Aye Mi San, Nopporn Chotikakamthorn, Chanboon Sathitwiriyawong
Various forms of learning credentials play an important role in society. For example, a degree certificate is usually required to apply for many jobs. Currently, paper-based learning credentials such as diploma or degree certificates are still widely used. However, proof of such credentials' authenticity has become increasingly more difficult in recently years due to availability of low-cost desktop publishing tools. Recently, a blockchain-based digital certificate issuing and verification system has been proposed to address these problems. However, existing blockchain-based certification verification solutions have a few shortcomings in common. One of them is the lack of mechanism to control the amount of information and anonymity exposed during the verification process. This paper proposed a blockchain-based learning credential verification system, where a credential recipient can control the amount of credential-related information to be exposed during the verification process. The proposed solution makes use of a Merkle tree to encode causal relationship among pieces of information the credential is composed of. The abstract data model built on top of the binary Merkle tree has been proposed so that a recipient can choose to disclose part of the credential information, including the recipient profile. This means it is possible for credential verification to be performed anonymously. This can be achieved without increasing blockchain transaction cost and complexity. Example of use case scenarios that require such anonymous verification are described.
Syeda Ajbina Nusrat, Jannatul Ferdous, Sara Binty Ajmat, Ameer Ali · 5 authors
Data security is an important issue in healthcare system in Bangladesh, especially in a rural and remote area where proper medical care doesn39;t reach in time, and the infrastructures of the medical system in those areas are impracticable. Providing proper medical care to the citizens of rural and remote regions with secure information is a challenge in Bangladesh. Telemedicine systems have been introduced for serving rural people with proper medical care, but in those systems, patients39; data is insecure. To address this issue, this paper proposed a model of telemedicine system using blockchain technology for medical care of rural people and the security of personal data of patients. Implementation of this model will help those people with proper and reliable medical care with the security of private information and may also bring more medical benefits for the citizens of Bangladesh economically, socially, and technologically.
Data are now an invaluable asset; therefore, in most machine-aided human activities, it guides all organizational decisions. Attacks to data integrity are therefore of paramount importance, as essential organization decisions can be maliciously affected by manipulation of information. This problem is particularly true in cloud computing settings where information owners are unable to monitor basic information elements such as access control and physical data storage. Recently, Blockchain has appeared as an intriguing technology that offers convincing data integrity characteristics among others. In this paper, we design a blockchain-based cloud architecture, focusing the threats of data integrity. We propose a methodology in peer to peer cloud storage to verify integrity based on blockchain, making checking more transparent, open, and publicly available. In this framework, we confirm the data integrity by using merkle trees and design a smart contract for the authentication process. Furthermore, we present an elementary model of an e□icient blockchain structure for cloud computing settings. Thus, this methodology helps in enhancing the security and integrity of the cloud storage system.
Dec 1, 2019·2019 IEEE Intl Conf on Parallel & Distributed Processing with Applications, Big Data & Cloud Computing, Sustainable Computing & Communications, Social Computing & Networking (ISPA/BDCloud/SocialCom/SustainCom)
Xueying Dong, Xianghan Zheng, Xiaoliang Lu, Xiaowei Lin
With the rapid development of the social economy and the continuous improvement of people's quality of life, under the background of promoting "Internet +" modern agriculture, the safety of agricultural products has aroused widespread concern in society, and further promoted the research of traceability technology of reliable and credible agricultural products. This paper proposes a method that apply the Internet of Things and blockchain technology to agricultural traceability scenarios. The method uses agricultural sensors to detect product production environment parameters, improve production efficiency, and uses blockchain technology combined with asymmetric passwords to provide security for the Internet of Things. Blockchain technology makes data irreversible and traceable, which enables the traceability of agricultural products to be realized. This paper also proposes a fusion method of blockchain technology and intelligent technology. It uses machine learning methods to analyze the production and sales data on the chain, helping producers and enterprises to improve efficiency and solve practical problems.
Shovon Paul, Jubair Islam Joy, Shaila Sarker, Ahmad Javid Shakib · 6 authors
Blockchain technology has the scope of creating a decentralized environment where any third-party organization does not manipulate transactions, and the transaction is recorded in a public ledger permanently within the first-ever occurrence. The backbone of the developing countries' economy depends on farming. When farmers sell their crops, they don't get their desired money following their hard work due to the existence of a loop that always creates an artificial crisis, which causes rise to the price of the farming goods. As a result, the farmer doesn't get this extra money as a middle-man between the farmers and the consumers are taking this extra money out. Though modern farming involves science and technology, still it is centralized and not transparent to all. Based on blockchain technology, the study proposed a decentralized agricultural platform, named KHET to resolve the mentioned issue. This paper constitutes trust and decentralization between agricultural stakeholders such as farmers, supply companies, and markets.
