With the development of location-based services based on smart terminals and positioning technologies, location forgery and privacy leakage become an important issue, making it difficult for the existing methods of proof of location to guarantee the accuracy, authenticity and privacy of user trajectory information. By using the decentralized, non-tamperable and traceable characteristics of blockchain and combining with zero-knowledge proof method, this paper proposes a personal trajectory verification algorithm to provide a solution to solve the limitation of traditional location proof method for trajectory verification problems.
The high-speed movement of nodes and the burstiness of interactions in the Internet of Vehicles pose huge challenges to the trusted vehicle collaboration and data sharing. Aiming at the disadvantages of existing authentication mechanisms and trust management models for connected vehicles, this article proposes a trust management model enabled by blockchain to ensure the traceability, nontampering, unforgeability, and transparency of vehicular interactions. The proposed trust management model leverages Dirichlet distribution, reputation regression, and revocation punishment to objectively and accurately reflect the trust status of vehicles. Simulation results on real-world data sets show that the proposed trust management model advantageously improves the accuracy of malicious vehicle detection and the attack resistance of connected vehicles.
Modern vehicles have evolved to support connected and self-driving capabilities. The concepts such as connected driving, cooperative driving, and intelligent transportation systems have resulted in an increase in the connectivity of vehicles and subsequently created new information security risks. The original vehicular ad-hoc network term is now emerged to a new term, Internet of Vehicles (IoV), which is a typical application of symmetry of Internet of Things (IoT). Vehicle manufacturers address some critical issues such as software bugs or security issues through remote updates, and this gives rise to concerns regarding the security of updated components. Moreover, aftermarket units such as those imposed by transportation authorities or insurance companies expose vehicles to high risk. Software testing aims to ensure that software products are reliable and behave as expected. Many commercial and open-source software products undergo formal certifications to increase users’ confidence in their accuracy, reliability, and security. There are different techniques for software certification, including test-based certification. Testcase repositories are available to support software testing and certification, such as the Linux Test Project for Linux kernel testing. Previous studies performed various testing and experimental evaluation of different parts of modern vehicles to assess the security risks. Due to the lack of trusted testcase repositories and a common approach for testing, testing efforts are performed individually. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based approach for a testcase repository to support test-based software and security testing and overcome the lack of trusted testcase repositories. The novel concept Proof-of-Validation to manage global state is proposed to manage updates to the repository. The initial work in this study considers the LTP test suite as a use case for the testcase repository. This research work is expected to contribute to the further development in including evidence generation for testing verification.
Junaid Ahmed Khan, Kavyashree Umesh Bangalore, Abdullah Kurkcu, Kaan Özbay
Trajectory data from connected vehicles (CVs) and other micromobility sources such as e-scooters, bikes, and pedestrians is important for researchers, policy makers, and other stakeholders for leveraging the location, speed, and heading, along with other mobility data, to improve safety and bolster technology development toward innovative location-based applications for citizens. Such raw data needs to be stored and accessed from a non-proprietary database while the obfuscation and encryption techniques on current cloud-based proprietary solutions incur data losses that are deemed inefficient for accurate usage, particularly in time-sensitive real-time operations. In this paper, we target the problem of scalably storing and retrieving potentially sensitive data generated by vehicles and propose TREAD, a blockchain-based system comprising smart contracts to store this mobility data on a distributed ledger such that multiple peers can access and utilize it in different location-based applications while not revealing users’ sensitive personal information. It is, however, challenging to scalably store large amounts of constantly generated trajectories, and to achieve scalability we leverage InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), a scalable distributed peer-to-peer data storage system. To avoid users injecting malicious/fake trajectories into the ledger, we develop efficient consensus algorithms for the stakeholders to validate the storage and retrieval process in a distributed manner. We implemented TREAD on the open-source Hyperledger Fabric blockchain platform using trajectory data generated for 700 vehicles in a simulation environment well calibrated with vehicle trajectories from a real-world test-bed in New York City. Results show that TREAD scalably stores trajectory data with lower delay and overhead.
