In the rapidly evolving environment of the international supply chain, the traditional network of manufacturers and suppliers has grown into a vast ecosystem made of various products that move through multiple parties and require cooperation among stakeholders. Additionally, the demand for improved product visibility and source-to-store traceability has never been higher. However, traditional data sharing procedures in today’s supply chain are inefficient, costly, and unadaptable as compared to new and innovative technology. Blockchain technology has shown promising results for improving supply chain networks in recent applications and has already impacted our society and lifestyle by reshaping many business and industry processes. In an effort to understand the integration of blockchain technology in the supply chain, this paper systematically summarizes its current status, key characteristics, potential challenges, and pilot applications.
Vincent Hargaden, Nikolaos Papakostas, Anthony Newell, Adam Khavia · 5 authors
Due to the increasingly complex nature of large-scale structural engineering projects, there is an increasing focus on the adoption and integration of technology. However, the construction sector tends to be further behind than most when it comes to the adoption of process-based innovative technologies. On the other hand, the decentralised, peer-to-peer principles of blockchain technology has recently attracted interest from a range of industries around the globe who are attempting to improve their business practices. This paper provides insights into the performance capabilities of blockchain technology in the construction industry and the feasibility of its potential adoption through use cases. It explores smart contract applications and the feasibility of integrating the technology with building information modelling and information management. Furthermore, the paper argues that blockchain technology has the potential to significantly increase the efficiency of processes within the construction industry and eliminate issues surrounding trust, transparency and verification currently experienced in the sector.
In order to help track and disclose environmental performance across the textile and apparel supply chain, DLT is proposed as an ideal tool for information storage and communication in a highly transparent network. Every participant in the network can get access to the information for supply chain process, and eventually build a high level of trust on suppliers' environmental governance. This paper aims to bring out the potential of DLT technology on the textile and apparel supply chain. We discuss how to utilize the unique characteristics of DLT for achieving low carbon emissions during textile and apparel manufacturing through better supply chain transparency. In details, an overview of DLT technology is provided in this paper by showing the design, business implications and opportunities in the textile and apparel supply chain. In addition, a case study is illustrated on DLT technology in the textile and apparel supply chain transparency for World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)'s Low Carbon Manufacturing Programme (LCMP).
Najneen Shaikh, Suheb Shaikh, Gyankamal J. Chhajed
Counterfeit of medicine is major problem for consumer. Though there are more conventional methods for identifying counterfeit of medicine but they lack in security so to overcome this problem we are proposing secure software for medicine manufacturing supply chain management system by using blockchain technology. Blockchain technology is specially used in bitcoin cryptocurrency. It is characterized as an open-source, decentralized, distributed database for storing medicine information. Instead of relying on centralized intermediaries, this technology allows two parties to transact directly using duplicate, linked ledger called blockchain. Supply chain management is collection of activities required to plan, control and execute a products flow, from collecting raw materials and production through distribution to the final customer, in the most smooth and cost effective way possible. Supply Chain is beneficial when consumer or the organizations who want the information about medicine manufacturing at every stage to compare its quality. Confidential information related to medicine manufacturing is not to be unveil is accessible to authorized users.
Blockchain provides a secure decentralized information management system that can solve many common problems facing the construction industry. The loose structure of the construction industry, the way that public and private projects are tendered, and the supply chain system it uses for material and service delivery provide unique challenges and problems. New information technology management systems such as BIM and RFID are used to address some of these issues, though not completely. Blockchain technology can be used to further improve the information management systems in construction, provide more automation and mitigate many possible legal conflicts by default. Implementation of blockchain technology in the construction industry can also result in the use of smart contracts with fewer administrative struggles, improve the flow of the project, material, and service delivery, and increase the security and currentness of BIM or project documents. This study aims to explore the applications of blockchain technology in improving the construction industry's information management systems. It is concluded that not only the blockchain technology has potential in addressing some of the common problems in the construction industry but also it is adaptable to the construction industry structure and the way it is practiced. Thus, blockchain technology is a viable option for adaptation in the construction industry.
