V. Asha, A. P Nirmala, Binju Saju, Asim Sk · 6 authors
One of the high significant findings and inventive advances which play a major part of today’s workplace is blockchain automation. Blockchain technology is moving towards a continuous revolution and change. Blockchain is often considered as the most necessary and optimal solution in healthcare technology for solving security and interoperability challenges. The main purpose of this study is to secure the data. The enormous growth of blockchain automation has wide applications in the field of supply chain, business, IoT including healthcare. This study intends to provide an analysis on the application of blockchain in healthcare.
Pratyushaw Prata, N. A. Natraj, Giri Hallur, Avinash Aslekar
At the outset, supply chain technology is evolving rapidly with new technologies and provide promising opportunities. Implementation of blockchain technology in the supply chain has the capacity to increase efficiency and transparency of the supply chain while decreasing administrative costs. By using blockchain technology for supply chain, vendors can track various details of orders like location, date, price, quality, certification and some other inventory details like quantity of stock further needed etc. more effectively. This data through blockchain will improve visibility and compliance over any contract that is outsourced for manufacturing because now every vendor involved will have access to the block, it improves traceability during acquiring raw material for supply chain, which will lead to reduction in losses from the gray market by reducing the selling of counterfeit products, and will strengthen an organization’s position as a pioneer to manufacture ethically.
Blockchain provides an innovative method for storing information, carrying out functions, executing transactions, and establishing trust. In light of the increasing popularity of digital payments, it is critical to use blockchain technology to carry out transactions safely and to build trust among people. This paper presents my point of view on the role that blockchain technology plays in ensuring the safety of digital currencies. The significance and application of integrating blockchain and digital currency security as part of Industry 4.0 technologies will primarily be utilized in cybersecurity. Despite the Blockchain ledger’s open and distributed nature, the data remains safe and verifiable. As a result, we can state that blockchain technology is essential and have vast scope in coming future. Therefore, it is safe to say that the blockchain technology is revolutionary. Every transaction can be recorded in a way that is both permanent and indestructible. Hacking, data theft, and information loss are all rendered impossible by this digital ledger’s impenetrability.
Shadab Alam, Surbhi Bhatia, Mohammed Shuaib, Mousa Mohammed Khubrani · 7 authors
The Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain (BC) are reliable technologies widely employed in various contexts. IoT devices have a lot of potential for data sensing and recording without human intervention, but they also have processing and security issues. Due to their limited computing power, IoT devices cannot use specialized cryptographic security mechanisms. There are various challenges when using traditional cryptographic techniques to transport and store medical records securely. The general public’s health depends on having an electronic health record (EHR) system that is current. In the era of e-health and m-health, problems with integrating data from various EHRs, preserving data interoperability, and ensuring that all data access is in the patient’s hands are all obstacles to creating a dependable EHR system. If health records get into the wrong hands, they could endanger the lives of patients and their right to privacy. BC technology has become a potent tool for ensuring recorded data’s immutability, validity, and confidentiality while enabling decentralized storage. This study focuses on EHR and other types of e-healthcare, evaluating the advantages of complementary technologies and the underlying functional principles. The major BC consensus mechanisms for BC-based EHR systems are analyzed in this study. It also examines several IoT-EHR frameworks’ current infrastructures. A breakdown of BC integration’s benefits with the IoT-EHR framework is also offered. A BC-based IoT-EHR architecture has been developed to enable the automated sensing of patient records and to store and retrieve these records in a secure and reliable environment. Finally, we conduct a security study to demonstrate the security of our suggested EHR framework.
A decentralised peer-to-peer technology called blockchain offers security services based on the following four core ideas: authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and authorisation. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the blockchain’s mechanism, architecture, and various components. It also compares different blockchain types based on various parameters and their applicability. This paper also emphasises the general security of blockchain. We evaluate the blockchain in particular to create thorough categories for blockchain security risks, examine actual attacks by bugs against the blockchain, and list recently created security measures for the technology. This paper also demonstrates the significance of various blockchain applications in the fields of healthcare, IoT, smart grid, governance, defence, and military. Overall, this paper provides an overview of various blockchain applications, their characteristics, challenges, and potential future.
