The Non-Fungible Token (NFT) industry has exploded in recent years both in the industry and also in academic research. The notion of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is based on an Ethereum token standard that aims to distinguish each token with identifiable indications. As their unique identifiers, these tokens can be coupled with virtual/digital attributes. All marked properties can be freely sold via NFTs, with customized values based on their ages, rarity, liquidity, and so on. It has significantly boosted the growth of the decentralized application (DApp) sector. The thousand fold return on its expanding market attracts a lot of interest all across the world. However, the NFT ecosystem is still in its early stages, and NFT technologies are still in their infancy. As a result, we are working on NFT deployment as well as learning about security problems and NFT-related topics. We have to also remember that newer applications of NFTs in the Metaverse is also making NFTs state of the art.
E. Benitha Sowmiya, D. Isaiah Ramaswamy, S. Hemanth Sai, T. Vignesh · 5 authors
As technology has developed rapidly, it has become more and more common for important documents to be faked due to easy access to inexpensive, high-tech office instruments. Document verification, however, has become very complex and time-consuming due to various challenging and tedious processes, which prompted us to conduct this study. Document verification has become very difficult and time-consuming due to numerous challenging and tedious processes, which is why we conducted this study. Our decentralised Using P2P cloud storage and Ethereum block chain technologies; a web application verifies digital documents. The suggested architecture includes a number of techniques, including which makes it easier and quicker for businesses or authorities to verify uploaded documents. Our proposed model fully complies with the specifications for a digital document verification system by resolving the shortcomings and difficulties in the existing methods for document verification chain technology ensures safety, autonomy, consensus, and trust. Because of the completely trustworthy, transparent, and incorruptible way that the transactions are stored and validated, this block chain technology has also motivated us to apply it in our attempts to authenticate important digital documents.
Md. Raisul Hasan Shahrukh, Md. Tabassinur Rahman, Nafees Mansoor
Blockchain, a decentralized technology that provides unrivaled security, transparency, and process validation, is redefining the operational landscape across numerous industries. This article focuses on the development of an innovative consortium blockchain-based financial distribution application. This paper illuminates the transformative role of blockchain technology in a variety of sectors by drawing on a plethora of academic literature and current industry practices. It demonstrates the diverse applications of blockchain, ranging from remittances to lending and investments in finance to data administration in healthcare and supply chain tracking. The paper reveals the design and potential of a consortium blockchainbased application for financial distribution. Utilizing the capabilities of Hyperledger Besu, the application is tailored to improve security, scalability, and interoperability, thereby contributing to a more integrated financial ecosystem. The investigation sheds light on the combination of consortium blockchain’ controlled access and Hyprledger Besu’ comprehensive functionality, proposing a secure, transparent, and efficient financial transaction environment. The investigation serves as a resource for academics, industry professionals, and policymakers alike, highlighting the vast potential of blockchain technology, enabled by platforms such as Hyperledger Besu, in accelerating the evolution of traditional systems toward a more decentralized, secure, and efficient future.
A adoção de blockchain e Contratos Inteligentes (CI) tem se demonstrado uma opção valiosa para organizações inovarem em seus sistemas de informação. Nesse sentido, presencia-se uma adesão ao desenvolvimento open source por parte dos envolvidos em tal ecossistema, especialmente com base na plataforma Ethereum e no uso do GitHub. Logo, nota-se uma formação de um contexto sociotécnico para desenvolvimento de CI através do uso de plataformas para hospedagem de código-fonte como, por exemplo o GitHub. Porém, apesar da presença de pesquisas prévias sobre manutenção de CIs, constata-se uma lacuna de pesquisa como foco na compreensão de componentes sociotécnicos em tal domínio. Nesse sentido, sob um escopo metodológico exploratório pautado em Mineração de Repositórios de Software na Teoria Sociotécnica, este traba- lho tem como objetivo principal analisar componentes sociotécnicos em repositórios open source de contratos inteligentes implantados na plataforma Ethereum. Como contribuições alcançadas, quatro perspectivas principais foram contempladas: 1) na discussão sobre efeito do deploy na Ethereum sobre os aspectos colaborativos (com foco em contribuidores, commits e issues); 2) na compreensão sobre a caracterização dos contribuidores envolvidos nos projetos; 3) na categorização sobre o que mudou quanto à evolução de software em tais projetos a partir das mensagens de commits e 4) no entendimento sobre a relação entre métricas de mercado (valor de mercado e volume e evolução de software (em termos de commits).
