The evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) from centralized models toward decentralized architectures has fundamentally reshaped the paradigms of data management, ownership, and governance. In traditional AI ecosystems, data is consolidated within centralized repositories for model training and analytics, resulting in challenges related to privacy, latency, and compliance with regulatory frameworks. Decentralized AI architectures encompassing federated learning, edge AI, swarm intelligence, and blockchain-based frameworks offer a transformative alternative that aligns technological innovation with distributed data governance principles. These architectures enable AI systems to learn collaboratively across multiple nodes or organizations without transferring raw data, ensuring data sovereignty and compliance with global data protection mandates such as GDPR and CCPA. This review examines how decentralized AI architectures influence distributed data governance by promoting transparency, trust, and accountability in multi-party data ecosystems. The integration of AI with blockchain and distributed ledger technologies provides immutable audit trails and decentralized identity management, enabling verifiable governance across federated networks. Moreover, privacy-preserving techniques such as differential privacy, homomorphic encryption, and secure multiparty computation empower organizations to perform analytics on encrypted datasets while maintaining compliance with ethical and legal data-handling standards. Through a synthesis of academic research and real-world applications, the review highlights the significant advantages of decentralized AI, including enhanced privacy assurance, reduced systemic risks, and improved collaboration among data stakeholders. However, the transition toward decentralized intelligence introduces new challenges related to interoperability, communication overhead, and model convergence in distributed environments. Ensuring fairness, accountability, and explainability within federated systems remains a critical governance issue, as decentralized decision-making increases complexity in auditing and oversight. Furthermore, the governance of AI models themselves rather than just data poses emerging regulatory and ethical questions in globally interconnected ecosystems.
Jan 1, 2020·Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Blockchain is an emerging exponential technology that disrupts the existing way of doing business. During the last 10 years its importance has been highlighted and many organizations worldwide have embraced it and developed innovative applications. Even though Blockchain has been adopted by many sectors, Universities are reluctant to propose new academic programs on this field at bachelor and postgraduate level and fail to efficiently educate students on Blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies. Consequently, universities have failed to investigate the business, technical, legal and other aspects of this technology. As a result, we have the paradox where industry and economy would like to experiment and adopt Blockchain solutions but there is a lack of people with appropriate and adequate skills to work on these solutions. Obviously, this holds back the adoption and the widespread of this technology and currently there are problems in scaling up Blockchain technology. The goal of this paper is to explore the area of Blockchain education and training and propose the structure of a master program that can be used as a model. In doing so, we expand the body of knowledge and we shed light to an important area with limited available information and use cases.
Blockchain emerges as a novel distributed digital ledger with consensus of a majority scheme for economic transaction. Recently, major implementations across different sectors that includes the education projects, technology projects, smart contracts, and supply chain management systems. In addition, any other digital data that needs to executed, stored, verified and continually update among participating parties with security, privacy, trust, and transparency without a central authority having control can be relying on Blockchain technology. Blockchain could be new revolution in information technology. This research aimed to conduct an overview of Blockchain attributes and its applications and challenges that encounter during the implementation. Our objective is exploring number of common Blockchain technology applications to highlight of how transparency, anonymity, tamper resistant, and secure decentrality helps to get rid security breaches compromising the current model, in which third parties collect and control massive amounts of critical data. In contrast, number of factor observed as issues that affect deploying Blockchain technology such as majority attack, fork problems, scale, and others issues. The future works must be concerned the proposed solutions in many real world verity environments and explore the characteristics, benefits, and evaluation their effectiveness.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
With the development of blockchain technology, participants need to have huge storage volumes to deal with the growing blockchain ledger size over time. This requirement leads to the conditional participation and verification of participants, thus weakening the decentralization of a blockchain system. Several compression schemes have been proposed to mitigate this storage problem by compressing a blockchain ledger based on redundancy, modular functions, and hash functions. However, these schemes have the limitation of accumulating the compression results to validate the retained blocks. The accumulation gradually reduces the storage volume for the blockchain ledger within the storage volume of nodes with limited resources, thus reducing the verification capability of the nodes. In this paper, a selective compression scheme using a checkpoint-chain is proposed to prevent the accumulation of compression results. The checkpoint-chain is a second blockchain that stores the checkpoints compressing existing blocks through a block Merkle tree. An update process is also proposed to prevent the accumulation of checkpoints by combining them. As numerous blocks can be verified with only a few updated checkpoints, blockchain nodes with limited resources can reduce the storage volume for the blockchain ledger and achieve high verification capabilities. Finally, compared with the existing compression schemes, the proposed scheme can achieve an average reduction in the storage overhead and an average increase in the verification capability of 76.02% and 13.90%, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding performance improvements are 86.14% and 15.44% when the update process is performed, respectively.
