Nowadays, searching for parking is a tedious and cruising task. Also, static parking pricing leads to traffic congestion, air pollution, and illegal parking in parking areas because the driver always chooses the nearest parking. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) mainly focuses on roadside traffic and road issues, while parking problems are generally not considered. But, parking a vehicle consumes a major time of traveling trip. Hence, it is required to research parking management and pricing. In this article, we have proposed Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Blockchain (BC) based integrated architecture to predict parking availability and parking pricing rates based on vehicle type and nonpeak time (i.e., demand is low). Prices are predicted based on distance, time, provided services, vehicle type using intelligent algorithms. All parking service providers are connected to the BC Network (BN), which brings them at the same platform for fair and transparent pricing distribution. Also, BC ensures the security and privacy of parking service provider's and driver's information. We have also presented the performance evaluation and result analysis of the proposed model.
Iago Sestrem Ochôa, Valderi Reis Quietinho Leithardt, Leonardo Calbusch, Juan F. De Paz · 7 authors
Since the early 2000s, life in cities has changed significantly due to the Internet of Things (IoT). This concept enables developers to integrate different devices collecting, storing, and processing a large amount of data, enabling new services to improve various professional and personal activities. However, privacy issues arise with a large amount of data generated, and solutions based on blockchain technology and smart contract have been developed to address these issues. Nevertheless, several issues must still be taken into account when developing blockchain architectures aimed at the IoT scenario because security flaws still exist in smart contracts, mainly due to the lack of ease when building the code. This article presents a blockchain storage architecture focused on license plate recognition (LPR) systems for smart cities focusing on privacy, performance, and security. The proposed architecture relies on the Ethereum platform. Each smart contract matches the privacy preferences of a license plate to be anonymized through public encryption. The storage of data captured by the LPR system can only be done if the smart contract enables it. However, in the case of motivation foreseen by the legislation, a competent user can change the smart contract and enable the storage of the data captured by the LPR system. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed architecture is satisfactory, regarding the scalability of the built private network. Furthermore, tests on our smart contract using security and structure analysis tools on the developed script demonstrate that our solution is fraud-proof. The results obtained in all experiments bring evidence that our architecture is feasible to be used in real scenarios.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Vehicle License Plate Recognition
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Mohamed Salb, Ali Elsadai, Miodrag Živković, Nebojša Bačanin Džakula
Predicting the market behaviour is a crucial task for cryptocurrency investors. Based on the prediction, they make decisions that will either bring profit or loss. The prediction is typically involves the historical data that is used to forecast the future behaviour of the prices on the market. Prediction is based on the machine learning approach. The nature-inspired algorithms have been successfully applied in optimization of numerous machine learning models in the recent years. Swarm intelligence metaheuristics, a family of nature-inspired algorithms, have proven to be excellent optimizers not only in the machine learning domain, but in various other practical domains as well. This paper proposes one such approach, more precisely the enhanced version of the sine cosine algorithm to optimize the support vector machine, and use it to predict the cryptocurrency prices. The basic SCA was improved with a simple exploration mechanism, and then compared to other approaches executed on the same datasets. The results obtained from the performed experimental simulations indicate that the proposed method achieved better performances than other approaches included in the research.
The development in stock market prediction is represented as a significant role and it received immense interest as predicting stock prices effectively which cause striking profits by creating appropriate decisions. Stock market prediction is the most important confronts on account of non-stationary, blaring, and chaotic data. Hence, prediction turns out to be demanding between investors to invest the money in order to make earnings. At first, to blockchain Network Bridge the blockchain network is subjected from that bitcoin data is obtained which is pursued with the prediction of bitcoin. The developed Raindrop optimization method based on Deep LSTM is used for the prediction of Bitcoin. Initially, based on the Rate of Change Rate (ROCR), Average True Range (ATR), Double Exponential Moving Average (DEMA), Simple Moving Average (SMA), and Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) flow strength indicators are extracted from the blockchain data. On the basis of the extracted features, the prediction is performed exploiting Raindrop optimization algorithm-based Deep LSTM, which is a combination of Raindrop optimization algorithm with Deep LSTM. Subsequently, the Raindrop optimization algorithm is used to determine the optimal weights in Deep LSTM. The simulation of the developed algorithm is done from the explicitly accessible dataset. The examination of technique regarding MAE and RMSE shows that the developed method attained a minimal Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and the minimal Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) correspondingly.
