M R Jivthesh, Rohit Mathew Samuel, M R Gaushik, N B Sai Shibu · 6 authors
Intelligent transportation systems with Vehicle to Everything (V2X) connectivity can help smart cities solve problems like pedestrian jaywalking, vehicle collision, and traffic congestion. V2X offers seamless connectivity between road in-frastructures and driver assistance systems with crowd-sourced data to guide design and feature sets. V2X applications raise security and privacy risks despite their benefits. Risks include data loss, device failure, and environmental damage. The current PKI-based V2X ecosystem requires many pseudonym keys to work successfully. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) often encoun-ters bottlenecks due to the enormous volume of authorisation, registration, and confirmation requests. When we transit to a means of fully autonomous transport, an enormous amount of data related to vehicle movement will flood the V2X network. A considerable infrastructure setup is needed to validate these mes-sages. Blockchain technology offers distributed ledger technology and a decentralised data processing mechanism. So blockchain can solve the issue of validating the messages in the V2X network. This paper proposes Smartverse, a blockchain technology-based authentication method to validate messages in the V2X ecosystem. We used the Ethereum blockchain platform, Interplanatary File System (IPFS) and developed algorithms to validate the crowd-sourced data in the V2X network. When a user submits data, say vehicle collision, other users in the V2X network validate the data by a voting mechanism. Once the messages are marked valid, other V2X users will receive this message. This paper explains the blockchain-based V2X network architecture and message validation algorithm.
In crowded cities, searching for the availability of parking lots is a herculean task as it results in the wastage of drivers’ time, increases air pollution, and traffic congestion. Smart parking systems facilitate the drivers to determine the information about the parking lot in real time and book them depending on the requirement. But the existing smart parking systems necessitate the drivers to reveal their sensitive information that includes their mobile number, personal identity, and desired destination. This disclosure of sensitive information makes the existing centralized smart parking systems more vulnerable to service providers’ security breaches, single points of failure, and bottlenecks. In this paper, an Improved Asymmetric Consortium Blockchain and Homomorphically Computing Univariate Polynomial-based private information retrieval (IACB-HCUPPIR) scheme is proposed to ensure parking lots’ availability with transparency security in a privacy-preserving smart parking system. In specific, an improved Asymmetric Consortium Blockchain is used for achieving secure transactions between different parties interacting in the smart parking environment. It further adopted the method of Homomorphically Computing Univariate Polynomial-based private information retrieval (HCUPPIR) scheme for preserving the location privacy of drivers. The results of IACB-HCUPPIR confirmed better results in terms of minimized computation and communication overload with throughput, latency, and response time with maximized drivers’ privacy preservation. Moreover, the proposed fully homomorphic algorithm (FHE) was compared against partial-homomorphic encryption (PHE) and technique without encryption and found that the proposed model has quick communication in allocating the parking slots starting with 24.3 s, whereas PHE starts allocating from 24.7 s and the technique without encryption starts at 27.4 s. Thus, we ensure the proposed model performs well in allocating parking slots with less time and high security with privacy preservation.
Human and social factors are essential to transportation systems, yet top-down management fails to consider them sufficiently. Consequently, management strategies are not tailored to human needs and are inadequate in providing transportation intelligence. This article investigates a management architecture based on decentralized/distributed autonomous operations/organizations (DAOs) that considers both the technical and societal aspects in our transportation metaverse, TransVerse. This design maps people’s transportation needs in physical space to their digital counterparts in cyberspace, utilizing blockchain technology to guarantee the secure exchange of information and ultimately bring about the Internet of Minds (IoM). With the federated intelligence that emerged in IoM, we can devise reliable and prompt traffic decisions by incorporating consensus, community voting, and smart contracts into the organizational, coordination, and execution structure. Details on operational procedures and key technologies are also covered. To demonstrate the efficacy of DAOs-based management, a case study of world model-driven cooperative signal control is provided, indicating its promising application in future transportation management.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has a tremendous prospect for numerous vehicular applications. IoV enables vehicles to transmit data to improve roadway safety and efficiency. Data security is essential for increasing the security and privacy of vehicle and roadway infrastructures in IoV systems. Several researchers proposed numerous solutions to address security and privacy issues in IoV systems. However, these issues are not proper solutions that lack data authentication and verification protocols. In this paper, a blockchain-enabled automated data management system for vehicles has been proposed and demonstrated. This work enables automated data verification and authentication using smart contracts. Certified organizations can only access vehicle data uploaded by the vehicle user to the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) server through that vehicle user’s consent. The proposed system increases the security of vehicles and data. Vehicle privacy is also maintained here by increasing data privacy.
