Blockchain is a decentralized and public ledger system where people store data of transactions without any centralized party having control. It is a technology that enables data security, transparency, and trust. Since birth in 2008, it has gained extensive popularity in many fields, especially in finance and Information technology. Many technology specialists and leaders often consider blockchain technology as the next fundamental generation of technology. One of the best-known usages of blockchain is cryptographic currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. \n \nNowadays, many implementations of blockchain are widely increasing in different types of applications. This project seeks to explore blockchain technology in the mobile phone environment. The mobile application, called “Fundraising,” was developed and built in the Ethereum blockchain network. The application is allowed to do crowdfunding with the enhanced security features of data integrity and improved trust environment. \n \nIn the project, data of “Fundraising” decentralized mobile application is stored, updated, and retrieved successfully between the Ethereum blockchain network and mobile application. Node js javascript library was used to implement server and front-end mobile applications, and solidity language was used to implement the smart contract for Ethereum blockchain
Internet of Things (IoT) technology is rapidly evolving, but there is no trusted platform to protect user privacy, protect information between different IoT domains, and promote edge processing. Therefore, we integrate th... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press
Abstract The popularity of smart cars is increasing around the world as they offer a wide range of services and conveniences. These smart cars are equipped with a variety of sensors generating a large amount of data, many of which are critical. Besides, there are multiple parties involved in the lifespan of a smart car, such as manufacturers, car owners, government agencies, and third-party service providers who also generate data about the vehicle. In addition to managing and sharing data among these entities in a secure and privacy-friendly way which is a great challenge itself, there exists a trust deficit about some types of data as they remain under the custody of the car owner (e.g. satellite navigation and mileage data) and can easily be manipulated. In this article, we propose a blockchain-assisted architecture enabling the owner of a smart car to create an immutable record of every data, called the autobiography of a car, generated within its lifespan. We also explain how the trust about this record is guaranteed by the immutability characteristic of the blockchain. Furthermore, the article describes how the proposed architecture enables a secure and privacy-preserving mechanism for sharing of smart car data among different parties.
Since the birth of Blockchain technology in 2008, it has been widely implemented in areas of finance, most notably as a cryptocurrency which now has real-world monetary value. The rise of blockchain can be attributed to its unique characteristics: being trust-less, immutable and decentralized. There are companies who adopt private blockchains in general. However, with the emergence of special products such as Infrastructure as a Service that ease blockchain implementation issues, the public blockchains are steadily garnering interests not just from companies but from aspiring blockchain developers as well. \nThis project will develop a mobile application using Ethereum, an open-source and public blockchain platform that enables developers to create decentralized applications with it along with Android Studio to create the application for mobile usage. Then, security testing is performed on the application. Using the observations from the tests, we will be able to identify threats that the blockchain environment can and cannot prevent.
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) plays an important role in the development of smart factories. However, the existing IIoT systems are prone to suffering from single points of failure and unable to provide stable service. Meanwhile, with the increase of node scale and network quantity, the maintenance cost presents to be higher. Such a disadvantage can be effectively compensated by the features such as security, privacy, non-tamperability and distributed deployment supported by the blockchain. In this paper, first, an intelligent manufacturing security model based on blockchain was proposed. Due to the high power consumption and low throughput of the traditional blockchain, IoT devices with limited power consumption can not work independently. Therefore, in this paper, a new Merkle Patricia tree (MPT) was adopted to extend the blockchain structure and provide fast query of node status. Second, since the MPT does not support concurrent operation and the data operation performance deteriorates with high data volume, a lock-free concurrent and cache-based Merkle Patricia tree was proposed (CMPT) to support lock-free concurrent data operation, which can improve the data operation efficiency in multi-core system. The experimental results indicate that, compared with the original MPT, the CMPT proposed in this paper effectively reduced the time complexity of data insertion and data query and improved the speed of block construction and data query.