Block chain is a decentralized infrastructure that is widely used in emerging digital cryptocurrencies and has received attention and research as Bitcoin has gradually become accepted. Block chain technology is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Its decentralization, block data cannot be tampered with, and it is trusted, which makes its application in various fields gradually gaining attention. With the deepening of the phenomenon of globalization and division of labor, the supply chain of modern enterprises began to appear fragmentary, complex, decentralized, and other phenomena, which brought great challenges to the supply chain management. First of all, it gives a basic overview of the block chain technology, explains its composition, basic framework and technical characteristics, then analyzes the problems in the current supply chain management, and finally points out that the block chain technology solves the above-mentioned supply chain management problems. The purpose is to help the block chain technology in the field of supply chain related research.
Blockchain technology along with Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing is expected to cause disruption in the existing business processes at unprecedented scale. Smart Contracts which represent business logic are consolidated by blockchain architecture. A smart contract is a self-executing program that may be triggered on events generated by IoT sensors, actuators or tags. Blockchain and smart contracts which find their optimum suitability in multiparty arrangements are anticipated to bring a paradigm shift in the domains of Supply-chain and logistics. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the disruptive innovation happening in the logistics processes due to blockchain, smart contracts and Internet of Things. We highlight the some of the most important Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of the logistics domain being positively affected due to this digital disruption and the required characteristics in the blockchain technologies for this paradigm shift to take place.
Products and associated materials are important supply chain flows. Product management greatly influences supply chain performance. Supply chain information is also critical for sound product management. Product deletion, rationalization, or discontinuation research is an important dimension often overlooked in product management. It is a critical issue for many managerial reasons, many espoused in this article. Product deletion is typically a multi-staged process including recognition, analysis and revitalization, evaluation and decision formation, and implementation. Each stage requires complicated information and data support from supply chain activities. Failure in information generating, understanding, and accuracy can prove risky for rational product deletion. Blockchain technology may help address information challenges. Blockchain technology provides traceability, transparency, security, accuracy, and smart execution, which can all contribute to the product deletion and rationalization decision. Application recommendations and managerial insights into product deletion decision making processes with blockchain technology are provided.
The emergence of Distributed Ledger or Blockchain Technology BCT, stands to impact many parts of our society; from revolutionizing healthcare, to safeguarding voting, to keeping our data private. To the same affect, BCT stands to empower the very underpinnings that go into international trade: trust, traceability, accessibility and streamlining processes. As so many times before (e.g. ICT as well as the invention of the shipping container), novel technology lowers the costs and empowers international trade. This time to go from creating global value chains to scrutinizing and optimizing them. The aim of this policy brief is as follows; First, to provide a brief overview of the technology, the use and potential effects on international trade. Second, to provide some guidelines for policy makers on how to prepare for the development of the technology.
The results show that transparency and auditability, security and indelibility, and distribution and sustainability are the key attributes of blockchain-based solutions in 56% of the articles reviewed. These three aspects represent the foundation of blockchain technologies which may contribute positively to improve supply management processes. Moreover, immutability, tracking and tracing, and smart contracts are also included in nearly a third of the cases. Moreover, efficiencies and costs through this technology would reduce the costs in payment of intermediaries, reduce paperwork, and help in the shipment of physical documents. Supply chain plays a critical role in the global trade and urgently needs to reassess its models in searching for greater efficiencies. Moreover, better results in visibility across the chain will increase trust for the customers and all interested parties. Secure transactions, strong security mechanisms that prevent fraud and illegal practices, could be achieved through the blockchain.
Large building projects involve complex on-site logistics regarding materials and subsystems, often encompassing hundreds of vehicles handling incoming and outcoming goods and requiring precise timing and space handling. Such a material flow is generally decoupled from the respective economic flow; however, the integration of the two could, among others, foster a holistic overview of the full construction project production, facilitate the collaboration of the supply chain stakeholders, and optimize constructability. Blockchain technologies can enable an integration of these flows by using the distributed ledger facility inherent in a decentralized blockchain network, as well as smart contracts. This paper aims at reviewing the emerging knowledge on blockchain in construction and identifying different constellations of companies and flows in digital building logistics. Theoretically, the paper draws on a sociotechnical approach, which views the development of digitalization as an intertwined social and technical process, where technology is co-shaped with practice. Building on a literature review and interviews and dialogues with actors active in building logistics within Sweden, at least three digital building logistics constellations with the potential to implement blockchain solutions are identified: (1) large contractors integrating building logistics internally, to overcome transaction challenges and maintain power over business-critical supply processes, (2) clients employing independent third-party logistics consultants acting as convenors of different interests in the building logistics setup, and (3) other thirdparty actors such as construction equipment suppliers, offering customised digital building logistics solutions.
