At present, there are many information security issues in the digitization of intangible cultural heritage (ICH). The digital information of ICH is vulnerable to malicious tampering, stealing or attacks. The blockchain technology has the characteristics of distribution, un-tamper and traceability, which enhances security in the process of protecting digital information. Therefore, this paper discusses the integrity protection and the encryption protection from the perspective of blockchain encryption technology and provides a reference for the network security research of the ICH digital resources.
Konstantina Siountri, Emmanouil Skondras, Dimitrios D. Vergados
Nowadays, the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry moves to the digital era, improving the collaboration among its partners using Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) tools. In this context, Building Information Modeling (BIM) provides to smart buildings novel mechanisms to embed Internet of Things (IoT) architectures, as well as to perform end-to-end communication, data exchange and information sharing between project actors. However, this openness and high decentralization of BIM and IoT services of smart buildings leads to several security issues that the use of Blockchain has been proved to provide an effective layer of data protection. This paper examines the interconnection and interoperability of BIM, IoT, Blockchain and advanced digital technologies in the demanding environment of a museum, where efficient and secure monitoring and management are critical factors that should be satisfied. It focuses on the application of the aforementioned technologies in the context of a building that has to deal with multiple administrative requirements, the management and protection of the exhibition areas and the objects exposed in them, the security and the convenience of the visitors, the financial management of the tickets and the profits from museum shops, the workshops, the laboratories and the storage areas, which usually contain numerous invaluable artifacts.
Blockchain, the technology underpinning Bitcoin and other digital currencies, offers promise to shift the gathering and sharing of information in profound ways. It could help form a new kind offinancial system that limits current inefficiencies, or even radically change how parties enter into contract, or monitor supply chains. The technology's distributed ledger allows users in a network to monitor and access peer-to-peer digital transactions in real time. This digital ledger allows users to maintain this information securely by encrypting and allowing access only to those who have permission, given by cryptographic keys. For the art market, blockchain offers a tantalizing possibility. a verifiable provenance research platform that would eliminate or minimize the problems with title history, authenticity, and looting, which have long-plagued the art and antiquities market. This essay examines whether blockchain might offer a chance for the antiquities market to remedy its persistent problems. The antiquities market has been beleaguered by the sale of forgeries, allowed stolen material to find a market, been hampered by market inefficiencies, and even been a haven for looted archaeological material. Distributed ledgers and blockchain could alleviate or eliminate these problems, but only if the market and those who shape it want to utilize them. No technology, no matter how ingenious or elegant, can end problems caused by the unprincipled actors in the antiquities trade. Such change has to come about with a culture shift and continued pressure by regulators and cultural heritage advocates.
With the tremendous development of internet, we can share any media from anywhere in the world. This paved the way for data sharing illegally versions of data shared among persons. In our proposed system, the original data (use case taken Song) will be embedded with a hash value and then deployed to Inter Planetary File System (IPFS) and shared through Ethereum Blockchain, enabling deployed data unaltered. The IPFS returns a 46-bit length hash for each of the file being upload. Usage of Ethereum blockchain ensures each every transaction cryptographically hashed and logged. Also, the data deployed on IPFS sharable but with hidden hash identity for each of it, which is not known by the person who gets that data. The owner of the original data thus shares the data and w having the log maintaining hash identity for each of the person to whom the data owner shares. The IPFS storage enables Peer to Peer (P2P) data transfer through decentralized network. The person will be given the IPFS hash to download the data. When data if pirated is known to the owner, he computes the hash value from the pirated version and identifies the person pirated that data and avoids sharing data to that person next time
Laurent E. Cartier, Saleem H. Ali, Michael S. Krzemnicki
Recent developments have brought due diligence, along with tracking and traceability, to the forefront of discussions and requirements in the diamond, coloured stone and pearl industries. This is a result of consumer demands for detailed information on the provenance of gems, banking requirements aiming to reduce risk, industry and company initiatives seeking to bring greater transparency, and growing government legislation on mineral supply chains. To address this trend, certification mechanisms and technologies (such as blockchain) are being developed to solve inherent traceability challenges. As applied to gems, such standards and associated technology could benefit from the support of existing gemmological approaches (e.g. geographical origin determination) to enhance traceability and transparency measures. Recent initiatives are not just limited to corporate social responsibility reporting and due diligence requirements, but they also embrace supply chain management (including quality control and process improvements)-for example, to correctly identify and disclose treated and synthetic materials throughout the jewellery industry-as well as address consumer demand for provenance information. This article provides an overview of current trends and developments in the tracking and traceability of gems, along with an explanation of the terms used in this context.
Long Finance’s Distributed Futures research programme is pleased to announce the release of its first three approaches to ‘geo-stamping’, along with a short guide. Time-stamping is an important part of Smart Ledgers (aka block-chains with embedded code), an authoritative record of the time of a transaction. Geo-stamping is a mirror image, an authoritative record of the location of a transaction. Geo-stamping = time-stamping + geo-location information.
Long Finance’s Distributed Futures research programme has an open source project, “GeoGnomo” to research and share methods for geo-stamping. Geo-stamping benefits from having memorable ways of recording areas that also aid efficient retrieval. GeoGnomo has built-to-share three approaches for recording areal information, a Quaternary Triangular System, a Quaternary Rectangular System, and a Variable Rectangular System for geo-stamping. Each can be used to record geographic areas into a block-chain.
GeoGnomo provides source code and an online translation from latitude & longitude areas to geo-codes and back. Thus, block-chain applications have almost an instant ‘global post code’ or ‘global zip code’ system. By using consistent geo-coding data retrieval is easier. Users can share information easily – “tell the drone to come to F49PUR9B7-20”, a resolution of 7.6 metres.
This report was commissioned by the Cardano Foundation in November 2017 and is one of the first outputs from a series of projects in the Distributed Futures research programme. Michael Parsons, CEO of the Cardano Foundation, comments “Geo-stamping and time-stamping are two of the most important functions of Smart Ledgers. Our sponsorship of Distributed Future’s GeoGnomo project is directed at sharing mechanisms for geo-stamping that are memorable, aggregable, proximable, and scalable.”
Miguel García García-Revillo, Miguel Jesús Agudo Zamora
The recent entry into force of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage means certainly good news for the protection of this part of the legacy of past generations. A great deal still remains to be done, however. 2001 Convention has a limited personal and material scope of application. In its absence, the international regime applicable to this kind of heritage spreads out among a number of heterogeneous instruments focused on diverse topics. One of the problems that the said diversity and heterogeneity causes is the variety of terms and definitions used by it. On the other hand, the implementation of a series of instruments so different becomes particularly complex when referring to States that have partially transferred their competences “up” to a regional integration organization, like the European Union, and “down” to decentralized territorial units, like the so-called Autonomous Communities. To this respect, the case of Spain provides with a good example of such difficulties.