The paper attempts to analyse the state of the solutions of management organization structures in the public sector, with a particular emphasis on the efficiency of information and decision-making processes determined by correct or incorrectly functioning solutions. The assessment of the functioning of the public administration must be related to the efficiency of the information and decision-making processes and the elimination of inconsistent structural solutions. It is important that the overriding criterion is positively verified solutions and not the political interests of individual parties, which are usually divergent from the substantive assessment criteria. The improvement in decision-making support solutions in the management of local government units was achieved through the formulation of three research hypotheses of the university research team with the municipalities quoted in the work.
The paper is dedicated to the analysis the financing situation and level of decentralization in the municipalities in Poland and Turkey. The analysis covers years 2012–2016. Due to decentralisation reforms in both countries the basic level of subnational governments are municipalities. The decentralization process includes three categories: political, administrative, and fiscal. Because of above the municipalities in Poland and Turkey are various with the number of units, average municipal area, average municipality size, sources of the revenues and directions of money spending.
Artykul podejmuje probe oceny charakteru prawnego kryptowalut. Bitcoin i inne waluty wirtualne są przedmiotem powszechnego obrotu. Z uwagi na niemoznośc zakwalifikowania bitcoin jako pieniądza, środka platniczego ani instrumentu finansowego, obrot ten ma charakter nieuregulowany. Tymczasem, choc bitcoin niewątpliwie wykazuje wiele zalet, stwarza dla uzytkownikow sieci zagrozenie związane z niestabilności tej ‘waluty’, anonimowością transakcji, ktora sprzyja niewywiązywaniu sie z kontraktow i zjawisku tzw. prania brudnych pieniedzy oraz moze powodowac ryzyko utraty lokowanych środkow w wyniku bankructwa czy zamkniecia organizatora platformy transakcyjnej.
The institutional collapse of a once unique state SFR Yugoslavia at the beginning of the 1990s, devastated economy, hyperinflation, corruption and general tendencies contrary to the processes in developed countries, in a nutshell - the entire macroeconomic environment being unstable, - brought about the need for political, economic, social and institutional reforms in the Republic of Serbia. The reform, among other things, and for the study of the factual issues it is exceptionally significant, covered the system of resource distribution and jurisdiction between the central and subcentral levels of government. Numerous changes which then occurred in the last twenty years or so, and which are still going on, have influenced political and territorial polity of our country to become decentralized, as well as the financial and fiscal relations between the levels of the Establishment. In the spirit of reform commitments, Republic of Serbia brought in a new Constitution and adopted copious amounts of laws, whose ultimate intention was promoting the fiscal system that would be in accordance with the latest theoretical findings and examples of good practice. In the structure of territorial organization of Republic of Serbia, autonomous provinces as entities of territorial autonomy, and municipalities, towns and the city of Belgrade have been established, as entities of local self-governance. Otherwise, subcentral authority levels in our country are facing many and various challenges when it comes to creating government revenue which, in its original or transferred form, remains available, used to finance their government expenditure, a constant need for their abundance and suitability, and all in order to constitute financial autonomy, followed by methods of governing the economic development, as well as the volume and content of jurisdiction. \nConsidering the fact that the distribution of resources amongst sub-central levels of government is preceded by the distribution of responsibilities, associated is the dilemma of which functions are realized more efficiently on a central and which on a subcentral level of government, and further, to what extent these lower levels are to be subservient to the central state, that is, in what sense independent. In that matter, it is essential to establish the extent of the realized fiscal decentralization, since depending on that degree, fiscal power is delegated to subcentral levels, the performance of public services is more efficient and is in accordance with priorities and preferences of citizens, which is also a precondition of successful functioning of all the segments of the public sector and widespread democratization of a society.
Local financing in advanced countries enables local governments to assess real local priorities as well as limitations. The present paper deals with financial capabilities of local governments for the development of public services, local government expenditure and fiscal expenditure decentralization in the EU28. By use of cluster analysis, local public expenditures are assessed by selected COFOG functions, as % of total local government expenditures in years 2010-2013. The results proved the largest differences in the set of countries in local government expenditures on social protection and the smallest differences in local expenditures on recreation and cultures, housing and community amenities.