Konstantinos Kaltakis, Panagiota Polyzi, George Drosatos, Konstantinos Rantos
Blockchain, a promising technology that has matured and nowadays is widely used in many fields, such as supply chain management, smart grids, agriculture and logistics, has also been proposed for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) ecosystem to enhance the protection of the data that roadside units and vehicles exchange. Blockchain technology can inherently guarantee the availability, integrity and immutability of data stored in IoV, yet it cannot protect privacy and data confidentiality on its own. As such, solutions that utilise this technology have to consider the adoption of privacy-preserving schemes to address users’ privacy concerns. This paper provides a literature review of proposed solutions that provide different vehicular services using blockchain technology while preserving privacy. In this context, it analyses existing solutions’ main characteristics and properties to provide a comprehensive and critical overview and identifies their contribution in the field. Moreover, it provides suggestions to researchers for future work in the field of privacy-preserving blockchain-enabled solutions for vehicular networks.
Consortium blockchain-based A-CDM (Airport Collaborative Decision Making) was a decentralized technology solution proposed by some researchers in recent years to solve robustness, privacy, and security issues in the traditional centralized architecture. The key idea of blockchain-based A-CDM is to use blockchain technology to store the flight operation data in a distributed, consistent, and tamper-proof ledger, further improve the capability of flight management and reduce the trust barriers among the multi-stakeholders such as airport, air traffic management bureau, airlines, and ground service agency, etc. The RAFT consensus was adopted in many blockchain-based data sharing solutions to meet the need for efficiency in data transmission. However, the RAFT algorithm can only be used in a non-byzantine network because security requirements such as preventing malicious nodes are not fully considered. It will bring an immeasurable impact on flight operation when the leader node of RAFT-based A-CDM was caused by malicious control. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes an optimization scheme to improve the security performance of the consortium blockchain in A-CDM.
With the rapid development of the mobile internet and intelligent technology of in-vehicle equipment, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), centered on intelligent connected cars, has gradually entered people’s lives. However, these technologies also bring serious privacy risks and security issues in terms of data transmission and storage. In this article, we propose a blockchain-based authentication system to provide vehicle safety management. The privacy and security attributes of various vehicle authentication transactions are based on high-level cryptographic primitives, realizing temporary and formal authentication methods. At the same time, a fair blockchain consensus mechanism Auction of block generation Rights (AoR) is proposed. To demonstrate the feasibility and scalability of the proposed scheme, security and performance analyses are presented. The relevant experimental results show that the scheme can provide superior decentralized management for IoV.
The integration of air and ground smart vehicles is becoming a new paradigm of future transportation. A decent number of smart unmanned vehicles or UAS will be sharing the national airspace for various purposes, such as express delivery, surveillance, etc. However, the proliferation of UAS also brings challenges considering the safe integration of them into the current Air Traffic Management (ATM) systems. Especially when the current Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcasting (ADS-B) systems do not have message authentication mechanisms, it can not distinguish whether an authorized UAS is using the corresponding airspace. In this paper, we aim to address these practical challenges in two folds. We first use blockchain to provide a secure authentication platform for flight plan approval and sharing between the existing ATM facilities. We then use the fountain code to encode the authentication payloads and adapt them into the de facto communication protocol of ATM. This maintains backward compatibility and ensures the verification success rate under the noisy broadcasting channel. We simulate the realistic wireless communication scenarios and theoretically prove that our proposed authentication framework is with low latency and highly compatible with existing ATM communication protocols.
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become an important branch of future 6G smart wireless communications. As an emerging key technology, multi-access edge computing (MEC) provides low-latency, high-speed, and high-capacity network services for the VANETs. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for blockchain-based, hierarchical multi-access edge computing for the future VANET ecosystem (BMEC-FV). In the underlying VANET environment, we propose a trust model to ensure the security of the communication link between vehicles. Multiple MEC servers calculate the trust between vehicles through computing offloading. Meanwhile, the blockchain system plays an important role to manage the entire BMEC-FV architecture. We aim to optimize the throughput and the quality of services (QoS) for MEC users in the lower layer of the system architecture. In this framework, the main challenge is how to effectively reach consensus among blockchain nodes while ensuring the performance of MEC systems and blockchains. The blocksize of blockchain nodes, the number of consensus nodes, reliable features of each vehicle, and the number of producing blocks for each block producer are considered in a joint optimization problem, which is modeled as a Markov decision process with state space, action space, and reward function. Since it is difficult for this to be solved by traditional methods, we propose a novel deep compressed neural network scheme. Simulation results illustrate the superiority of the BMEC-FV ecosystem.