Mian Wasim Layaq, Alexander Goudz, Bernd Noche, Muhammad Atif
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the research development in supply chain risk management (SCRM) and to connect the new emerging digital technology Blockchain that could help to mitigate risks in any supply chain. Emerging literature, case studies, citations are used to fulfil this the task. The study will explore Blockchain and supply chain risks in details and will compare, how Blockchain based supply chain can mitigate these risks. There are many risks associated to supply chains but we will limit our study to only supply risk and study different areas of Blockchain application in supply chain with supply risk. Blockchain technologies have a potential to upgrade current supply chains. This will not only increase its performance in terms of speedy flow of raw material, finished goods, information and money flow but also help to mitigate current risk in supply chain by increasing visibility and transparency of supply chain. Smart contracts, IoT and Blockchain can serve together to achieve maximum efficiency and effectiveness in SCM. This research contributes to explore further research fields of Blockchain technology in different areas of supply chain risk management.
The transparent and immutable nature of blockchain provides incentives for organizations wishing to create and implement an open, decentralized governance structure. As members exercise their voting rights, a fault-tolerant record accumulates on the blockchain that can be analyzed to diagnose and intercept potential threats to the governing body. To date, there has not been a systematic study of on-chain governance with respect to voting. In this paper, we provide an analysis of blockchain governance through a case study of the first cryptocurrency to adopt on-chain voting, Dash. Our analysis introduces the key characteristics of blockchain governance, steps through a data-driven exploration of Dash's on-chain voting system, and highlights exploitable attack vectors and vulnerabilities for the subversion of Dash's on-chain voting system via a novel network analysis methodology. We then conclude with guidelines for other organizations looking to implement similar blockchain governance solutions while maintaining integrity in their operations.
Nikhil Gupta Gourisetti, Michael Mylrea, Hirak Patangia
Cybersecurity vulnerability assessment tools, frameworks, and methodologies are used to understand the cybersecurity maturity of a system or a facility. However, these tools are strictly developed based on standards defined by organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the U.S. Department of Energy; the majority of these tools and frameworks do not provide a platform to prioritize the requirements to reach a desired cybersecurity maturity. To address that challenge, we have been developing a framework and software application called cybersecurity vulnerability mitigation framework through empirical paradigm (CyFEr). CyFEr treats the problem at hand as a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) problem, which requires that various criteria be weighed relatively. Defining those weights is non-trivial and often leads to subjective decisions leading to undesired complications. To facilitate such a weighting system in CyFEr, we evaluated the application of various rank-weight methods (such as rank sum, reciprocal rank, rank exponent, and rank order centroid). The efficacy of those rank-weight methods was evaluated by applying them and testing against the blockchain cybersecurity framework (BC2F). BC2F was developed using the NIST cybersecurity framework to evaluate the cybersecurity posture of the blockchain nodes and networks in a given blockchain application or use-case. This paper provides 1) technical insights on the application of rank-weight methods to cybersecurity vulnerability assessments, 2) an overview of BC2F, 3) the application of rank-weight methods to BC2F, and 4) a depiction of the integration of the discussed rank-weight methods in CyFEr.
Supply Chain Resilience and Risk Management
Risk and Safety Analysis
Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis
Anupam Kumar, Deepak Choudhary, M. Srikrishnam Raju, Dev Kumar Chaudhary · 5 authors
India, a global leader in manufacturing and the largest supplier of cost-effective generic drugs around the world, especially to the African countries under the United Nations aid, is facing a widespread fake drug epidemic. One of the major reasons behind this is the unregulated and complex drug supply chain. When a drug consignment change ownership from manufacturer to distributor and then to the wholesaler, no information is exchanged between the parties. We lack adequate auditability and transparency of the original source of drugs. Consequences include counterfeit drug problem, inefficient recall process of the drugs and lack of trust. By putting the entire drug supply chain of India on Blockchain, we propose to perform a quantitative analysis on leveraging unique blockchain properties like authenticity, accountability, and ability to handle sensitive information to solve India’s counterfeit drugs problem permanently. It will strengthen the supply chain and will introduce the much-needed transparency of transactions and quality assurance by tracking a drug through its entire lifecycle from the extraction of raw materials to the patient taking the drug. Along with this, smart contracts can be deployed which will provide automation, trust, and security to the system. Smart contracts are digital protocols that can be programmed to perform a task when a particular goal is reached without any intervention of a third party and can facilitate services like automatic payments, quality control, and trust between stakeholders.