In the Polish legal system, shares of local government units in state Personal Income Tax (PIT) falls into the category of the local government’s own revenues. Such assignment does not meet the basic attribute of the so-called decentralized taxes, which is the taxing power. The local authorities cannot affect the income tax revenue in this case, while at the same time they suffer financial consequences of amendments in the construction of this tax. In Poland, this issue, among other things, fueled a discussion on the need to reduce the dependence of local government units’ revenues on central tax decisions in the form of “local-governmentalization” of the Personal Income Tax and introduction of the so-called municipal (local) PIT. Not only does the article aim to present this concept, but also to identify potential advantages and risks connected with the possible introduction of municipal PIT in the Polish system of local finance.
The paper provides empirical evidence on the association between decentralization and fiscal performance of the general government on a panel of 11 former transition countries during 1996-2012, controlling for the effects of various demographic, institutional, and macroeconomic variables. Also, for robustness check we make a comparison with a panel of 18 industrialized European economies. The main findings from the empirical investigation suggest that decentralizing government activities in Central and Eastern Europe leads to an increase in the efficiency in the provision of public goods. Also, we show that not only the extent of fiscal decentralization, but the composition of local revenue, too, matters for fiscal discipline. In these regards, providing local governments with higher autonomy in financing their activities by relying more on their “own” tax revenues instead of intergovernmental grants seems to be conducive with fiscal discipline. In contrast to the sample consisting of the former transition economies, we cannot find evidence on the association between decentralization and fiscal discipline in the developed European countries.
Tran, T. T. H. Bitcoin as instrument for payment and investment. Bachelor thesis. Mendel University, 2016. The submitted Bachelor thesis aims to formulate a recommendation for potential user and investor in Czech Republic. The first past is focused on basics of cryptography, principles of Bitcoin, its regulation and Bitcoin's price development from its beginning. The second part is about Bitcoin's use as instrument for foreign payment and its use as instrument for investment.
This article analyses aspects of public financial decentralization in Romania, enlightening major problems in public money allocation at county’s administrative level. Actual public finance law and state budget law allow inefficiency and inequity in local public money spending. This happens, in our point of view, because of many rules, criteria and computations missing economic fundamentals and which skip state’s principal objective: to insure citizens’ welfare by providing public goods and services. Our research finds which Romanian counties have difficulties to satisfy local public needs, by confronting financial decentralization level, economic development and public expenditures.
During the past two decades, decentralization as a silent revolution in public sector governance has generated a keen interest in a large number of countries including Poland. However, this notion is very difficult to define as it refers to a wide range of institutional arrangements on the political, economic and social levels. There are many good reasons why allocating fiscal resources and budget transfers among levels of government must come after a strict assignment of spending powers. The aim of this chapter is to point out the basic characteristics of financing system of local government in Poland. The chapter examines the structure of local revenues and the problem of financial autonomy. The research shows that the Polish public sector is already considerably decentralised, however the level of financial autonomy of local governments is low and the local revenues are unable to cover expenditures. Thus, the amounts of local public debt keep expanding. Though a system of equalizing grants was introduced to diminish horizontal fiscal imbalances, its' efficacy is still limited.
The current financial predicament of Local Government Councils and constant pressure for increase allocation has been in the front burner of Local Governments Administration in Nigeria. The focus of this paper therefore is an examination of Local Government Finance in Nigeria using Iwo Local Government as a Case Study. Data for the study were gathered from face-to-face interview, available records in Iwo Local Government, text books, lecture notes, journals, reports, seminar presentation and internet materials. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics (simple percentage) and content analysis. The study explored various sources of financing local governments in Nigeria. It also explained financial relationship of Nigerian local government vis-a-vis State and Federal Government using theory of decentralization. The study went further to explain financial management in Iwo L.G. Result obtained from the analysis shows that financial transfers from federal government (Statutory Federal Allocation) are the most viable and reliable source of local government revenue and that without Federal Allocation no capital project can be embarked on. Therefore, to arrest this financial situation that local government find itself, that is over dependence on federal allocation, this work submitted that local government should increase their revenue base by laying more emphasis on the internal revenue sources, especially those areas that are hitherto neglected or not been fully exploited. Keywords: Local Government, Administration, Finance, Decentralization, Nigeria, Iwo
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of digital currencies - digital representations of value which are transferred using IT technologies and used as a medium of exchange but are not recognised as official means of payment. Bitcoins are one of such currencies and their popularity in Europe and in Poland has been growing. Hence it is a good time to consider to what extent Polish law is prepared to face the phenomenon and what potential problems may arise from it for the judicial system. The main objective of the paper is to analyse Polish tax regulations in the context of bitcoin transactions, as broadly understood.