Qianrui Zhao, Yinan Wang, Bo Yang, Ke Shang · 8 authors
Cross-chain bridges are crucial mechanisms for facilitating interoperation between different blockchains, allowing the flow of assets and information across various chains. Their pivotal role and the vast value of assets they handle make them highly attractive to attackers. Major security incidents involving cross-chain bridge projects have been occurring frequently, resulting in losses of several billion due to cyber attacks. The diversity of vulnerability exploitation methods by hackers is vast, but not entirely untraceable. There are scarce research outcomes studying cross-chain bridge cyber incidents, and we have conducted a study based on the most recent cross-chain bridge security incidents. We introduce the working principles, components, and architecture of cross-chain bridges, explain the categorization mechanisms of the trust layer in cross-chain bridges, summarize four categories of hacker vulnerability exploitation techniques from real cases, and propose preventative measures for cross-chain bridge security.
A Bitcoin Generator Scam (BGS) is a type of cyberattack in which scammers promise to provide individuals with free cryptocurrencies if they pay a mining fee. Although graph neural networks (GNNs) have been used for detecting other cryptocurrency frauds, the usefulness of these methods for BGS detection has not been studied. In this paper, we carry out extensive experiments to assess the use of both standard machine learning (ML) methods and GNNs to detect Bitcoin transactions associated with activities stemming from Bitcoin Generator Scams. We observe that the over-smoothing problem exists in GNNs designed for BGS detection and show that Random Walk Positional Encoding (RWPE) allows representing long-range interactions between far-away transactions in GNNs without causing over-smoothing. We show that the General, Powerful, Scalable (GPS) Graph Transformer with RWPE outperforms both GNN and ML based state-of-the-art fraud detection methods in Bitcoin Generator Scams. We also analyze the effectiveness of Breadth First Search (BFS) for graph sampling and show that it should not be used as it induces bias toward the subnetwork structure. We propose the Random First Search (RFS) sampling alternative and show that this is a more suitable solution.
Rohit Anand, T Adhavan, Mukundan Balaji, John S. Daniel · 5 authors
Blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger which provides persistence, anonymity and auditability due to the fact that it captivates a lot of observation from the community. Last ten years, blockchain technology has advanced and become practical for a wide range of applications outside the financial industry. Nevertheless, the difficulty of secured resources, which will frequently complicated to expensive also major executors will construct, provide, and also analyze a secured blockchain network which hold up the applications. The quality of their applications is somewhat impacted by the fact that the majority of regular developers or teams cannot guarantee the dependability and pledge of the blockchain network. In this study, the phrase “build a platform for Blockchain as a service(BaaS)refers to the process by providing blockchain services in cloud computing field, for example network configuration, system analyzing, reporting, andsmart contract report analysis. According to the service, the system may focus on the business code and research how to more effectively use blockchain technology to their business contexts but instead of worrying about maintenance and system monitoring. This paper makes a more comprehensive platform that addresses the drawbacks of the current hyperbase platforms, particularly in security and dependability. Additionally, it offers more sophisticated technological features like blockchain technologies and Detecting Security breaches in Identity Blockchain Systems. Moreover,$B$aaS infrastructure's dependability and fresh trust issues brought along by$B$aaS impair security, decentralization, and blockchain mechanisms.