Low Emission Zones (LEZ)s are areas where access restrictions to polluting vehicles are enforced. These infrastructures have become a main mechanism in large cities to deal with urban traffic and environmental pollution. A main problem of practical LEZs is that they generally depend on a camera network that identifies users and jeopardizes their privacy. In the literature, there are some privacy-preserving works that rely on camera-free approaches; however, they still suffer from a major issue: they depend on centralized entities to manage the vehicles’ accesses/departures and their corresponding fee payment. Those centralized entities represent a critical single point of failure in the system, endangering its security and availability. In order to address this situation, this paper proposes a new scheme that decentralizes the LEZ management, dealing with vehicle accesses as blockchain transactions, and pricing and charging them using smart contracts. In order to validate the deployability of the new scheme in real scenarios, it has been implemented and tested in both a controlled environment and a low-traffic street. The evaluation of the smart contracts’ costs in terms of gas has been included in the performed tests. The results obtained are satisfactory and show the feasibility of the new proposal.
Khaled Al‐Dabbas, Bernd Kaltenhäuser, H. Kornmayer, Klaus Bogenberger
Information technology is seen as the key to provide solutions for current and future challenges in the transportation and mobility ecosystem. Of those, the Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is considered as an emerging paradigm to establish a token economy ecosystem without trusted third parties. Hereby, the mobility and transportation infrastructure resources and their usage are regarded as assets, which are transformed into tradabe tokens, managed via distributed ledgers. The access to the infrastructure is restricted and guaranteed to the token owners. The design and implementation of distributed ledgers depends on the requirements of the respective use cases, leading to a DLT-based IT infrastructure consisting of many different distributed ledger implementations. We derive a generic architecture for the future mobility token economy by adapting and applying a DLT design decision process to the mobility ecosystem, including six potential use cases.
Parallel transportation management and control was proposed three decades ago as a new paradigm for conducting complex transportation operations and has led to today’s DeCAST in TransVerse platform designed and constructed according to the principle of decentralized/distributed autonomous operations and organizations. This article presents an overview of its architectures, processes, operating procedures, and major applications. The developments and applications have demonstrated clearly that parallel transportation systems are effective for networked traffic control and distributed logistical operations. The existing challenges and emerging opportunities are also addressed. A transportation foundation model based on parallel learning and federated intelligence is proposed as a potential path to the next-generation parallel intelligent transportation systems.
The purpose of this exploration of blockchain in vehicle management based on Digital Twins in Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) is to further improve intelligent transportation in smart cities. In view of the complexity of pedestrians in the real road network, the Digital Twins (DTs) technology is used to map the traffic situation in the real road network to the virtual space. Furthermore, the concrete interaction of vehicle data information is stored and transmitted by using blockchain technology. Finally, the DTs model of vehicle-mounted Ad Hoc network based on blockchain is constructed, and its performance is analyzed by simulation. The results suggest that the model algorithm adopted in this work shows a lower average delay time, its data message delivery rate is basically stable at 80%, the data message leakage rate is basically stable at approximately 10%, and the communication overhead does not exceed 700 bytes. Therefore, the in-vehicle self-organizing network model constructed in this work shows high network security performance while ensuring low latency performance, enabling information to interact more efficiently. Therefore, it can provide an experimental basis for the intelligent development and safety performance improvement of the transportation field of smart cities.