In recent years, we have seen very significant development in software technologies. Many new and more sophisticated technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality, and Internet of Things are being adopted for daily use. One of the emerging technologies is blockchain. Every day, more and more businesses and industries start implementing blockchain to their systems. Although the features of blockchain may give us a convenient and reliable services, the security of this recent innovation is still a question to be concerned about. One of them is the majority attack that has happened to the Bitcoin network involving a group of miners having more than 51% of the computing power of the entire network, and there are some other issues as well. Before blockchain could be widely adapted for practical usage, we would have to take a deeper look into the issues and threats it could have, which we address in this paper.
This paper presents an extensive study of the different ways the Internet of Things (IoT) applications exploit the recently developed blockchain technology. Even though the blockchain technology was originally presented as a security mechanism, its numerous benefits such as decentralization, immutability, persistence, anonymity and auditability can be used by IoT systems in different ways. More specifically, we classify the ways IoT systems exploit blockchain into three categories: resource management, decentralized information sharing, and IoT security. The comprehensive study of the applications of the blockchain technology in the different IoT domains presented in this paper sheds the light on the future research directions in the integration of the two technologies.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Mani Deep Karumanchi, J.I. Sheeba, S. Pradeep Devaneyan
Within a few years, many companies are adopted by the new Supply Chain Management (SCM) system for offering various services for customers. The lack of services makes a supply chain (SC) to degrade in operational efficiency, reduction in transaction cost, quality and customer satisfaction. To take over this aforementioned problems cloud computing (CC) is one of the best choices in SC by providing a platform, infrastructure, faster deployment, secure access and software solution for the entire SC. According to a recent survey, the storage of data in cloud-based SCM is also a risky due to loss of stored data, credentials, etc., so we mentioned trust as the main problem for financial and operational benefits. To provide trust to the SCM, blockchain is introduced to record transactions efficiently, providing trust between business partners, information security, extended visibility, and product traceability. Furthermore, the determination of this review is, to improve a deep understanding among the current research state and on that identifying the future challenges. Thus an investigation is presented for trust and security approach using blockchain to develop a new Supply Chain framework in a cloud environment.
The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud services with edge technologies has enabled the development of many new types of edge services, which leverage blockchain features for cross-organizational, traceable and verifiable records. However, developing such edge services with blockchain features requires not only knowledge about complex blockchain technologies but also how blockchain technologies coexist with edge computing service models and architectures and deployments. In the context of edge service development, coupling edge systems, software models for edge services and blockchain technologies is complex. Thus, a strong collaboration and knowledge sharing for edge systems and blockchain technologies will help addressing many concerns of the developer. However, there is a lack of frameworks for sharing knowledge about blockchain software artefacts and deployments for edge services. In this paper, we present various types of information linking blockchain performance with service deployments at different levels. We represent and associate benchmarked performance information of blockchain operation and blockchain infrastructural services with common edge service interactions and resource deployments. Based on that, we develop a service offering blockchain knowledge to the developer seeking relevant blockchain operation information for their development decisions. We will present a prototype of our framework with benchmarked information obtained from experiments with Ethereum and Hyperledger.
The mechanism of integrating smart nodes with each other using a network to communicate, share information is known as Internet of Things (IoT). The usage and simulation of IoT infrastructure in every field is increasing rapidly. Blockchain technology refers to as the interconnected nodes within a network which are independent of each other work as a network. Any node can be a part of blockchain by the permission granted from blocks of blockchain. Blockchain technology is one of the most popular technologies which is used to make processes secured and enhance security of the system. There are many components of smart city which are based on IoT and blockchain technology such as smart water monitoring, sewerage, parking, homes, street lightening, offices, campuses and waste management. We have addressed smart waste management system in which we have integrated different techniques for providing modeling of smart waste management system using IoT and blockchain. The integrated technologies include blockchain, IoT, Unified Modeling Language (UML) and Temporal Logic of Actions (TLA+) for modeling and automating waste management system. There are many operations defined in our model include identification of waste material, trace location, send to trash, categorize waste, transfer waste, recycling and decision-making process. Blockchain based UML model represents the system working in detail. Further UML models are converted into formal model to validate the proposed model formally. The proposed model provides the proof of correctness, preciseness and completeness of our proposed model using TLA+ specification language.