In order to solve the problems of imperfect transaction legitimacy verification strategies for protecting account balances and transaction amounts in privacy protection of consortium blockchain, and the low efficiency of the basic encryption algorithm Paillier, a <sup>+</sup>HomElG zero-knowledge proof protocol for consortium blockchain transfer privacy protection was proposed. A consortium blockchain transfer privacy protection application was constructed based on PBFT, which expounded the consensus interaction scenario of zero-knowledge proof of homomorphic encryption. The transaction amount and balance of account were encrypted by the <sup>+</sup>HomElG algorithm, and the zero-knowledge proof of the ciphertext was designed with the Σ protocol. The non-interactive zero-knowledge was designed through the idea of the Fiat-Shamir algorithm processes such as the proof of equality, the amount of the transaction greater than zero and the balance of the transfer party not less than zero in the proof of range. The protocol was proved to be correct, complete and zero-knowledge under the DDH. A consortium blockchain transfer privacy protection prototype system based on Hyperledger Fabric was constructed. The results verified that the protocol can realize ciphertext transactions to protect balance of account and transaction amount under the condition of non-interactive zero-knowledge proof. When the key length is 3072 bit and the data length is a 12-bit decimal integer, the efficiency of the <sup>+</sup>HomElG algorithm is 150.3 ms, and the efficiency of the proof of equality, the amount of the transaction greater than zero and the balance of the transfer party not less than zero in the proof of range are 482.3 ms, 209.3 ms and 261.3 ms respectively. Compared with the existing protocols, the proposed <sup>+</sup>HomElG algorithm is more efficient, and its transaction legitimacy verification strategies such as equality proof and range proof are more perfect and efficient. The proposed protocol can meet the privacy protection requirements of consortium blockchain transfer transactions.
To solve the problem of unreasonable distribution of PoS block rewards, a proof of stake based on incentive (Incentive-PoS)consensus algorithm was proposed. Firstly, the research problem was described. A PoS determined that nodes with more coins have a greater chance of obtaining accounting rights, and the block reward was exclusively owned by the block producer. Secondly, in order to solve the problem of reward distribution, a PoS consensus algorithm based on incentive mechanism was proposed, Shapley′s principle in game theory was uesd to redistribute block rewards. Nodes with high credibility and active participation in consensus would receive dividends, and made small nodes more likely to obtain benefits. Finally, the simulation experiment and result analysis of the improved algorithm were carried out. Compared with the original algorithm, the improved scheme had a more reasonable performance in the distribution of income, and increased the number of nodes receiving dividends, reduced the gap between the rich and the poor, and improved the enthusiasm of consensus. And the throughput, latency, and security were significantly improved. It was beneficial to improve the stratification phenomenon caused by the excessive wealth gap in the blockchain, and could further promote the healthy operation and development of the blockchain network.
BRC-20 (short for Bitcoin Request for Comment 20) token mania was a key storyline in the middle of 2023. Setting it apart from conventional ERC-20 token standards on Ethereum, BRC-20 introduces non-fungibility to Bitcoin through an editable field in each satoshi (0.00000001 Bitcoin, the smallest unit), making them unique. In this paper, we pioneer the exploration of this concept, covering its intricate mechanisms, features, and state-of-the-art applications. By analyzing the multi-dimensional data spanning over months with factual investigations, we conservatively comment that while BRC-20 expands Bitcoin's functionality and applicability, it may still not match Ethereum's abundance of decentralized applications and similar ecosystems.
The rise of computational power has led to unprecedented performance gains for deep learning models. As more data becomes available and model architectures become more complex, the need for more computational power increases. On the other hand, since the introduction of Bitcoin as the first cryptocurrency and the establishment of the concept of blockchain as a distributed ledger, many variants and approaches have been proposed. However, many of them have one thing in common, which is the Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism. PoW is mainly used to support the process of new block generation. While PoW has proven its robustness, its main drawback is that it requires a significant amount of processing power to maintain the security and integrity of the blockchain. This is due to applying brute force to solve a hashing puzzle. To utilize the computational power available in useful and meaningful work while keeping the blockchain secure, many techniques have been proposed, one of which is known as Proof of Deep Learning (PoDL). PoDL is a consensus mechanism that uses the process of training a deep learning model as proof of work to add new blocks to the blockchain. In this paper, we survey the various approaches for PoDL. We discuss the different types of PoDL algorithms, their advantages and disadvantages, and their potential applications. We also discuss the challenges of implementing PoDL and future research directions.
The Communications website, https://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of Communications , we'll publish selected posts or excerpts. twitter Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/blogCACM https://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm Carlos Baquero investigates cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens.