The rapid evolution of vehicles leads to future vehicular technologies which improve transportation systems. One prominent technology is platooning networks where a vehicle, called platoon head, leads to a group of vehicles. Platoons not only improve the vehicle driving experience and safety but also reduce traffic congestion. Despite all these benefits, the authentication of vehicles for platoon networks is a critical problem in order to share and get access control to other vehicles. Moreover, due to the platoon networks’ complexity and high dynamic formation, it requires an efficient and robust authentication mechanism between vehicles. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based authentication protocol for platoons using the concept of the platoon as a service. Our approach not only proposes an efficient protocol that reduces the computation and communication for the authentication but also improves the security with the use of a distributed authentication (Auth-I) data ledger across the network and a token-based platoon authentication (Auth-II), which is suitable for practical implementations in areas with different traffic density.
Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) are an emerging solution to the issues of safe and sustainable transportation systems in the future. One major transport technology for CAVs is Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC), for which unsignalized autonomous intersection crossing is a growing use case. CACC relies heavily on inter-vehicular communication and is thus vulnerable to message forgery and jamming attacks. Most solutions for CACC focus exclusively on enhancing efficiency or security but do not offer an integrated framework for achieving both on a large scale. In this paper, we propose a Blockchain-integrated Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (Block-MADRL) architecture for enhancing the efficiency of CACC while cooperatively detecting attacks, reducing the fuel efficiency of identified attackers and securely notifying the overall network. Our approach uses multi-agent deep reinforcement learning to find fuel and throughput optimizing solutions for CACC and a cooperative verification mechanism based on Extended Isolation Forest (EIF) for attack detection. Attacker data is securely stored in a Road Side Unit (RSU) level blockchain, and we design a low-latency, high throughput consensus protocol for speedy and secure data dissemination. Simulation results indicate over 29.5% better lane throughput with our approach during acceleration forgery attack, up to 23% induced reduction in fuel efficiency of malicious vehicles, 17.6% higher blockchain throughput through our consensus protocol and over 8% improvement in attack detection rate compared to the state-of-the-art.
Connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) technologies are among the most heavily researched automotive technologies. Under the categories of transportation automation levels as defined by Society of Automobile Engineers International, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of connected vehicle (CV) and autonomous vehicle (AV) technologies, as well as other automation-based vehicles such as cooperative vehicles and autonomous shuttles. To better understand the CV's collective functionality, the existing CV-supported systems are categorized into CV-aided safety systems, mobility systems, and environmental systems. A specific technology for CAV systems, the distributed ledger technology (DLT), is presented; it has emerged as a potentially revolutionary approach across a variety of industries including transportation, finance, supply chain management and logistics, and energy. An analysis is included of the potential to effectively apply CAV technologies and associated systems to achieve the envisioned future of transportation.
These days, Internet of Things (IoT) is widely used in several real-life applications viz., smart agriculture, smart city, smart healthcare, and smart vehicles. Smart vehicles are interconnected and deliver a variety of sophisticated services to their owners, transit authorities, automobile manufacturers, and other service providers. Smart cars could be exposed to a number of security and privacy risks, including Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking and remote vehicle hijacking. In vehicular IoT, a variety of data are stored in cloud and any alteration in data can cause major road accidents. Blockchain is an evolving technology that can be used for security using decentralization and smart contracts. It is a viable solution for implementing security in vehicular IoTs. In this paper, we presented a blockchain-based methodology to preserve users' privacy while simultaneously boosting vehicle security. The proposed methodology keeps the vehicle data at the servers and related hash values are stored in the blockchain. Thus, the proposed model offers security using decentralization of data. This method outperforms the existing methods in terms of security as well as efficiency.