Mohiuddin Ahmed, Nour Moustafa, A. F. M. Suaib Akhter, Imran Razzak · 8 authors
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is creating a massive impact in a wide range of applications. In addition, with the forthcoming 5G and 6G technologies, vehicular ad-hoc networks will have pioneer advancements. However, security concerns are not well addressed, as vehicular networks should be deployed at a large scale. To address the security concerns, especially to ensure secure emergency message transmission, a blockchain-based protocol is proposed in this paper, where one of the blockchains is to store the authentication information of the vehicle, and another one to store and distribute blockchain services. Experimental analysis revealed that the proposed blockchain-based protocols are superior than the existing ones in terms of several metrics.
Reliable and flexible emergency networks are of paramount essence for disaster relief during or after the event of disasters due to the destruction or lack of terrestrial communication infrastructures. Thanks to fast deployment and flexible mobilities, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) emerge as a promising paradigm to efficiently establish emergency networks and perform immediate disaster relief tasks in affected areas. However, in such UAV-assisted disaster relief networks (UDRNs), the limited onboard batteries and computational capacities of UAVs hinder them from performing computation-intensive missions. Moreover, critical security vulnerabilities arise in data transmission among UAVs owing to the untrusted environment, open communication channels, and unreliable misbehavior tracing. To this end, this article investigates UDRNs based on blockchain and machine learning to achieve secure and efficient data transmission. Specifically, we first present a lightweight blockchain-enabled collaborative aerial-ground networking framework to safeguard data delivery under disasters, where a credit-based delegated proof-of-stake consensus protocol is further devised to enhance consensus efficiency while promoting UAVs' honest behaviors. In addition, by harnessing the idle computing power of ground vehicles (referred to as vehicular fog computing), a novel reinforcement learning-based algorithm is developed to intelligently offload UAVs' computation missions to the moving vehicles in the dynamic environment. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms the existing approaches, in terms of consensus security, user utility, task latency, and energy consumption. Finally, future research directions in this emerging area are discussed.
Muhammad Waseem, Khawaja Arslan Ahmed, Muhammad Talha Azeem
Blockchain technology is widely studied in these days and has vital role in the ITS and Vehicular network. Intelligent Transport System (ITS) have resolved several issues of transportation like congestion, electronic toll collection, traffic light cameras, traffic updates, and environment forecasting. The vehicular network is the ever-increasing network it is not only facilitates us but also brings new challenges with it. The mobile nature of vehicular networks it is very important to collect and broadcast information of traffic events in real-time. A little delay to broadcast important information or deciding on this information can cause a serious situation in the mobile vehicular network. Moreover, malicious vehicles in the network broadcasting false information about these traffic events cause a disturbance in the network. In large-scale scenarios, the transmission of malicious messages offers a lot of danger to the system. They can wrongly claim the roads and provide false information about the incident. These traffic events can be life-threatening and cause unwanted situations like accidents, wastage of time and other resources. Therefore, it is very much important to provide real-time information on recent traffic events and real-time authentication of vehicles that broadcast information in the network. Traditional studies are unable to solve these security issues and contain a single point of failure issue. These studies are centralized and dependent on a single higher authority. Moreover, they have serious security concerns that are harmful for vehicular network. Moreover, any vehicles are unwilling to share their private information while broadcasting information about traffic events because they are strangers to each other. And if a vehicle does not want to share its private information like name, id, etc. It is not possible to authenticate this vehicle and manage trust in the network. It means that it is very crucial to prevent vehicles to broadcast wrong information in the network while preserving their privacy at the same time. Therefore, there is a need to authenticate vehicles and manage trust in the network while preserving their privacy simultaneously. Blockchain can offer better solution to solve these issues due to its secure distributed environment and features that ensure immutability about actions. The purpose of this report is to provide real-time security and privacy in the network. It is also ensured that vehicles get real-time authenticated information about traffic incidents from legitimate vehicles while simultaneously preserving their privacy. It means that only authenticated and legitimate entities (vehicles) can participate in vehicular network and privacy of both sender and receiver is secured in the network. Details of conducted experiments are given, and shreds of evidence are provided to evaluate the performance of architectures for authentication and trust management. The shreds of evidence show that these blockchain-based systems can solve security and trust issues more effectively.