With the widespread adoption of blockchain technology in various sectors, the problem of difficult value circulation and data transfer between blockchains is becoming more prominent, however, existing cross-chain methods have limited application scenarios and insufficient consideration for cross-chain data protection. To resolve these issues, this paper proposes a secure cross-chain mechanism based on relay chain and smart contract encryption scheme. The proxy nodes from each blockchain are elected to build a new relay chain as a data cross-chain medium. In order to ensure the honesty of proxy nodes, a proxy node selection method that integrates the VRF algorithm is designed. To address the issue of mistrust between blockchains and ensure the secure transmission of cross-chain data, a smart contract based encryption scheme is designed to make other blockchains and relay chains constrain each other. Finally, we evaluated the new mechanism in Ethereum, and experiments showed that the new mechanism is faster than the Wanchain project in processing cross-chain transactions and has stable performance.
The integration of cloud computing and big data has revolutionized data storage, processing, and analytics. However, this convergence also presents significant challenges regarding data privacy, security breaches, and compliance with regulatory standards. This paper examines privacy and security concerns in cloud-integrated big data systems through a case study approach, identifying vulnerabilities, mitigation strategies, and best practices. By analyzing real-world implementations across healthcare, finance, and government sectors, this study provides actionable insights for designing more secure cloud-based big data infrastructures. Findings suggest that a combination of cryptographic techniques, decentralized architectures, and adaptive security models significantly enhances system resilience.
A smart contract is a special set of protocols based on blockchain technology to implement the terms oragreements between the parties in the contract. Lots of smart contracts are built and deployed everyday. However, to ensure the safety of smart contracts is still a big challenge. Smart contracts are built to carry out transactions directly related to cryptocurrencies, therefore, the loss of security of smart contracts leads to huge financial losses. Common methods being used to check and to verify smart contract security are heavily dependent on hard rules defined by experts, leading to low detection accuracy and non-scalable, which can be bypassed by experienced attackers. In this paper, we propose to use the combination of Imaging Graph Neural Network With Defined Pattern to detect vulnerabilities in smart contracts. We construct a contract graph that shows the relationship between the main components in a smart contract. Then we extract graph features from normalized graphs, and combine graph features with defined security patterns to create combined features. Finally, we implemented normalization to gray scale image and feed it to the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to learn for vulnerability detection. Results show significantly improved accuracy compared to previous methods or other models. Specifically, 96,42%, 90,12%, 79% for reentrancy, timestamp dependence and infinite loop
An Electronic Health Record System (EHR) is a systematic collection of electronically-stored health records and information of a patient and population in a digital format. It is typically shared among healthcare stakeholders. While a lot of hospitals in developing nations still lack the facilities that are required to shift to an EHR system, its adoption has been on the rise globally. The traditional EHR systems however face a lot of problems. These problems are majorly related to privacy, security, and ease of use. The records are entirely controlled by the hospitals that have created them. To overcome such a system, the use of a decentralized system to store data is required. The project proposes a system built on top of a Blockchain Network which allows hospitals and patients across the world to be connected to each other. Blockchain has been an emerging technology for a few years now. The key features of blockchain which attract most developers are its immutability (data cannot be changed), decentralization (data is not centrally stored), transparency (data is uniform whenever it is accessed), and distributed ledger (data distributed over various computing machines).
The third annual ACM SIGecom Winter Meeting took place on February 22, 2023. Organized by Scott Kominers and Matt Weinberg, this year's meeting brought together researchers from economics, computer science, and adjacent fields to focus on Web3, blockchains, and cryptocurrencies. The virtual meeting included talks from and discussions with leading experts on getting into the research space, interesting technical questions, and exciting challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. The day also included interactive exercises that gave participants the opportunity to gain hands-on experience and have fun with NFTs.
May 1, 2023·2023 IEEE 9th Intl Conference on Big Data Security on Cloud (BigDataSecurity), IEEE Intl Conference on High Performance and Smart Computing, (HPSC) and IEEE Intl Conference on Intelligent Data and Security (IDS)
With the development of smart contracts, the complexity of smart contracts continues to increase. Vulnerabilities may be hidden in complex contracts, which brings great hidden dangers to the development of contracts. Many fuzzing methods are used to detect contract vulnerabilities. Fuzzing requires expert knowledge as a rule for vulnerability detection. Expert knowledge depends on the induction of professionals, which lags behind the development of vulnerabilities. Although there are some methods using neural network classification models to solve the problem of expert knowledge generation, they do not consider the challenges brought by global variables. Global variables may carry dangerous data, which indirectly leads to vulnerabilities. The existing expert knowledge model does not analyze the semantics of global variables. To address this issue, we propose a model based on transaction bytecode and global variable semantics. We build a dynamic taint analysis model to capture the semantics of global variables. By capturing the global semantics, we solve the problem that global variables poses for expert knowledge generation models. We experimentally compare models with and without global variable semantics. Experiments show that our method is able to detect more vulnerabilities.