Blockchain technology makes use of a centralized, peer-to-peer (P2P) network of databases, also called nodes, to validate and record digital transactions between individual users located anywhere across the globe. These transactions often take place through the exchange of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoins, Ethereum, and Ripple, etc. The security and transparency that is inherently present in digital transactions place blockchain technology in high demand across various industrial applications. Each node updates its database in real-time as and when transactions occur. The transaction gets authorized only when a majority of the nodes in the network validate the transaction. Once the verification is complete, a block, consisting of hash and keys, is generated for each new transaction and is linked to previous transactions in every database. Every node updates its database with the new block. A hacker would have to break down every node in the system to commit fraud. Blockchain could play a major role in maintaining the cyber security of digital transactions in the future.
Tiago Guimarães, Hugo Silva, Hugo Peixoto, Manuel Filipe Santos
Blockchain has its focus around sharing, distribution and encryption. Particularly, the newer blockchain implementations revolve around the implementation of smart-contracts, second-layer systems and permissioned blockchains. This type of potential has generated a lot of attention towards blockchain, thus making it a great candidate technology within healthcare. In this paper, the role of permissioned and permissionless blockchain and its possible implementations will be discussed and compared as well as the process in which a blockchain network agrees whether a transaction is valid or not, maintaining consistency in ledger synchronization, or in other words, Consensus Algorithms. Several should be considered as viable and many can be used by both permissioned and permissionless blockchain frameworks. As chosen as part of this implementation Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (Pbft) is presented and described. This paper presents a solution, as part of the Intelligence Decision Support Systems for Intensive Medicine (ICDS4IM) project, which objective is to increase veracity and value to data from vital sensors and monitors by assuring its immutability and oversee; and also privacy and accountability for inadequate data management.
With the advent and proliferation of the internet, the fourth industrial revolution is in full swing. As a result, different technologies have the potential to impact the course of human development. In other words, worldwide populations are moving towards growing urban centers and as a result, smart cities are emerging as the integration of human activities and technologies. These smart cities are built on top of different technologies such as blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT). Consequently, the applications of these technologies in current and future smart cities will not only change the nature of human interaction and governance but also how business is conducted. This paper proposes an experimental study (qualitative and quantitative) that will determine the impact of blockchain and IoT technologies on the development of smart cities. It aims to derive insight from questions such as how current business models are preparing themselves for this disruption, the challenges they will face, and the potential contributions the two technologies will have on business development. The study’s outcomes will provide the rationale for why businesses should start paying attention to these technologies and start on an early adoption plan that will slowly transform their business models as smart cities mature.
The Solid (Social Linked Data) project focuses on data sharing and privacy security and aims to build a decentralized ecosystem that radically changes the way web applications work today. Our goal is to introduce a “trust access authentication system” to achieve secure authentication and fine-grained access control, thereby promoting the implementation of Solid. Blockchain, equipped with multiple security properties and authentication functions, is a crucial technology. In this paper, we present a blockchain-assisted system for secure authentication in Solid and for implementation of fine-grained access control policies. Specifically, we explore to integrate threshold RSA signatures in a permissioned blockchain system to enable a fault-tolerant distributed signature scheme, thereby enhancing the resilience and robustness of authentication system. Moreover, we utilize smart contract to control transaction flows and manage access control policies automatically. Experimental results show that our proposed trust access authentication system enhances security, scales well, and is efficient and economically feasible.
The explosion of Internet of Things (IoT) applications makes the existing network structure insufficient because it is split by multiple non-cooperative operators, does not scale with the future development of IoT, and calls for novel networking concepts and protocols. The need for multi-operator IoT paradigms poses some unprecedented challenges, including trust considerations. To enable a multi-operator network without shared authentication, we propose a trustworthy grant-free IoT access protocol named Hash Access by leveraging a blockchain radio access network (B-RAN) architecture. B-RAN re-organizes multiple individual radio access networks into a joint multi-operator network based on a blockchain. B-RAN can establish trust among initially trustless operators and efficiently utilize resources across networks, matching and creating values for multiple participants. Furthermore, to mitigate the loss of network efficiency caused by selfish behavior among untrustworthy IoT devices, the proposed protocol can induce IoT devices to follow an access rule and control their data traffic. The proposed framework unifies the IoT access and the underlying B-RAN to reduce confirmation delays in traditional blockchains significantly. Numerical experiments illustrate the performance edge for the B-RAN-enabled Hash Access.