Mustafa Qahtan Alsudani, Mustafa Musa Jaber, Rida Malik, Sura Khalil · 7 authors
Electronic health records are essential and sensitive since they include vital information and are routinely exchanged across several parties, such as hospitals and private clinics. These data must remain accurate, current, secret, and available only to authorized parties. Integrating these data improves the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of the present health data administration framework. Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) are now kept utilizing the structure of the client/server via whom patient data information is maintained in the hospital. Multiple hospitals use the same database to track a single patient. These limitations prevent a custom health system from providing various associated experts and patients with a cohesive, integrated, secure, and confidential medical history. Modern healthcare systems are distinguished by their complexity and expense. However, this may be mitigated by enhanced health record management and Blockchain technology. The Blockchain’s data availability, confidence, and security characteristics have a bright future in healthcare services, giving solutions to the issues of the traditional customer/server architecture EMR management platform: intricacy, confidence, dependability, compatibility, and anonymity. An e-health record management based on Internet of Medical Things (EHRM-IoMT) is proposed in this paper. This paper explores and analyzes Blockchain efficiency and customer/server paradigms. The findings show that a patient-centred strategy may achieve remarkable success utilizing Blockchain. Moreover, the immutable and accurate data of persons in Blockchain may enable healthcare practitioners to better forecast and aid with diagnosis utilizing the IoMT via machine learning and artificial intelligence.
K. Makanyadevi, S R Rithika, S. Biratheep, S. Subanki
Medical device quality and safety are important because they affect people's lives and health, and society has placed a high value on these factors. Healthcare supply chain has been majorly intruded for fake medical devices and technologies. Products that are counterfeited are frequently created to reach profit from the original product's lower price. Because of its high risk, a traceability system must be set up. Most businesses are making greater efforts to prevent counterfeiting. The QR code system presented in this project is application-, security-and privacy-focused. The existing system uses non-fungible token (NFT) based solution that enhances the tokenization protocols. In our paper we propose the usage of QR technology. It is easy and affordable to create a QR code for a medical device's identification. Because QR codes are simple to use. This system stores the information in decentralized storage of the Blockchain technology system to verify the legitimacy of medical equipment, ensuring that users are not dependent on outside apps. Blockchain which is defined as the distributed ledger system that is based upon apowerful cryptographic technique and is used to capture and preserve information about medical devices, making it difficult for anybody to tamper with them. Along with Blockchain, the usage of decentralized system makes the privacy of the data more effective. The paper also allows the customer end to view and verify the medical device ownership.
C. Suganthi Evangeline, Ashmiya Lenin, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu
In a smart city environment, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) enables the vehicle to generate and communicate messages for safety applications. There exists a challenge where the integrity of the message needs to be verified before passing it on to other vehicles. There should be a provision to motivate the honest vehicles who are reporting the true event messages. To achieve this, traffic regulations and event detections can be linked with blockchain technology. Any vehicle violating traffic rules will be issued with a penalty by executing the smart contract. In case any accident occurs, the vehicle nearby to the spot can immediately send the event message to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). It will check for its credibility and proceed with rewards. The authenticity of the vehicle inside the smart city area is verified by registering itself with UAVs deployed near the city entrance. This is enabled to reduce the participation of unauthorized vehicles inside the city zone. The Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA256) and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA-192) are used for communication. The result of computation time for certificate generation and vehicles involvement rate is presented.