Bhabendu Kumar Mohanta, Utkalika Satapathy, Soumyashree S. Panda, Debasish Jena
Internet of Things(IoT) has emerge as a revolution in last decade. The IoT deals with lots of smart things interconnected with each others. The smart things are used to monitor, read, access the different smart applications environments. An IoT application has different challenges such as bandwidth/traffic issue, scalability challenges, device mobility, along with security and privacy issues. To make use of IoT in real-life application confidentiality, integrity, authentication, authorization, trust, verification, information storage, and management, availability challenges need to be addressed. In this work, initially, authors have explained the security and privacy challenges that currently exist in IoT applications. Following which, authors have identified that Blockchain Technology addressed the security and privacy issue in some papers. Blockchain technology being distributed architecture is secure and tamper-proof explained. Finally, paper concluded that the distributed Blockchain technique has the potential to provide a solution to the existing security and privacy challenges of IoT application.
Information systems and computerization nowadays need very faster, secure & easier data analysis techniques. It is also required to maintain efficiency and accuracy in data analysis. So machine learning & Blockchain techniques have been continuously used in the data analysis & security in various fields from medicine to organization and education to energy applications. This study applies classification of machine learning & Blockchain techniques to process the data and survey of selection methods, query strategies, applications and security. In highly secure data, Security issues are solved by using Blockchain Technology. Blockchain technology is rapidly gaining attention towards the Security of confidential data. The healthcare industry is one of the fields of organization where high risk involves & its attracted attention of many technological organizations so this field required the security for securing their data. The Blockchain is generally used for providing the security to secure the high sensitive data. By using the Blockchain technology there are numerous opportunities for healthcare industry to achieve & gain. Such as reduced transaction costs, increased transparency for regulatory reporting, efficient healthcare data management and healthcare records universality as well as able to access data from any location. In the context of smart healthcare system blockchain may provide distinct benefits, particularly from a context-aware perspective where efficient and personalized solutions may be provided to citizens and the society. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of relationship between Machine learning and blockchain techniques related to smart healthcare system. In addition, we are going to discussed several challenges can comes for actually implementing machine learning secure healthcare system using blockchain based Technology.
Data security plays an important role in the healthcare monitoring systems, where critical patient data is transacted over the internet especially through wireless devices, wireless routes such as optical radio channels, or optical fiber-related transport networks. In one way or the other every device is connected to internet and we address such things as internet connected things. As the network is moving towards wireless applications, the threat to attack is also becoming a crucial issue. These attacks can be identified through various intrusion detection techniques and some of which were discussed in the previous decades. The intrusion detection technique is used to identify the privacy breach in the network. Its main purpose is to detect the unauthorized access. Some of the systems or networks that need protection are part of wireless networks (Things connected to internet). Wireless network applications comprises of WLANs (Wireless Local Area Networks), WPANs (Wireless Personal Area Networks), ad hoc networks etc. Since digitization is taking place in each and every sector and so the threat to data also exist. In this article, we protect IoT based E-healthcare systems by using a novel concept called “Blockchain Technology”.
In an internet of things (IoT) based smart healthcare system, personal health data can be produced by means of various wearable devices connected through a wireless body area network (WBAN). Since they contain sensitive information, whole collected data should be stored in a platform that guarantee both data confidentiality and integrity. In this sense, permissioned blockchain i.e. Hyperledger can be seen as an auspicious candidate for providing a secure yet scalable storage platform thanks to its data integrity and peers decentralization features. Considering that both IoT and blockchain network have different working mechanism, therefore, a software platform is required to provide an integration layer between the IoT and blockchain network. In this paper, we propose the design of IoT-to-Blockchain platform for integrating internet of things based smart healthcare system and blockchain network. The proposed system consists of five components including blcokchain-to-device interface, chain code execution interface, membership service provider (MSP), peers node and ordering node. The proposed system consists of five components including HTTP-based API gateway as device-to-blockchain interface, membership service provider (MSP), peers node and orderer. At first, the API gateway receives sensing data from IoT gateway device. Upon reception, the API gateway acting as client invokes chain code installed in each blockchain peer by emitting a transaction proposal to peers. Peers then simulate the execution and send back the endorsed data to the client i.e. API gateway. Collected endorsement from various peers are sent to orderer which then build a block containing an ordered transactions received from all clients and then broadcast that block to all peers. Each peer the performs a final verification before committing all ordered transactions on that block into its own local ledger. By using this mechanism, every peer in network can receive similar transaction orders which lead to identical ledger state changes.