This paper Decision making at the top level is very complex. One important responsibility of the policy makers and the governance system is to plan the safety and security to its citizen and consumers for the firms. This research address of the main concern of counterfeiting goods in today’s time. This research identify the potential and needs of the distributed ledger technologies like blockchain and their application potential to combat the problem of counterfeiting in Indian economy. The research uses SWARA (Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis)-WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) methodology after expert opinion gathered to understand the problem better and it results into the prioritization of application of blockchain in different industries. SWARA is applied to evaluate the weights of the criteria and WASPAS to evaluate and prioritize the alternatives.
Reports on how blockchain can impact industries. IN 2009, Toyota announced a recall of four million vehicles due to faulty gas pedals.1 The recall cost an estimated US$2 billion. The company had received pedals from many suppliers. It lacked mechanisms to track the suppliers that were responsible for the faulty pedals. There was, thus, no way to know which cars had the defective pedals. Similar problems are found in the food industry. Blockchain has the potential to provide solutions to problems such as mentioned above by addressing visibility and traceability challenges. Blockchain technology enables companies to record every event or transaction within a supply chain (SC) on a distributed ledger, which is shared among all participants, making it secure, immutable, and irrevocable. It makes it possible to deal with a crisis in a targeted way after such a crisis is discovered and provides distributed trust. Blockchain can facilitate handling and dealing with crisis situations such as product recalls due to faulty parts or security vulnerabilities. Blockchain’s public availability means that it is possible to trace back every product to the origin of the raw materials, and transactions can be linked to identify users of vulnerable parts and devices. Also, blockchain can reduce the costs of a supply chain.
The construction industry produces one of the most complex and substantially large structures such as buildings, bridges, dams and tunnels using lengthy, network structured and dynamic supply chains with multiple internal and external suppliers. Long and complex supply chains make it difficult to monitor compliance, provide ultimate assurance of the final product and often lead to increased cost with payment delays. The technology that underpins cryptocurrencies is known as blockchain. However, the capabilities of blockchain can be extended far beyond cryptocurrencies. It enables existing applications to be improved and new applications such as blockchain-powered election, healthcare, identity management, power grids, supply chain, property, smart contracts and so on. This paper aims to compute the stakeholders’ perspective on blockchain and smart contracts in the construction industry. As the primary data collection methodology, an industry engagement workshop in the form of round-table discussions was conducted. Each round-table comprised of both academics and industry participants with different context from the construction industry. The table composition was four industry practitioners and two academics with the responsibility of moderating the discussion for all six groups. There were 57 responses, and 18 unique perspectives were identified. A word cloud was generated by using the frequency of responses to identify the density of each perspective. The key findings of the data analysis highlighted efficiency, trust, fair, security, transparent, accountability, compliance and standardisation were highlighted as the stakeholders’ primary perspective on blockchain and smart contracts based solutions for the construction supply chain. Moreover, meantime highlighted construction industry requirements and drivers of blockchain and smart contracts are reconciled. So, the findings will help in implementing better blockchain solutions to the construction industry in future.<b> </b>
It was analysed in a general way and the security problem of the public organizations of Ecuador was determined. The objective is to generate a prototype in a blockchain diagram, based on an algorithm using flowchart techniques to provide robustness against failures, third-party attacks and mitigate information vulnerabilities. The deductive and exploratory research method was used in order to analyse the information available in the medium and scientific articles. Resulted an algorithm developed through flow diagram techniques to improve the processing of information in a public organization in Ecuador from the use of the Blockchain technology and the use of the SHA 256 algorithm. It was concluded that access to the data to a generic public organization of Ecuador will have an alternative to improve the security of the information with the implementation of the blockchain.
Mahadi Hasan Miraz, Mohamad Ghozali Hasan, Kamal Imran Mohd Sharif
Bangladesh garments industry plays a significant role for Bangla--desh economy. It helps millions of workers in Bangladesh. As difficulties to trade among nations have failed due to improved shipping systems, technology transfer and government coopera--tion, the industry has seen a rapid increase in globalization and struggle. The all Bangladesh apparels mills association and indi--viduals needs to enhance the quality of its goods. However, the promises in the RMG can be comprehended only if the challenges in some areas like - organizations, compliances, workforces sup--ply, dealers' performances, raw resources, political stability are tackled. In order to minimize the issues we need a proper supply chain using Blockchain.