Shitharth Selvarajan, Gautam Srivastava, Alaa O. Khadidos, Adil O. Khadidos · 7 authors
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) promises to deliver innovative business models across multiple domains by providing ubiquitous connectivity, intelligent data, predictive analytics, and decision-making systems for improved market performance. However, traditional IIoT architectures are highly susceptible to many security vulnerabilities and network intrusions, which bring challenges such as lack of privacy, integrity, trust, and centralization. This research aims to implement an Artificial Intelligence-based Lightweight Blockchain Security Model (AILBSM) to ensure privacy and security of IIoT systems. This novel model is meant to address issues that can occur with security and privacy when dealing with Cloud-based IIoT systems that handle data in the Cloud or on the Edge of Networks (on-device). The novel contribution of this paper is that it combines the advantages of both lightweight blockchain and Convivial Optimized Sprinter Neural Network (COSNN) based AI mechanisms with simplified and improved security operations. Here, the significant impact of attacks is reduced by transforming features into encoded data using an Authentic Intrinsic Analysis (AIA) model. Extensive experiments are conducted to validate this system using various attack datasets. In addition, the results of privacy protection and AI mechanisms are evaluated separately and compared using various indicators. By using the proposed AILBSM framework, the execution time is minimized to 0.6 seconds, the overall classification accuracy is improved to 99.8%, and detection performance is increased to 99.7%. Due to the inclusion of auto-encoder based transformation and blockchain authentication, the anomaly detection performance of the proposed model is highly improved, when compared to other techniques.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a network that connects vehicles and everything. IoV shares traffic data by connecting vehicles with the surrounding environment, which brings huge potential to people’s life. However, a large number of connections and data sharing will seriously consume vehicle resources during the interaction. In addition, how to build a safe and reliable connection to ensure vehicle safety is also an issue to consider. To solve the above problems, researchers introduce blockchains into IoV to build a safe and reliable vehicle network relying on the distributed account structure, immutable, transparent and security features of blockchains. We have investigated the application of blockchains in IoV in recent years, and have summarized and compared these studies according to their purposes. On this basis, we also point out the future trends and opportunities.
Nowadays, secure and reliable management of logistics is highly needed. Logistics is the delivery of goods from producers to legitimate consumers in accurate amounts and good conditions. The use of low-capable sensor nodes in smart logistics makes it vulnerable to many security threats. Smart logistics necessitated the delivery of suitable information to the authorized person at the appropriate time and place, which is only feasible with a stable infrastructure. This paper presents an authentication scheme together with blockchain technology to provide a secure supply chain management system. The presented authentication mechanism is based on standard KERBOROS scheme which is a ticket-based scheme. The scheme is evaluated by BAN logic which shows that it is an effective scheme in terms of improved response time and encryption/decryption time along with key generation time.
Blockchain an ideal technology that for securing healthcare applications since it can maintain an immutable, decentralized, and transparent ledger of all patient data. It can be used in a variety of healthcare settings. The management of the medication supply chain, safe data transfer of patient medical records, and assistance in genetic code discovery are all made possible by distributed ledger technology. In this paper, we carried out a comparative study between the different techniques that were created based on the blockchain technology in the medical domain. We conducted an analysis of these works side by side based on the used Blockchain technology techniques, where we explained each one briefly for better understanding. We also provided an in-depth evaluations of these articles, describing their benefits and drawbacks respectfully. In addition, we discussed some perspectives on this technology (opportunities that motivate applying the Blockchain in the healthcare industry, and challenges that may appear when adopting it)
Every aspect of the 21st century has undergone a revolution because of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart computing technologies. These technologies are applied in many different ways, from monitoring the state of crops and the moisture level of the soil in real-time to using drones to help with chores such as spraying pesticides. The extensive integration of both recent IT and conventional agriculture has brought in the phase of agriculture 4.0, often known as smart agriculture. Agriculture intelligence and automation are addressed by smart agriculture. However, with the advancement of agriculture brought about by recent digital technology, information security challenges cannot be overlooked. The article begins by providing an overview of the development of agriculture 4.0 with pros and cons. This study focused on layered architectural design, identified security issues, and presented security demands and upcoming prospects. In addition to that, we propose a security architectural framework for agriculture 4.0 that combines blockchain technology, fog computing, and software-defined networking. The suggested framework combines Ethereum blockchain and software-defined networking technologies on an open-source IoT platform. It is then tested with three different cases under a DDoS attack. The results of the performance analysis show that overall, the proposed security framework has performed well.