An electronic toll collection (ETC) system is one of the most important parts of an intelligent transportation system (ITS), but existing ETC systems are not efficient and have vehicle fee evasion complications. Owing to the traceability and tamper resistance of a blockchain, the combination of a blockchain and ETC system is a feasible way to solve the above problems. However, traditional blockchain (e.g., Bitcoin and Ethereum) has high power consumption and low efficiency. Hence, it cannot be used in ETC systems with high throughput and is not suitable for power-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In this study, therefore, we propose a blockchain architecture for the ETC system. To curb vehicle fee evasion behavior, thereby reducing the economic loss caused, we propose a vehicle behavior management mechanism based on credit value. Furthermore, to reduce the burden of storage and build a chain of evidence for auditing purposes, we propose an evidence chain framework. To protect the data security in the transaction process, we designed a data protection method to encrypt the transaction data. Additionally, this system is based on an open-source alliance blockchain framework called Hyperledger Fabric, which is more in line with the current application scenarios of ETC systems. We implemented the system on a Raspberry Pi and carried out simulations. The comprehensive evaluation results and analysis show that the system effectively reduces the number of illegal acts, completes the evidence inspection, and improves the security of the data.
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less extended scenario of blockchain radio access network (B-RAN); meanwhile, the decentralization of B-RAN befits MANETs. In the framework of B-RAN, we propose a blockchain-based multi-hop routing protocol, namely Data Broker, for non-cooperative MANETs. To incentivize the collaboration among selfish peers, we record the identity information of participating brokers on a ledger list. However, blockchain cannot guarantee the integrity of such a routing ledger directly. Therefore, we design a ledger safeguard mechanism, along with reward policies, to avoid the ledger list being tampered with or modified by dishonest brokers. The experimental results show that the proposed Data Broker can significantly improve the network performance of non-cooperative MANETs regarding latency and loss rate.
Several distributed system paradigms utilize Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) to realize structured peer-to-peer (P2P) overlays. DHT structures arise as the most commonly used organizations for peers that can efficiently perform crucial services such as data storage, replication, query resolution, and load balancing. With the advances in various distributed system technologies, novel and efficient solutions based on DHTs emerge and play critical roles in system design. DHT-based methods and communications have been proposed to address challenges such as scalability, availability, reliability and performance, by considering unique characteristics of these technologies. In this article, we propose a classification of the state-of-the-art DHT-based methods focusing on their system architecture, communication, routing and technological aspects across various system domains. To the best of our knowledge, there is no comprehensive survey on DHT-based applications from system architecture and communication perspectives that spans various domains of recent distributed system technologies. We investigate the recently emerged DHT-based solutions in the seven key domains of edge and fog computing, cloud computing, blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), Online Social Networks (OSNs), Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), and Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). In contrast to the existing surveys, our study goes beyond the commonly known DHT methods such as storage, routing, and lookup, and identifies diverse DHT-based solutions including but not limited to aggregation, task scheduling, resource management and discovery, clustering and group management, federation, data dependency management, and data transmission. Furthermore, we identify open problems and discuss future research guidelines for each domain.
Advances in mobile computing have paved the way for new types of distributed applications that can be executed solely by mobile devices on Device-to-Device (D2D) ecosystems (e.g., crowdsensing). Sophisticated applications, like cryptocurrencies, need distributed ledgers (DLs) to function. DLs, such as blockchains and directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), employ consensus protocols to add data in the form of blocks. However, such protocols are designed for resourceful devices that are interconnected via the Internet. Moreover, existing DLs are not deployable to D2D ecosystems since their storage needs are continuously increasing. In this work, we introduce and analyze Mneme, a DAG-based DL that can be maintained solely by mobile devices. Mneme utilizes two novel consensus protocols: 1) Proof of Context (PoC) and 2) Proof of Equivalence (PoE). PoC employs users’ context to add data on Mneme. PoE is executed periodically to summarize data and produce equivalent blocks that require less storage. We analyze Mneme’s security and justify the ability of PoC and PoE to guarantee the characteristics of DLs: persistence and liveness. Furthermore, we analyze potential attacks from malicious users and prove that the probability of a successful attack is inversely proportional to the square of the number of mobile users who maintain Mneme.