The paper aims to resolve security issues revolving around the sharing of students' credentials by leveraging the blockchain technology. It proposes a novel blockchain-based architecture followed by its implementation as a decentralized application (DApp). Further, the cost & the performance analysis are carried out based on the experiments conducted.
An edge server acts as a data gateway in an IoT network between IoT devices and backend servers. If the edge server is under the ransomware attack, the server’s operation would be interfered by locking its critical files, leading to a single point of failure in the IoT network. This paper proposes a blockchain solution, called Blockchain-enabled Recovery Service (BRS), to tackle the malware injection attack in edge servers. In BRS, edge servers are implemented by nodes in a blockchain network which allows IoT data distributed in edge servers over multiple data connections. It ensures data availability and consistency while improving the network throughput. A simulation test has been conducted to evaluate the performance of edge servers in the blockchain network. The result showed that the size of data record in a ledger is crucial when maximizing the efficiency of a ledger and minimizing data loss in ransomware attack are considered. Moreover, even though the blockchain network is under the attack, data availability and data recovery can be achieved.
The emergence of e-commerce has changed the way people trade. However, merchants are charged high fees for their use of the platform and for payment services. These costs are passed on to customers in the form of higher prices. Blockchain technology can provide lower transaction fees with high security and privacy level but is incapable of delivering the number of transactions per second demanded by real e-commerce. Establishing a layer above the blockchain to manage transactions which we called Blockchain Layer2 technology, has the potential to solve these issues. In this article, we focus on the effect that layer2 technology can provide in reducing fee costs and improving transaction volumes. We introduce the problems that the e-commerce industry is facing currently and how blockchain layer2 technology can help to address these issues. We list and describe the main layer2 mechanisms based on the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains. We discuss issues that arise when applying layer 2 technology to e-commerce. We analyse the costs associated with difference e-commerce payment network topologies and investigate the funds-capacity needed to support high levels of value transfer.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The Blockchain, which has attracted attention as the core technology of the fourth industrial revolution, is a form of distributed database as an open ledger. It has the characteristics of integrity, transparency, and confidentiality, and it is currently applied in various fields such as logistics, automobiles, industries, and medical care. Especially in the environment of trading digital content, which is an important asset in the information age, blockchain is attracting attention as a new solution to solve the existing problems(illegal copying, profit distribution, forgery, etc.). However, when the blockchain is integrated into the digital content trading environment, it is difficult to upload the content to the blockchain network due to the limited capacity of the blockchain. In addition, since the integrity and transparency of blockchain is pointed out as a weak point in terms of personal information, it is not suitable for incorporating blockchain into this environment. In this paper, we propose a blockchain, the SBBC(Secret Block based BlockChain), which solves the existing problems of blockchain and digital content trading environment. And we will build a safe and reliable digital content trading environment using WBFT(Weight of authentication Byzantine Fault Tolerance), a consensus algorithm used in the environment.
WHO was informed on 31 December 2019 of cases of unknown cause pneumonia in Wuhan City, China. On 7 January 2020 Chinese authorities reported a novel coronavirus as the cause and was temporarily labeled "2019-nCoV." Coronaviruses (CoV) are a wide family of viruses which cause diseases ranging from common cold to more serious illnesses. A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain not previously found in humans. Countries around the globe have stepped up their surveillance to quickly detect any new 2019-nCoV cases. Blockchain is developing into a safe and efficient network for secure data sharing in applications such as the financial industry, operations management, food industry, energy market, the Internet of Things and healthcare. In this paper, we are using blockchain technology as a mean to share authentic data, tracking of relevant information and help speed up the treatment process. At the same time it will preserve person’s identity. Timely deployment and suitable implementation of the proposed model have the opportunity to curb COVID-19 transmissions and associated mortality, especially in environments with inadequate access to testing facilities. This work will also facilitate in the treatment of other infectious diseases. Smart contract have been designed and implemented using the ethereum blockchain platform which has been presented in this paper. This work would facilitate multiple stakeholders who are involved within the medical system to curb the transmission of this disease.