Waste generation in the world is raising in a huge way that the requirement to devise new solutions is crucial. The Solid Waste Management, SWM finds it difficult to handle manually these waste generated day by day, as a result of urbanization. With the advent of the technologies, it is possible to find some really good solutions for the waste segregation, waste collection, tracking, and documenting on the entire process. In this paper, we propose an automated solid waste management system by bringing the IoT and block chain technologies together. Here the data related to the bin is collected and is passed to the blockchain smart contracts that can automate incentives. The system enables waste segregation, which will ease the further procedures in SWM. Smart contract is deployed in the public blockchain Ethereum network platform and the automated reward based on the weight and type of the waste through an API is proposed in this paper.
K. K. Baseer, B. Jaya Naga Varma, B. Harish, E. Sravani · 6 authors
Blockchain system is a technology for storing data in a way that it makes hard and impossible to change or hack to steal the data. It is a key technology containing the distributed database and continuously growing records with a decentralized architecture. Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain network with smart contract capabilities. So, Ethereum Blockchain Network is explored along with its components and transactions flow. Ethereum has many applications in the healthcare sector. The highly sensitive (EHR) is the current method used in medical for transmitting and storing medical records. Due to a lack of trustworthy and dependable health data sharing mechanisms, the most EHR sharing data is still done through the mail. Blockchain is a decentralized architecture that offers cryptographic assurances of data confidentiality, privacy, and access control through smart contracts. A permissioned blockchain system, which is one of the principles employed in Ethereum is a solution for a peer-to-peer network for safely executing and checking application code of a decentralized blockchain platform. In order to store the huge amount of records in blockchain requires lot of money and the other challenge is authorized sharing of health records. In the proposed system to overcome this challenge Interplanetary File System (IPFS) is used for the cost reduction.
Arepalli Peda Gopi, Nedunuri Madhu Venkata Sai Daswanth, S. S. Aravinth, Pasumarthy Rambabu
Internet of Things (IoT) allows both physical and virtual objects to communicate with each other over a network. The services provided with IoT helps in easing the day-to-day activities. IoT has numerous advantages like scalability and ease of access but the drawback of the IoT system is that a centralized cloud is required for data storage and ensure the security and privacy of the users. In order to eliminate the drawback of IoT, recent studies have highlighted the integration of IoT systems with the distributed ledger technologies like Blockchain. The Blockchain technology would provide military grade security to the data. This article presents a comprehensive literature review for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain protocols.
There has been a lot of buzz about blockchain technology lately, thanks to the success of digital currencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. All of these applications of blockchain technology have received a lot of attention. Bitcoin and Ethereum were able to process 7 and 15 TPS, respectively, when they were launched, whereas VISA and PayPal were able to process 1700 and 193 TPS. Scalability, which may be described as the capability to modify the block size to accommodate the rising traffic, is the most significant barrier to the widespread adoption of blockchain technology. This article aims to examine blockchain applications, including their applications, smart contracts, and the solutions to those problems. It is vital to scale blockchains while maintaining their fundamentally decentralised nature to appreciate these technologies' promise fully. The successful implementation of scalability solutions is necessary for several reasons, including the provision of services whose performance is on par with that of prevalent technologies, the support of innovative applications, and the maintenance of the workload produced by an expanding user base. In the future, this study will be extended by considering the options that contributors provide as an initiative towards resolving these issues.
D. Paulraj, R Lavanya, T Jayasudha, M. Ishwarya Niranjana · 6 authors
Internet of Things node authentication via blockchain is discussed in this study (loST). Each node's credentials are verified as part of network security. Cluster leaders receive this data from sensor nodes and process it using loST. CHs gather information. They are exhausted by the additional workload. DDR-LEACHE was suggested as a solution to this issue. DDR-LEACH can replace CHs with conventional nodes if distance from the BS, residual energy and degree are taken into account. The cost of adding additional data to the blockchain is prohibitive. This problem can be solved by utilising IPFS, an external data store. Because AES 128-bit encryption is superior to other approaches, IPFS employs it to safeguard data. For transactions, proof-of-work requires too much computational resources. Consensus proof of authority is used as a basis for this solution (PoA). The model's efficiency and efficacy are demonstrated by the simulation results. According to a comparison, DDR-LEACH improves network lifetime while consuming less energy than LEACH. IPFS storage and service provisioning transaction costs can be reduced by using PoA. We can forecast how long it will take by comparing AES 128-bit encryption to the existing method. Smart contract security is examined. MITM and Sybil were used to test our system's resilience.
