manner. It provides a secure structure with its distributed structure and provides a transparent system with the data set easily accessible by each user. Bitcoin application using blockchain infrastructure has gained attention with its reliability, robustness and performance. Thus, the blockchain is provided to reach large masses. Although the blockchain stands out as the technology of the future, it presents several disadvantages according to the application fields. In this study, blockchains performed on application basis were compared. The advantages and disadvantages of this system, which is called the technology of the future, are examined and compared in detail.
Blockchain is a distributed shared ledger with the advantage of distributed multi-center, collective maintenance and not being easy to tamper. The data is redundantly stored by all peer nodes in the network. A storage and verification scheme of degree certificate is proposed which combines with the characteristics of blockchain. The scheme is feasible and correct and can effectively avoid the problem of tampering and the single point of failure. Kafka is used as the message queue for transactions to achieve high throughput in transaction processing. The results of tests show that the scheme has higher transaction processing speed than other blockchain-based schemes.
Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin, Sharmila Siddartha, Rashed Khalifa Matar Obaid M Almehairi, Yousuf Hussain Mohammad Ali Albalooshi · 7 authors
With increasing demand for collaborative work on healthcare data for research and effective healthcare management, the need for a distributed mechanism for resource sharing is inevitable. Common implementation for integrated healthcare data management usually rely upon a centralized data processing and repository, in which data is extracted as needed. However, such implementation is unscalable and prone to security and privacy issues, specifically when dealing with private and confidential health data. In this paper, we propose a preliminary design of permissioned blockchain application for integrated health data management. Our proposed scheme utilizes distributed ledger mechanism for data storage and verification, which allows participating entities to access and verify healthcare data in a distributed manner without depending on centralized facility. The proposed design reflected a simulated scenario involving medical institutions and military service in healthcare data management in national service recruitment.