Message exchange among vehicles plays an important role in ensuring road safety. Emergency message dissemination is usually carried out by broadcasting. However, high vehicle density and mobility lead to challenges in message dissemination such as broadcasting storm and low probability of packet reception. This paper proposes a federated learning based blockchain-assisted message dissemination solution. Similar to the incentive-based Proof-of-Work consensus in blockchain, vehicles compete to become a relay node (miner) by processing the proposed Proof-of-Federated-Learning (PoFL) consensus which is embedded in the smart contract of blockchain. Both theoretical and practical analysis of the proposed solution are provided. Specifically, the proposed blockchain based federated learning results in more vehicles uploading their models in a given time, which can potentially lead to a more accurate model in less time as compared to the same solution without using blockchain. It also outperforms other blockchain approaches in reducing 65.2% of time delay in consensus, improving at least 8.2% message delivery rate and preserving privacy of neighbor vehicle more efficiently. The economic model to incentivize vehicles participating in federated learning and message dissemination is further analyzed using Stackelberg game. The analysis of asymptotic complexity proves PoFL as the most scalable solution compared to other consensus algorithms in vehicular networks.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely used in applications such as surveillance, healthcare, rescue, and crowdsensing. However, the network management of these applications is quite challenging, given the mobility of UAVs. In this scenario, the network softwarization, which decouples the hardware from the network control functions, becomes essential. Moreover, the fifth-generation (5G) communication network is used to disseminate the data from controller-to-UAV and UAV-to-Internet of Things (IoT) enabled devices. However, handling the security and privacy of data against the eavesdropper is a challenging aspect that needs to be resolved efficiently. Most of the solutions presented in the literature are based on a centralized architecture having a single point of failure and are also vulnerable to various security attacks such as controller hijacking and man-in-the-middle attacks. Motivated by these facts, we present a blockchain-based secure data dissemination scheme for softwarized UAV networks. The proposed scheme can detect an eavesdropper, analyze malicious data, and mitigate various security attacks on the SDN controller. The performance analysis shows that the proposed scheme achieves superior results in detecting the eavesdropper and anomalous data before adding them into the blockchain compared to other state-of-the-art schemes.
In recent decades, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have improved drivers' safety and have shared information (such as traffic congestion and accidents) in a very efficient way. However, the privacy of vehicles and the security of event information is a major concern. The problem of secure sharing of event information without compromising the trusted third party (TTP) and data storage is the main issue in ITS. Blockchain technologies can resolve this problem. A work has been published on blockchain-based protocol for secure sharing of events and authentication of vehicles. This protocol addresses the issue of the safe storing of event information. However, authentication of vehicles solely depends on the cloud server. As a result, their scheme utilizes the notion of partially decentralized architecture. This paper proposes a novel decentralized architecture for the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) without the cloud server. This work also presents a protocol for securing event information and vehicle authentication using the blockchain mechanism. In this protocol, the registered user accesses the event information securely from the interplanetary file system (IPFS). We incorporate the IPFS, along with blockchain, to store the information in a fully distributed manner. The proposed protocol is compared with the state-of-the-art. The comparison provides desirable security at a reasonable cost. The evaluation of the proposed smart contract in terms of cost (GAS) is also discussed.
The Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) are embedded with dozens of electronic units and sensors heavily reliant on vehicle's software systems for their secure and reliable operations. This software system must always stay updated for providing a secure and uninterrupted service to CA V. While the automated OTA (Over-The-Air) software and firmware updates for autonomous vehicles is essential for their safe operation, the potential system failure and cybersecurity threats remain a major concern for secure OTA update. This paper introduces a blockchain-based, highly adaptable solution for keeping the CA V OTA software systems updated in real-time while offering faster processing speed and a high level of security against possible cyber-attacks. Our proposed scheme ensures that only authorized OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) can upload new software and updated versions in the cloud, and only the certified vehicles download and install the updates. Our framework guarantees a faster, scalable, and multi-factor authentication system for a secure real-time software update service for CA V s.