Supply chain challenges can be overcome by using the latest technology, Blockchain, which is exploding in popularity. The decentralised, distributed nature of the blockchain enables enormous networks of independent, decentralised individuals and organisations to grow and operate with ease. Immutable, transparent, and kept in a distributed ledger using consensus methods, the data in the blockchain can't be altered. There has been a huge increase in the amount of data generated by the Internet of Things, which connects millions of computers and sensors. As part of this study, researchers suggest a secure authentication and data access between Blockchain and IoT end-users. In the wireless transmission research field, scalability of network data transfer is a major topic. The integrity, data quality, and originality of the data on the transmission line must all be maintained. To provide a secure route of communication, this paper investigates the use of Blockchain terminology for file sharing. A clustering infrastructure is used to forecast the internal correlation of bounded nodes and peers. Secure data flow between producers, suppliers, and customers becomes critical in this context in order to maintain responsiveness to market fluctuations. That is why this study is focused on introducing a privacy-preserving approach to data transmission. There are two techniques recommended for privacy preservation: Data Sanitization and Data Restoration. The original data is cleaned before transmission via blockchain technology, and the data is transformed into sanitised data. SCM data exchange with block chain technology will be tested by comparing it with traditional methods in terms of security.
Radha Raman Chandan, Awatef Salem Balobaid, Naga Lakshmi Sowjanya Cherukupalli, H L Gururaj · 6 authors
Sixth-generation (6G) wireless networking studies have begun with the global implementation of fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems. It is predicted that multiple heterogeneity applications and facilities may be supported by modern wireless communication networks (MWCNs) with improved effectiveness and protection. Nevertheless, a variety of trust-related problems that are commonly disregarded in network architectures prevent us from achieving this objective. In the current world, MWCN transmits a lot of sensitive information. It is essential to protect MWCN users from harmful attacks and offer them a secure transmission to meet their requirements. A malicious node causes a major attack on reliable data during transmission. Blockchain offers a potential answer for confidentiality and safety as an innovative transformative tool that has emerged in the last few years. Blockchain has been extensively investigated in several domains, including mobile networks and the Internet of Things, as a feasible option for system protection. Therefore, a blockchain-based modal, Transaction Verification Denied conflict with spurious node (TVDCSN) methodology, was presented in this study for wireless communication technologies to detect malicious nodes and prevent attacks. In the suggested mode, malicious nodes will be found and removed from the MWCN and intrusion will be prevented before the sensitive information is transferred to the precise recipient. Detection accuracy, attack prevention, security, network overhead, and computation time are the performance metrics used for evaluation. Various performance measures are used to assess the method’s efficacy, and it is compared with more traditional methods.
The pervasiveness of healthcare data to create better healthcare facilities and opportunities is one of the most-imperative parts of human life that offers radical advancements in healthcare services practiced through the blockchain-based management, analysis, storage, and sharing of health-related big data. Researchers can accelerate the challenges of developing a secure, scalable, and accessible dynamic healthcare infrastructure by the extensive data exchange required through individual microservices of blockchain-based privacy-preserving health data management ledgers in Healthcare Industry 4.0. Conducting secure and privacy-preserving platforms through primitive cryptographic algorithms is risky and can be a serious concern as the need to authenticate and store sensitive health data automatically are increasingly high. To achieve interoperability, security, efficiency, scalability, availability, and accountability among healthcare providers in heterogeneous networks, this paper proposes a blockchain-enabled decentralized, trustworthy privacy-preserving platform in the healthcare industry. In the healthcare-chain system, blockchain provides an appreciated secure environment for the privacy-preserving health data management ledger through hash processing, which updates high data security, storage immutability, and authentication functionality with an integrated attribute signature in accessing prescribed health block data. This article describes a new secure data retention design, prescribed evidence collection, and evaluation mechanism with integrity–confidentiality–availability to enforce the data access control policies for transactions of healthcare microservices. This scheme revealed the optimal performance in terms of mining health data size, average response time, transaction latency, and throughput for secured block transactions in blockchain networks.