The air traffic management (ATM) system is an intelligent system that integrates the ground computer network, the airborne network, and the space satellite (communication and navigation) network. It has remarkable characteristics of cyber-physical system (CPS). The development of ATM system is inseparable from the application of new technologies. This paper proposes a security framework based on blockchain for CPS in the ATM system. Through the research on the characteristics of blockchain and CPS, this paper analyzes the necessity of integrating them into the research of the ATM system, demonstrates the feasibility of combining them, and then constructs the ATMChain framework mechanism to realize the in-depth integration of blockchain and CPS in ATM. On this basis, this paper gives the overall design architecture and implementation steps of the scheme. In addition, this paper also makes a series of analysis and demonstration from the perspective of scheme security. The research scheme will help to improve the security, reliability, and scalability of ATM services and provide a new reference for establishing a more security and efficient ATM system.
Ahmed Didouh, Houda Labiod, Yassin El Hillali, Atika Rivenq
Despite the decisive contribution of intelligent transport systems in road safety, they also open new vulnerabilities to cyber-attacks, particularly vehicle position-linked attacks. For that reason, centralized systems are becoming increasingly vulnerable to the growth of the connected-vehicle fleets as it becomes more challenging to revoke certificates in real-time. We have proposed a new method that integrates a decentralized, collaborative system to meet these challenges. This method efficiently allows Blockchain integration for vehicular network’s cyber security by dynamically creating communities to revoke malicious vehicles in real-time. This article presents analytical models of the system of real-time revoking certificates and examines our solution’s impact on two important types of attacks in V2X communications, Sybil and the faking position attacks. Our experiments using real V2X hardware demonstrated the feasibility and benefits of real-time revocation via vehicle communities. The results were obtained from consensus implementation in a vehicular network comprising three communicating vehicles and a single roadside unit. In parallel, simulations showed feasibility in large-scale communications. As a result, the exposure and detection times of our solution meet real-time requirements.
Felipe Desiglo Ferrare, Derick Moreira Baum, Jorge Rady de Almeida, João Batista Camargo · 5 authors
Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) has been used in the most diverse applications, as electric vehicles and having a small size, they could land in small spaces and maybe in dense urban areas. Another type of vehicle used is the Unmanned air vehicle (UAV), which doesn't need user (human) control. The future of the development of this technology is the use of these vehicles to make deliveries and transportation of people and many others, having many vehicles making transit in small areas, leading to traffic jams. Despite this, most research focuses on scenarios with only one or a few agents. These scenarios, however, do not reflect the reality expected in the future, including multiple aircraft controlled by different entities, with diverse goals. These scenarios, mainly urban and used in dense areas, with many vehicles having to share the same air space, the normal Air Traffic Management (ATM) could not handle this new traffic, of hundreds of small and autonomous vehicles, in a central city region, this requires specific rules that have been called UAM (Urban Air Mobility). Bringing issues as safety and rules regarding the organization of this new system. This work aims to present scenarios using computer simulations created based on a multi-agent simulation tool or a Multi-Agent System (MAS). The MAS has the advantage that we could create and simulate more powerfully the existence of multiple vehicles (or agents) that act independently, as would happen in a real situation. This tool uses the Netlogo language and allows the modeling of multiple UAVs with stochastic trajectories created in a decentralized way, verifying how the model deals with conflicts and obstacles, highlighting some challenges and capabilities of UAM. Presenting some scenarios, using different parameters, such as aircraft by distinct capacities and in adverse climatic situations. As well, analyzes of results from these simulations conducted to assess the safety and the performance of the process. Using this tool, we propose some testing scenarios and execute some validation using multiple executions with different parameters as the number of planes and velocity to get results as the trajectory time and the number of conflicts. With this data, we try to show that we could estimate the airspace capacity and validate the safety of the given model used parameters. We will show some results of the execution of this tool and try to make some inferences and draw some conclusions based on these results.