Big Data and Digital Economy
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
Decentralization, autonomy, integrity, immutability, verification, fault-tolerance, anonymity, auditability, and transparency are desirable characteristics of blockchain technology. Blockchain technology originated from Bitcoin which is one of the applications of digital currency. From a financial point of view, it is a distributed data storage system. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the current research status in this field, and further sort out the deficiencies of current research and future development direction. This article describes the definition of blockchain technology and hash algorithm first. Besides, it also shows some applications including supply chain finance, digital ticket, and digital currency in the financial field. Privacy and risk are the key points to worry about. This article also introduces how to protect user privacy in supply chain finance. This article analyzes how blockchain effectively protects user privacy from banks and non-banks. It is difficult to take into account all three features of blockchain: security, scalability, and decentralization. However, the integration of finance and technology is an increasingly strong trend.
All users have access to the details of all transactions through the public ledger thanks to the distributed characteristics of the blockchain. However, attackers may infer the identities of the parties through detailed transaction data, and impair the privacy of users. Among these data, the transaction value is one of the most important transaction data. Therefore, for the privacy protection during blockchain transactions, this paper, based on the homomorphic encryption technology, enabled the committer peer to update the ledger during the transaction without knowing the balance of the parties’ accounts and the transaction value. Meanwhile, the zero-knowledge proof scheme was introduced. It was proved by interval range that the committer peer can verify the validity of the transaction without knowing the transaction value.
R. Thanga Selvi, T. C. Subbu Lakshmi, D. Karunkuzhali, R. Anto Arockia Rosaline
Traceability through different sectors including logistics and shipping has had a positive effect from blockchain technologies. This innovative solution helps establish a decentralized and drum-resistant headline through the question of data silos between organisms and authority consolidation. Nevertheless, the use of fungible tokens should represent complicated traceability operations; a new model for the projection of digital and physical goods on a blockchain is discussed. In the present token architecture, however, there is no powerful model to restore history. Blockchain explorers, which are central trustworthy actors, are the most common means for extracting past information on tokens. Any headers of the block can only be naively verified, but it takes a lot of time. According to preliminary calculations, restoring the previous 1,030 tokens on the Ethereum main net would take about 57 minutes. Challenge of this system is to eliminate competition for new chain blocks and Transactions may be handled quicker with simultaneous node development. It can be proposed that a directed acyclic graph (DAG) token definition which allows the token history to be quickly discovered, without looking at the entire blockchain. The model connects any token state from time to time and covers concepts like fusion and breakup. The implementation and assessment suggest the major enhancements to the reliability of the transitional history analysis in the DAG-based token architecture. The outcome demonstrates that the discovery of 1,030 tokens can be done in seconds and that the method maintains long-term success even though the block chain expands.
With the development of blockchain technology, more and more attention has been paid to the intersection of blockchain and education, and various educational evaluation systems and E-learning systems are developed based on blockchain technology. Among them, Ethereum smart contract is favored by developers for its ``event-triggered" mechanism for building education intelligent trading systems and intelligent learning platforms. However, due to the immutability of blockchain, published smart contracts cannot be modified, so problematic contracts cannot be fixed by modifying the code in the educational blockchain. In recent years, security incidents due to smart contract vulnerabilities have caused huge property losses, so the detection of smart contract vulnerabilities in educational blockchain has become a great challenge. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a graph neural network (GNN) based vulnerability detection for smart contracts in educational blockchains. Firstly, the bytecodes are decompiled to get the opcode. Secondly, the basic blocks are divided, and the edges between the basic blocks according to the opcode execution logic are added. Then, the control flow graphs (CFG) are built. Finally, we designed a GNN-based model for vulnerability detection. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for the vulnerability detection of smart contracts. Compared with the traditional approaches, it can get good results with fewer layers of the GCN model, which shows that the contract bytecode and GCN model are efficient in vulnerability detection.