Blockchain has tremendous potential for use in various industries, including health care. It provides an immutable, shared and transparent history of all the transactions to build the applications with trust and accountability. It helps in simplifying pharmaceutical supply chains, aiding researchers in drug development by making patients' data more secure and accessible. Health care researchers today struggle with delayed communications, scattered data and delayed medical workflows caused by conflicting eHealth care systems which makes it difficult to provide personalized care. The main problem is a lack of trust between these independent eHealth care systems which makes it difficult to establish an end-to-end accessible network. Blockchain, due to its properties, can be a potential solution to provide this link. We propose a model which focuses on providing healthcare data to researchers for statistical analysis and providing privacy at the same time. The model exhibits high data security by aggregating the customized access control protocol and asymmetric cryptography. It uses proxy re-encryption technique for sensitive medical information sharing.
As a tool for human technological advancement, the peer-review system acts as a gateway for ensuring academic paper qualities. However, the system has proven to be slow and expensive. Also, biasedness remains an unsolved problem. Such issues could become a major bottleneck, which can adversely impact research progress and dissemination of knowledge. This paper aims to propose a double-blind paper review system to preserve the authors and reviewers anonymity. This system also addresses issues concerning the reviewers payment, inconsistent review metrics, and biased reviews. The proposed solution utilizes the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain with the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). The blockchain smart contracts provide a base for financial transactions between paper publishers and the reviewers. Hence, we introduce AcadCoin, a novel cryptocurrency used for supporting said financial transactions. Also, the Hyperledger blockchain provides user access control to achieve double-blindness in reviews. Along with the Hyperledger blockchain, the IPFS is used to store the paper documents, review documents and open metrics documents to reduce the storage requirement of the blockchain. A broad system architecture is constructed to combine the blockchain and the file storage system. This system architecture distributes nodes of the system to related parties. Finally, the blockchain network is implemented and tested using the Hyperledger Composer Playground environment.
The large-scale deployment of eHealth systems has brought deep impact on human society. However, the centralized Electronic health records (EHRs) outsourcing system faces some critical security and privacy issues, which have raised wide concerns in both academia and industry. Moreover, the patients lose control of their health data. There is a need to construct a decentralized and secure EHRs with more flexible control by patients themselves instead of the third party. Fortunately, we observe that the characteristics of blockchain technology such as decentralization, immutability, and auditability perfectly match these aforementioned requirements. Specifically, to satisfy our application requirements, we build a consortium blockchain (PESchain) which is maintained by a set of medical institutions. The EHRs of patients are encrypted and stored in the medical institutions by local cloud while the corresponding hash values are stored on PESchain. Moreover, to enable privacy-preserving EHRs sharing, we construct a stealth authorization scheme to achieve access authorization delivery on the blockchain. Besides, we pack the transactions according to different types to guarantee efficient block deletion. The security analysis and performance evaluation show that PESchain is secure and practical for EHRs sharing.
This paper presents the vision of establishing a global service for Global IoT Device Discovery and Integration (GIDDI). The establishment of a GIDDI will: (1) make IoT application development more efficient and cost-effective via enabling sharing and reuse of existing IoT devices owned and maintained by different providers, and (2) promote deployment of new IoT devices supported by a revenue generation scheme for their providers. More specifically, this paper proposes a distributed IoT blockchain ledger that is specifically designed for managing the metadata needed to describe IoT devices and the data they produce. This GIDDI Blockchain is Internet-owned (i.e., it is not controlled by any individual or organization) and is Internet-scaled (i.e., it can support the discovery and reuse billions of IoT devices). The paper also proposes a GIDDI Marketplace that provides the functionality needed for IoT device registration, query, integration, payment and security via the proposed GIDDI Blockchain. We outline the GIDDI Blockchain and Marketplace implementation. We also discuss ongoing research for automatically mining the IoT Device metadata needed for IoT Device query and integration from the data produce. This significantly reduces the need for IoT device providers to supply the metadata descriptions the devices and the data they produce during the registration of IoT Devices in the GIDDI Blockchain.