Le Xia, Yao Sun, Mohammad Rafiq Swash, Lina Mohjazi · 6 authors
Securing safe driving for connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) continues to be a widespread concern, despite various sophisticated functions delivered by artificial intelligence for in-vehicle devices. Diverse malicious network attacks are ubiquitous, along with the worldwide implementation of the Internet of Vehicles, which exposes a range of reliability and privacy threats for managing data in CAV networks. Combined with the fact that the capability of existing CAVs in handling intensive computation tasks is limited, this implies a need for designing an efficient assessment system to guarantee autonomous driving safety without compromising data security. In this article we propose a novel framework, namely Blockchain-enabled intElligent Safe-driving assessmenT (BEST), which offers a smart and reliable approach for conducting safe driving supervision while protecting vehicular information. Specifically, a promising solution that exploits a long short-term memory model is introduced to assess the safety level of the moving CAVs. Then we investigate how a distributed blockchain obtains adequate trustworthiness and robustness for CAV data by adopting a byzantine fault tolerance-based delegated proof-of-stake consensus mechanism. Simulation results demonstrate that our presented BEST gains better data credibility with a higher prediction accuracy for vehicular safety assessment when compared with existing schemes. Finally, we discuss several open challenges that need to be addressed in future CAV networks.
Blockchain technology continues to grow and extend into more areas with great success, which highlights the importance of studying the fields that have been, and have yet to be, fundamentally changed by its entrance. In particular, blockchain technology has been shown to be increasingly relevant in the field of transportation systems. More studies continue to be conducted relating to both fields of study and their integration. It is anticipated that their existing relationships will be greatly improved in the near future, as more research is conducted and applications are better understood. Because blockchain technology is still relatively new as compared to older, more well-used methods, many of its future capabilities are still very much unknown. However, before they can be discovered, we need to fully understand past and current developments, as well as expert observations, in applying blockchain technology to the autonomous vehicle field. From an understanding and discussion of the current and potential future capabilities of blockchain technology, as provided through this survey, advancements can be made to create solutions to problems that are inherent in autonomous vehicle systems today. The focus of this paper is mainly on the potential applications of blockchain in the future of transportation systems to be integrated with connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) to provide a broad overview on the current related literature and research studies in this field.
The immense potential of the blockchain technology in diverse and critical applications (e.g., financial services, cryptocurrencies, supply chains, smart contracts, and automotive industry) has led to a new challenge: the dependability modeling and analysis of the blockchain-based systems. In this paper, we model the Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency system built on the blockchain technology that allows individuals to trade freely without involving banks or other intermediate agents. We analyze the dependability of the Bitcoin system subject to the Eclipse attack. A continuous-time Markov chain-based method is suggested to model the system behavior under the Eclipse attack and further quantify the dependability of the Bitcoin system. The effects of several model parameters (related to the miner’s habits in system protection, restart, and mining frequency) on the system dependability are demonstrated through numerical examples. Findings from this work may provide effective guidelines in designing a resilient and robust Bitcoin system.
Dinh Dung Nguyen, József Rohács, Dániel Rohács, Anita Boros
Smart mobility and transportation, in general, are significant elements of smart cities, which account for more than 25% of the total energy consumption related to smart cities. Smart transportation has seven essential sections: leisure, private, public, business, freight, product distribution, and special transport. From the management point of view, transportation can be classified as passive or non-cooperating, semi-active or simple cooperating, active or cooperating, contract-based, and priority transportation. This approach can be applied to public transport and even to passengers of public transport. The transportation system can be widely observed, analyzed, and managed using an extensive distribution network of sensors and actuators integrated into an Internet of Things (IoT) system. The paper briefly discusses the benefits that the IoT can offer for smart city transportation management. It deals with the use of a hierarchical approach to total transportation management, namely, defines the concept, methodology, and required sub-model developments, which describes the total system optimization problems; gives the possible system and methodology of the total transportation management; and demonstrates the required sub-model developments by examples of car-following models, formation motion, obstacle avoidances, and the total management system implementation. It also introduces a preliminary evaluation of the proposed concept relative to the existing systems.