Internet of Drones (IoD)-enabled aerial computing can effectively reduce communication delay and energy consumption as compared to conventional computing environments. It seems very useful for its deployment in disaster areas, emergency relief and battlefield communications. However, different types of attacks, such as replay, man-in-the-middle, impersonation, credential leakage, and other types of data modifications, are possible in an IoD-based communication environment. Therefore, we need a highly robust security protocol to prevent the occurrence of these types of attacks in IoD-enabled aerial computing environments. Moreover, blockchain, a tamper-proof technology, adds more security in the designed security protocol. To cope with these issues, we propose a “blockchain-based secure communication framework for Internet of Drones enabled aerial computing deployment (BCF-IoDAC)”. We also provide a security analysis of the proposed BCF-IoDAC which proves its resilience against various types of passive and active attacks. The security and performance comparison of the proposed BCF-IoDAC is conducted with the closely related existing schemes, and its performance is also better than the compared schemes, as BCF-IoDAC provides more security and functionality features with low computation and communication costs. In addition, the blockchain-based practical demonstration of the proposed BCF-IoDAC is provided to measure its impact on the computational time on a varied number of transactions per block and a varied number of blocks mined in the blockchain.
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) has been considered to be an enabler of secure communication, while, due to its complex and centralized design, there have been instances in the past for Certification Authority's (CA) misbehaving and publishing rogue certificates for targeted attacks. This research aims to present a blockchain-based mechanism that lays down a concrete foundation for creating a transparent and secure block-chain-based mechanism for the issuance and management of digital certificates that enables prevention against CA misbehaving. A prototype is deployed and tested on the Ethereum test network, and the results are made publicly available for verification and validation. As a result, the proposed Ethereum blockchain-based PKI mechanism enables secure, transparent, and auditable issuance and management of digital certificates together with the solution of Sybil, Spoofing, and Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Domenico Lattuca, Luca Di Mauro, Francesco Bisconti, Federico Civerchia · 8 authors
Connected and autonomous vehicles run their control algorithms in dedicated on-board computing platforms, which will become obsolete long before the end of the life cycle of the vehicles, severely limiting the evolution of their control software and the deployment of cooperative vehicular applications. A promising solution for this problem is to delegate the most demanding computational tasks to the edge nodes the of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks, leveraging on the Vehicular Edge Computing paradigm. This requires both low-latency, high-bandwidth communications and secure computing offloading. In this paper, we propose an architecture that ensures supporting secure computation offloading, using the IOTA-VPKI security scheme, without additional delay overhead. Furthermore, to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed scheme to a real case, we measured the time required for the execution of a maneuver plan supervised by an application, the Maneuver Control (MC), located on an edge node. Experimental results show that the described scheme is a very promising solution.
Ying Chen, Tianhui Zhou, Jun Zhou, Zhenfu Cao · 6 authors
Self-organizing vehicular social networks underpin many location-based services (LBS) such as those that collect and share environmental information (e.g., traffic and weather conditions) among vehicular users and the infrastructure. There are, however, security and privacy considerations in the sharing of such information, and one popular approach is to design lightweight authentication solutions for LBS. Existing approaches may suffer from limitations such as significant computational and/or storage overheads, latency and time delays, and consequently impractical for resource-constrained on-board units. In this paper, we propose an efficient privacy-preserving LBS bundle authentication scheme (hereafter referred to as SAVE) through secure redundancy filtering in self-organizing vehicular social networks. Firstly, an enhanced self-healing key distribution protocol with distributed revocation is proposed to reduce communication cost for retransmitting lost key material and resist free-riding attacks to enhance the authentication efficiency. Then, based on it, a generalized version of online/offline aggregate signature is proposed to achieve batch LBS bundle verification based on arbitrary one-way function holding the property of multiplicative homomorphism. Finally, an efficient zero-knowledge range proof based on lightweight one-way hash chain is designed to decide the redundancy of LBS bundles without disclosing vehicular users’ location privacy. Formal security proof and extensive simulation results demonstrate that our proposed SAVE achieves identity privacy, two levels of location privacy and the practicability in reality.