Every kind of business depends on the evolving technologies that tend to take advantages of new opportunities. With every new technology, different set of challenges appear. In recent years, numerous blockchain-based applications have been proposed to solve problems in different areas. In this paper, an adaptive strategy is proposed to eliminate driving license frauds using blockchain technology. With second generation of blockchain technologies, smart contracts have helped to develop trust and automated transactions between large numbers of users. Smart Contracts are programs that run on the blockchain to take action on the records. This paper proposes a driving license registration and verification smart contract using Ethereum blockchain. The smart contract mechanism allows for registration of the officers/agents by a higher authority. It can dynamically restrict unregistered officer/fraud agents from generating fake driving license. Also, the smart contract facilitates verification of a registered driving license which includes checking its validity and authorization. It provides special rights to the traffic regulator officer to add remarks to the driving license if the driving license holder is found violating the traffic rules. Since the blockchain is an immutable ledger, this remark cannot be tampered and the apprehended person would be liable to pay the fines. This would result in reduction of traffic accidents and violation of traffic rules. This smart contract opens up doors for more innovations in this field and improves traffic regulation and management.
There are large numbers of vehicles in the populated country like India. It's a very common scenario that traffic police came across some vehicle random vehicle and had some doubt in mind but do not have in hand information about that vehicle and end up leaving that thought. Sometimes this may result in some disaster. With the advent of technology, there are mobile applications and web based systems are available to ease up the process by which traffic police can fine the vehicle owner or people can pay the fine online. But yet there is no system is available through which traffic police can get all the details about the particular vehicle. This motivated us to design and developed an application thorough which traffic police can get all the information right from owner of the vehicle to its RC book and insurance status on just one click. Looking at the chances of data tampering, we have also played an attention to the data security and used blockchain for creating distributed, robust and tempered proof system. In this paper we have discussed traffic police assistance system, which can scan the vehicle number plate, identify the number and provide the all the information and documents stored against that vehicle number. To address the issue of data security and alteration of sensitive data blockchain is used so that any alteration can be monitored. As the complete information process is dependent on how correctly the vehicle number is identified, so the number plate recognition module is tested thoroughly under various conditions. Finally user feedback is taken and analyzed to evaluate the feasibility and usability of the proposed application.
Modern times have brought about increased criminal activity, and in an ever-connected world, numerous crimes go un-rectified. Car theft, while a crime, is also the basis for other crimes to be committed. In the world of smart things and ubiquitous computing surveillance cameras with small onboard computers are everywhere, from car dashboard cameras to street cameras. These devices or networks of devices are mainly referenced after a crime was committed supporting after-the-fact events rather than supporting proactive handling of potential crimes. In this paper, we present a proactive blockchain-based distributed platform to detect, verify, and track suspicious vehicles that can be a base for a heinous crime. The proposed platform takes advantage of the under-utilized resources in already-present surveillance equipment. The platform allows remote and local processing video feeds in search of suspicious vehicles, allowing police to act quickly following the identification and verification of a stolen car being detected depending on the computational power of the user's device. The platform will verify the findings by group voting using a blockchain base shared between all devices, and the subsequent tracking of the suspicious vehicle by tasking other cameras running the platform to actively scan for the vehicle. This will free up some of the limited resources our police possess, a big resource being time, and allowing these now-freed resources to be reallocated into other areas. Our system evaluation and performance show indications of prompt responses in detecting stolen cars, helping police catch the stolen cars sooner.
Meerja vali Shaik, Ch. Rupa, Rohith Gadde, M N S Koundinya · 5 authors
Nowadays everything seems to be original and it's being herculean task to identify which is not real. It may be a currency for people or valued currency for students such as certificates. A lot of fraudulent parties have made money by encouraging the duplicate certificates in society. As a result, low talented or inefficient people are getting more and they are being responsible for the degradation of any nation’s value. A blockchain-based certificate is a prime solution for the above problem. In this work, would like to discuss the functioning of a smart contract in favor of Issuing, verifying, and revoking the certificates through gas value[9] deductions. Thus our certificate can provide the added assurances of evidence of origin in a transparent manner using.