Proces globalizacji i rewolucji informacyjnej to zjawiska, które determinują rzeczywistość społeczno-gospodarczą współczesnego świata. Znalazły one praktyczne odzwierciedlenie w funkcjonowaniu systemów pieniężnych w globalnej gospodarce światowej, przede wszystkim w nowej postaci cyberwaluty, jaką jest bitcoin. Przedmiotem artykułu są przesłanki powstania, istota, zasady i sposób działania bitcoina. Jego cechy oraz coraz szerszy zakres funkcjonowania tej cyberwaluty mogą w przyszłości zagrażać bezpieczeństwu w wymiarze społecznym, gospodarczym i międzynarodowym.
The thesis is focused on the evaluation of budget selected municipalities, especially in the context of the law of RUD and its changes in recent years. In the theoretical part are included the main views on municipal financing systems in terms of centralization and decentralization and also outlined the development of the redistribution of taxes in the Czech Republic and its major impact on the communities in the Czech Republic using aggregate data. Here, the author points out, that it would be better to consider greater fiscal decentralization, together with fiscal autonomy. However, it doesn't go well with recent changes in RUD in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part is then analyzed selected municipalities (representing various size groups of municipalities in the Czech Republic) regarding the development and structure of their budgets and major influences having an impact. Even from these analyzes it is quite obvious that the Czech Republic is rather greater tax depending on the state of municipalities (which relates to the growth of shared taxes) and thereby weakening the share of own revenues for municipalities. This is the opposite trend of development compared to other western countries. The Czech Republic also occurs (through laws RUD) to strengthen revenues for small and medium-sized communities, often at the expense of larger ones. These changes could actually lead to weakening of cooperation between the public and private sectors, as well as an inefficient financing and management of public funds for municipalities in the country.
The thesis is focused on the evaluation of budget selected municipalities, especially in the context of the law of RUD and its changes in recent years. In the theoretical part are included the main views on municipal financing systems in terms of centralization and decentralization and also outlined the development of the redistribution of taxes in the Czech Republic and its major impact on the communities in the Czech Republic using aggregate data. Here, the author points out, that it would be better to consider greater fiscal decentralization, together with fiscal autonomy. However, it doesn't go well with recent changes in RUD in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part is then analyzed selected municipalities (representing various size groups of municipalities in the Czech Republic) regarding the development and structure of their budgets and major influences having an impact. Even from these analyzes it is quite obvious that the Czech Republic is rather greater tax depending on the state of municipalities (which relates to the growth of shared taxes) and thereby weakening the share of own revenues for municipalities. This is the opposite trend of development compared to other western countries. The Czech Republic also occurs (through laws RUD) to strengthen revenues for small and medium-sized communities, often at the expense of larger ones. These changes could actually lead to weakening of cooperation between the public and private sectors, as well as an inefficient financing and management of public funds for municipalities in the country.
Cybercriminals use cryptocurrency Bitcoin since it come to existence. It is an ideal, anonymous platform for global money transfer. Bitcoin does not have authority or central issuer, so there is no way to steal it from its holder. It is therefore used by the criminal groups around the world. This article aims to increase the reader’s knowledge on new technologies of money transfer. This knowledge will help the reader to improve the quality of personal security on the Internet. In effect it will reduce the potential risk of various types of frauds and other cybercrimes.
This study is designed and developed based on the assumption that education reform (Education) is part of the reform leading Romanian society in its evolution towards modernization and performance. The economy of the future, prefigured even now, is an economy of knowledge (information), involving full participation of the human factor, especially in the size of its human capital, intellectual properly prepared. Education, in all its forms of organizing and developing represent provider (manufacturer) of the main capital. The role of education and training in the construction of the future outlined itself in the programming of the European Union, according to the European economy which should have become far more efficient and competitive economy of the world. To fulfill its historic mission school at all levels should be organized and financed appropriately. In this context, the authors intend to highlight a number of issues important in their opinion on financing and decentralization of educational activity from the perspective of Education Law no. 1/2011 (updated and republished in 2013), preceded by the Education Law no. 84/1995 (republished).
Economic Analysis and Policy
Education, Management, Technology, Human Resources