This paper presents the implementation of a traffic violation management system. A vehicle tracking system uses the GPS, GSM and a microcontroller to detect speed violations on roads. Any violation is sent to a central database.Payments can be performed off-line; without involving a third party during payment, or on-line; contacting an intermediate server for each payment. In this paper, we focus on using online payment without third party by using a new technology called blockchain for the authentication and authorization purposes in case of traffic violations payment. The contribution of this paper is providing a model of electronic payment for traffic violations to enhance two importantfactors; trust and security of the e- payment system. Blockchain as a shared ledger holds a many set of entities thatfaithfully records a series of transactions combined together by using a smart contract platform for embedding scripts that run across the network and enables adding new entries to that ledger. Blockchain technology is used in this paper for securing traffic violations management. Using the Blockchain guarantees highly secured traffic violations payment as no hacker can change the balance in driver's wallet or a vehicle property papers in a network around the world without the requirement for a central management, as all transactions are recorded in all copies distributed among all parties in the network, where each party has the same copy of the ledger. The proposed model should reduce the response times of violation requests and payment at any time and from any place.
IoT-enabled home appliances are still in their infancy, especially from the perspective of customers, which hinders widespread market penetration. To relieve this skeptical attitude of customers toward IoT appliances, it is important to design human-centric business models rather than corporate-centric ones. IoT ecosystems that make use of cognitive outputs from the social network of things can assist in the establishment of such business models. The contributions of this article are twofold. First, we propose a reference model that grants the absolute ownership of the fog-located digital twin (DT) of a home appliance to its owner and promotes human-centric services and applications on this twin by utilizing blockchains (BCs) and BC-enabled clouds. Second, by enabling customers to have absolute ownership rights over the fog-located DTs, the model paves the way for the liberalization of DTs as well as the appliances coupled to them, which is an important step in revealing the true value that underlies human-centricity and things-to-things collaboration.
Blockchain is decentralized architecture, where data are stored in the form of blocks for processing. The data has to be transferred from one person to another with safety and security and updated with smart contract in the blockchain. But there are some challenges such as data spoofing, integrity, authentication of the data. In the health sector the privacy of the patients' data has to be maintained. The proposed system, “Insurance Management in Healthcare Sector” uses blockchain combined with identity management to access the identity of a person when authorized by the person. After verifying the details, the insured amount will be transferred to the policy holder or the hospital with the help of matching smart contracts in the blockchain of the Ethereum platform. As a result, the insurance claim can reach the policy holder who has initiated the claim process with proof of work. The other use cases such as health care industries, social media networks are also discussed and the analysis of how the blockchain can be used in various fields.
The ubiquitous nature of a connected health system imposes challenges with regard to the design of system architecture, security, and privacy. Different from traditional centralized systems, a distributed blockchain-based security protection architecture is proposed. In particular, smart contracts, as an intelligent protocol in the blockchain technology, are exploited to automatically achieve system confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity. Research challenges related to security and privacy issues in our proposed architecture are then analyzed, followed by potential solutions. Finally, security performance simulations and analyses are conducted to validate and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed security architecture.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
Bhaskara S. Egala, S Priyanka, Ashok Kumar Pradhan
Smart healthcare monitoring systems provide better healthcare service by improving the availability and transparency of health data. However, it also posses serious threats to data security and privacy. As medical internet of things (IoT) are connected to other devices through various networks that provide a suitable attack surface for the intruders. Further, the health data are sensitive, and any breach in security may lead to wrong treatment or compromising the privacy of the patients. In this regard, a secure IoT frame is desirable, which is capable of preserving the integrity and confidentiality of the medical data. In this paper, we have proposed a novel architecture which leverages the blockchain technology to enhance the security and privacy of IoT for healthcare applications. In the proposed architecture called smart healthcare system for patients in ICU (SHPI), critical data is processed in edge computing which is located inside the hospital to reduce the communication latency. In order to provide tramper-proof medical records and data confidentiality SHPI uses blockchain technology and cryptographic methods respectively. Also, a data accessing token system is introduced to separate the group of users based on their roles. This system utilizes smart contracts to record every event for providing transparency in medical activities. In order to describe the working principles a logical analysis is carried out, that shows the system is capable of providing the desired security and privacy.
Internet of Things (IoT) gained a great focus in recent years due to its importance in humans' everyday life. IoT applications appear in several domains for human welfare. The need for a powerful and scalable security framework is the main focus for the current research. Blockchain (BC) is a distributed write-only ledger that eliminates the need for third parity to secure and verify transactions between peers. Though BC is considered the most powerful technique for securing transactions between IoT devices, these devices, unfortunately, cannot act as peers in BC because of its limited processing and storage. In this work, Blockchain is utilized in deploying a security framework for IoT monitoring applications. The proposed framework comprises clients (who query IoT devices), device gateways, and an administrator. IoT devices access BC through gateways. These gateways are assumed to be resource-rich and can perform mining tasks. To that end, Ethereum Blockchain is utilized in addition to Ethereum Smart contracts for enforcing a set of rules defined by the system administrator.