Over the last few years, finding vacant parking spaces has become a hassle for drivers especially in crowded cities. This problem leads to wasting drivers' time, traffic congestion, and air pollution. Recently, smart parking systems aim to address this problem by enabling drivers to have real-time parking information about vacant parking spaces. However, the existing parking systems rely on a central third party to organize the service, which makes them subject to a single point of failure and privacy breach concerns by both internal and external attackers. In this paper, we propose a secure smart parking system using blockchain technology. Specifically, a consortium blockchain is made of parking lots to ensure security, transparency, and availability of the parking system. Then, to protect the drivers' location privacy, we use cloaking technique to hide the drivers' locations. The blockchain validators return available parking offers with in the cloaked area. Finally, the driver selects the best offer and makes reservation directly with the parking lot. Evaluations are conducted to evaluate the proposed scheme, and results indicate practicality of our scheme.
A passport is an official document issued by a government, certifying the holder's identity and citizenship and entitling them to travel under its protection to foreign countries. This service requires to be of utmost importance on a global scale inorder to ensure basic safety for the immigrants in any country. With the introduction of online Passport application services, the system has become far more effective than the primitive procedure. But, on the other hand, it is now more vulnerable to threats like data breaches, identity thefts, etc. This paper is done with a vision of improving the security standards of the online Passport application process. For such a scenario, a solution based on distributed ledger for storing and retrieving information would work better than the trivial database. The main objective of integrating blockchain technology in the existing passport e-seva portal is to provide maximum security, transparency and immutability. Every level of verification in this process, which is backed by blockchain transactions, is carried out only after the verification and signing by all the authorities involved. Blockchain-based distributed ledger implementation will make the services more streamlined, improving efficiency and potentially lower costs at all levels.
In this study, we will explain what settings the RX580 4GB AMD graphics card should be operated for in order to be able to perform Ethereum and Monero mining at high speed and with less energy consumption. Core and memory undervolting, core underclocking, memory overclocking and tightening memory timings are the techniques which are applied to the card. With the adjustments made, approximately 30 percent savings were achieved in electrical energy spent in Ethereum and Monero mining. Also, the mining speed increased by approximately 20 percent. It was measured that the temperature of the graphics card decreased by 10 degrees due to the decrease of the power drawn.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANET) are becoming a reality in today's world. These networks are composed of highly dynamic and capable vehicles and they rely on information that originates and is exchanged between each other. One of the main success factors of this communication is the validity of the data communicated. Hence, malicious vehicles pose a serious threat to VANETs. Once a vehicle is identified as malicious, the main challenge is to keep a centralized ledger of the malicious vehicles within the network. In this paper, an innovative distributed framework is proposed for the identification and the tagging of malicious vehicles. This framework is based on Arabic license plate recognition using different image recognition algorithms and the identification of the vehicle as malicious or non-malicious propagate through the network, with higher accuracy in comparison to the other common plate recognition approaches. The details of both the vehicle communication framework and the image processing process are presented and the framework is validated through different implementations and discussion.
This research work proposes a novel and comprehensive electronic cheque transactions framework. The proposed e-cheque system is free from the various security attacks such as alteration of the e-cheque, double spending of e-cheque, counterfeits e-cheques. The e-cheque generated in the proposed system can be deposited electronically or physically via teller machines. This facility provides greater flexibility to the customers of the banking system. The proposed system also provides space for professional miners to participate in the e-cheque transaction system by performing mining's and earn incentives. As the customer's perspective of security, the proposed system uses digital signature and cryptographic hash in each transaction hence it is a completely secure system. The existing CTS based cheque clearance request requires at least one day to clear a cheque which could extend to two or three days but the proposed system requires only 1.65 seconds for clearing any e-cheque.
Iago Sestrem Ochôa, Leonardo Calbusch, Karize Viecelli, Juan F. De Paz · 6 authors
Over the past decade, smart crime-fighting solutions have been adopted by the major cities around the world. In this context, license plate recognition (LPR) systems have been used by public safety forces to monitor vehicle movement. However, current systems store vehicle location data indistinctly, without differentiating vehicles that are under criminal investigation from those that are not. This monitoring may be used to infer personal data about the owner of the vehicle, resulting in a violation of privacy by disregarding data protection laws. This paper presents a study about the use of technologies to ensure privacy in the Internet of Things and proposes a model to protect data collected by LPR systems. Our solution uses private blockchains regulated by smart contracts to ensure that the storage of data complies with current data protection laws.