Road safety continues to be a great concern despite various advances and initiatives. Sweden introduced the SS approach in 1996 as part of a plan to eliminate road fatalities and injuries. Since then, SS has been internationally adopted by the World Health Organization. In this article, we describe how the SS approach offers a holistic structure of various innovative solutions in the context of IoT and ITS. We also introduce a necessary extension to the SS approach considering emerging technologies such as connected and computing vehicles and vehicle autonomy. To facilitate this extension, we show how blockchains can play a crucial role in ensuring road safety, as well as the safety of its connected elements.
Big data sharing in Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSSs) relies on wireless transmission between numerous devices, causing a serious scarcity of radio spectrum resources. Although license-free spectrum access has great potential to alleviate the growing scarcity of spectrum resources, spectrum competition is more intense due to lower access requirements. A blockchain technology may solve this competition problem by introducing a dynamic cycle of “competition-verification-synchronization-competition”. In this paper, we propose a general framework for license-free spectrum resource management in CPSSs based on blockchain technologies and smart contracts. The management framework is mainly used for edge computing of non-real-time data. In particular, we divide spectrum of a local cell into multiple channels and each channel corresponds to a blockchain. Then, we propose a blockchain-KM protocol that may improve transaction processing speed without losing typical attributes of a general blockchain. For the proposed Blockchain-KM protocol, the entire private chain becomes a multi-ring blockchain and users rely on mining or leasing to access wireless spectrum. Different from the traditional mining process, the reward in our mining process is not only virtual currency but also a spectrum access license. Once a miner obtain a spectrum access license, it will exploit the license to transmit its messages over wireless links. Also, the miner may sell its license by an auction when it does not want to transmit messages. In the auction, we introduce a virtual currency, called as Xcoin, for spectrums or other trading (e.g., paid edge computing services).
The massive scale, heterogeneity and distributed nature of Internet-of-Things (IoT) presents challenges in realizing a practical and effective security solution. Blockchain empowered platforms and technologies have been proposed to address aspects of this challenge. In order to realize a practical Blockchain deployment for IoT, there is a need for a testing and evaluation platform to evaluate performance and security of Blockchain applications and systems. In this paper, we present a Blockchain simulator that evaluates the consensus algorithms in a realistic and configurable network environment. Though, there are several Blockchain evaluation platforms, they are either wedded to a specific consensus protocol and do not allow evaluation in a configurable and realistic network environment. In our proposed simulator, we provide the ability to evaluate the impact of the consensus and network layer that will inform practitioners on the appropriate choice of consensus algorithms and the impact of network layer events in congested or contested scenarios in IoT. To accomplish this a generalized representation for consensus methods is proposed. The Blockchain simulator uses a discrete event simulation engine for fidelity and increased scalability. We evaluate the performance of the simulator by varying the number of peer nodes and number of messages required to find consensus.
Su Buda, Celimuge Wu, Wugedele Bao, Siri Guleng · 7 authors
In order to enable emerging vehicular Internet of Things (IoT) applications, including fully autonomous driving, more efforts should be done in collecting driving experiences in different road situations. This requires the exchange of information between vehicles as each vehicle has very limited experience. Due to the decentralized feature of vehicular environment, an efficient management of collaborative behaviors among the vehicles becomes particularly important. Blockchain has been attracting great interest recently because it provides a way to reach consensus in decentralized systems. However, existing blockchain systems assume high communication capabilities for vehicles, which is difficult to achieve in a decentralized vehicular environment. Existing studies also assume the existence of networking infrastructure, such as roadside units (RSU). In this paper, we propose a scheme to empower blockchain in vehicular environments without depending on the existing networking infrastructure. The proposed scheme uses a distributed clustering approach to select some vehicles as edge nodes, and the edge nodes maintain the blockchain used to record transactions in a decentralized way. The proposed scheme employs a distributed approach that guides vehicle clustering with the consideration of multiple metrics based on a fuzzy logic algorithm. By using the edge nodes, the proposed scheme solves the communication problem of maintaining a blockchain in a totally decentralized vehicular environment. We use computer simulations to clarify the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of communication performance by comparing it with existing baselines.