Vehicle License Plate Recognition
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Z. Zinonos, Panayiotis Christodoulou, Andreas S. Andreou, Savvas A. Chatzichristofis
The IoT ecosystem is evolving quickly, developing several applications in different sectors. The majority of these applications use centralized infrastructures something that poses several challenges especially related to trust and data security. Recently, blockchain has been introduced as an effective solution to IoT applications trying to provide solutions to these challenges. In this paper, we introduce a new decentralized IoT application using blockchain technology, namely, ParkChain. The ParkChain application operates in a way that no one can delete, revert, hack or question the time a registered vehicle securely entered a parking area. In order to evaluate ParkChain, we have implemented the smart contract on top of Ethereum Blockchain along with a traditional Image Processing / Computer Vision approach for License Plate Recognition, and using a Raspberry Pi we control the access on a parking place. We report on several experiments that assess the performance of ParkChain application.
Open access
Vehicle License Plate Recognition
Smart Parking Systems Research
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Sthembile Mthethwa, Nelisiwe Dlamini, Graham Barbour
Even with the ability to produce documents digitally, the paperless environment has yet to become a reality in South Africa. Hardcopy documents are still printed daily which makes them susceptible to document fraud. In South Africa, a case was reported recently, where someone who was creating fake documents was exposed. This introduces the challenge when using hardcopy documents which is loss of integrity. Thus, it is vital to have systems in place to verify document integrity and be able to determine when a document has been tampered with. Various techniques have been used to secure documents, yet the challenge persists. The combination of 2D barcodes, digital signatures, Optical Character Recognition (OCR), cryptographic hashing has proved the potential to achieve good results when combined. Recently, blockchain has been added as one of the techniques to be employed for document verification. This paper presents a proposed solution that incorporates the combination of 2D barcodes, OCR, cryptographic hashing and blockchain. As this is still on-going work, experiments are still required to demonstrate the viability of the solution.
QR Code Applications and Technologies
Vehicle License Plate Recognition
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
S. MUTHAMILSELVAN, NIMISHA PRAVEEN, SUVETHA SURESH, Vishnu Sanjana
As technology develops, there arises a need to take control of personal data. One of the most important benefits of block chain is that, it can store data permanently and in an immutable manner. And another one aspect is that block chain is decentralized i,e there is no central hub to store data. Using this technology to store important documents of an individual makes the documents more secured and they cannot be tampered once uploaded and the individual can have the advantage of accessing their documents anytime without the need of middle men. Smart contracts are used to exchange data in a transparent and in a trusted manner. Documents of the users are converted into e-docs along with a unique quick response code. Each individual's code forms a block with a specific hashed value and helps in forming a continuous blocks. These blocks cannot be altered once formed and hence it is not possible to retrieve the documents unless the user's permission. It is secured using the user's fingerprint which is dissolved into text using steganography. Thus the documents are kept secure and can be used whenever needed without any constraints and can also be never tampered or manipulated.
Every year lakhs of students graduating from different university, after passing from university different students have different plans. All students who graduated will have different certificate such as marksheets, degree certificate, best performance certificate and etc. Some students have plans to get employed in companies or to do higher studies. Wherever students go they need submit the certificate for important reference. Due to lack of anti-forge mechanism some started to forge the certificate to get the employed or for further steps. In the digital certificate verification based on blockchain done only for the degree certificates. In the proposing system along with the degree certificate entire personality and behaviour activities of the person using personal id will be uploaded in blockchain. Because of unmodifiable property it is stored in block chain. Initially the student request for the e-certificate by uploading certificate or personal id to electronic certificate system. If requesting for e-cert then the system will review certificate from the university or schools or from organization and get the assurance and store the serial number and e-certificate to the block chain. The system will be generating the QR code and send it to the user. when applying for company user will send only the certificate serial number and QR code received from the e-certificate company. Â
Currently in this digital world, passport is still a physical entity. It is carried at all places along with other travel related documents such as VISA and Immigration stamps that are also part of the passport(s). Each country maintains its own database of travel related information of the people entering and leaving the country. This paper is written with a vision of digitizing Passport, VISA and Immigration documents. Digitizing Passport and VISA helps in streamlining and simplifying Passport and VISA issuing, renewing, revoking, verification and validation process. For this process, we are proposing a solution based on distributed ledger for storing and retrieving information. Once implemented, this framework will help do-away with fake passports and VISA, unauthorized and repetitive data verification process. Blockchain-based distributed ledger implementation will solve several issues pertaining to paper-based authentication and make services more streamlined, improving efficiency and potentially lower costs at all levels.