Blockchain Papers

Basudeb Bera, Durbadal Chattaraj, Ashok Kumar Das

No abstract is available for this record.

Deepa Pavithran, Khaled Shaalan, Jamal N. Al‐Karaki, Amjad Gawanmeh

No abstract is available for this record.

Syed Muhammad Danish, Marios Lestas, Hassaan Khaliq Qureshi, Kaiwen Zhang · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Shuang Zheng, Tao Han, Yuna Jiang, Xiaohu Ge

Multiple-operators (multi-OPs) spectrum sharing mechanism can effectively improve the spectrum utilization in fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication networks. The secondary users are introduced to opportunistically access the licensed spectrum of idle operators (OPs). However, the identity privacy and data security issues raise great concerns about the secure spectrum sharing among multi-OPs. To address these challenges, a consortium blockchain trust framework is proposed for the spectrum sharing in multi-OPs wireless communication networks in this paper. A real consortium blockchain is constructed among multi-OPs. The Multi-Ops Spectrum Sharing (MOSS) smart contract is designed on the constructed consortium blockchain to implement the spectrum trading among multi-OPs. Without the need of trustless spectrum broker, the MOSS smart contract enforces multi-OPs to share the spectrum truthfully and designs a punishment mechanism to punish malicious OPs. Simulation results tested on the Remix integrated development environment (IDE) indicate the feasibility of the designed MOSS smart contract. The performance analysis of the proposed consortium blockchain trust framework demonstrates that the privacy, openness and fairness of the proposed solution are better than traditional spectrum allocation solutions.

Tsz Yiu Lam, Brijesh Dongol

The properties of a blockchain such as immutability, provenance, and peer-executed smart contracts could bring a new level of security, trust, and transparency to e-learning. In this paper, we introduce our proof-of-concept blockchain-based e-learning platform developed to increase transparency in assessments and facilitate curriculum personalisation in a higher education context. Most notably, our platform could automate assessments and issue credentials. We designed it to be pedagogically neutral and content-neutral in order to showcase the benefits of a blockchain back-end to end users such as students and teaching staff. Our evaluation suggests that our platform could increase trust in online education providers, assessment procedures, education history and credentials.

Mingxiao Du, Qijun Chen, Jieying Chen, Xiaofeng Ma

Medical information is private, and medical data are valuable for medical research. Thus, medical information sharing is challenging because the data might be manipulated improperly and revealed during the operational process. The accuracy and integrity of medical information should be guaranteed throughout the sharing process. Medical institutions require shared information for scientific research and development; however, the issue of privacy inhibits the sharing process. In this article, we propose a new business process and a blockchain-based platform for medical information sharing. Our method exploits the advantages of blockchain in medical information recording and sharing. Information can be stored, shared, and credibly verified among parties in the distributed network. In addition, we propose a new consensus algorithm and a universal anonymous sharing model. These methods improve the efficiency and security of medical information sharing between users. In this way, both the information and the traces of the transaction can be stored in a distributed manner to prevent manipulation and fraud. Consequently, the value of medical information can be fully utilized.

Yeṣem Kurt Peker, Xavier Rodríguez, James Ericsson, Suk Jin Lee · 5 authors

Blockchain is a developing technology that can be utilized for secure data storage and sharing. In this work, we examine the cost of Blockchain-based data storage for constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices. We had two phases in the study. In the first phase, we stored data retrieved from a temperature/humidity sensor connected to an Ethereum testnet blockchain using smart contracts in two different ways: first, appending the new data to the existing data, storing all sensor data; and second, overwriting the new data onto the existing data, storing only a recent portion of the data. In the second phase, we stored simulated data from several sensors on the blockchain assuming sensor data is numeric. We proposed a method for encoding the data from the sensors in one variable and compared the costs of storing the data in an array versus storing the encoded data from all sensors in one variable. We also compared the costs of carrying out the encoding within the smart contract versus outside the smart contract. In the first phase, our results indicate that overwriting data points is more cost-efficient than appending them. In the second phase, using the proposed encoding method to store the data from several sensors costs significantly less than storing the data in an array, if the encoding is done outside the smart contract. If the encoding is carried out in the smart contract, the cost is still less than storing the data in an array, however, the difference is not significant. The study shows that even though expensive, for applications where the integrity and transparency of data are crucial, storing IoT sensor data on Ethereum could be a reliable solution.

Vishal Sharma, Niranjan Lal

Internet of things (IoT) is a pool of various devices, objects, humans, services those might be interconnected and that can communicate with each other, share data and information to succeed a common aim in different applications and areas. The idea of the IoT is to allow devices to work together on the Internet. In IoT now days the main issue is the security, in our paper we have found many research challenges related to our area and the security challenges of IoT faces are becoming more and more severe as IoT uses is growing in almost all applications. If IoT devices are not secured properly, the privacy and security of data will remain major issues in the present world in which things are interconnected. The main motive of our paper is to review the present research challenges related to IoT and the developments in the field of IoT security with Blockchain. Blockchain can be a very good option, it provides wide range of security solutions for IoT ecosystems, including trustworthiness, privacy, integrity, transparency, data availability. The Blockchain technology is basically based on the concept of decentralization, security and transparency of the system that has developed as a proficient technology to resolve the serious issues those generally occurred in the fundamental centralized networks and secure the IoT technologies. Some interesting research directions of the use of blockchain in IoT can be found in our very recent survey paper. In this work, the effects of the blockchain on an extensive range of IoT security from the latest research papers and at last a model has been provided for the security of IoT using blockchain.

Usama Arshad, Sakeena Javaid, Sheeraz Ahmed, Beenish Seemab · 5 authors

In a complex network of smart vehicles, some issues arise related to security, privacy, selfishness of nodes and node failures. We have proposed an architecture of vehicular network in a smart city based on blockchain. Some scenarios and design principles are also provided. Contrary to prior architectures of vehicular networks, our proposed model provides robustness, scalability, adaptability, trust management as well as privacy and security. It eliminates the issue of selfish nodes and malicious nodes. Unlike other vehicular architectures, it also takes into account the passengers' medical facilities and fault tolerance. In case of any failure of sensors or nodes, system will effectively tackle it. Both big data storage and fast computation are not possible on vehicles end. This can be handled by moving these processes to static nodes and data center. Malicious behaviour of nodes is handled using trust values and incentives mechanism in order to motivate nodes to work effectively while assigning penalty for selfish nodes.

Kanwalinderjit Kaur Gagneja, Riley Kiefer

The combination of blockchain technologies and Internet of Things devices on a network reduces overall network usage by centralizing communication that is broadcasted to all devices via a server. A blockchain-based key management protocol lessens the need for a centralized key authority while retaining similar security compared to its centralized counterpart.

Garima Mathur, Anjana Pandey, Sachin Goyal

In recent years, there is fast growth in the high throughput DNA sequencing technology, and also there is a reduction in the cost of genome-sequencing, that has led to a advances in the genetic industries. However, the reduction in cost and time required for DNA sequencing there is still an issue of managing such large amount of data. Also, the security and transmission of such huge amount of DNA sequence data is still an issue. The idea is to provide a secure storage platform for future generation bioinformatics systems for both researchers and healthcare user. Secure data sharing strategies, that can permit the healthcare providers along with their secured substances for verifying the accuracy of data, are crucial for ensuring proper medical services. In this paper, it has been surveyed about the applications of blockchain technology for securing healthcare data, where the recorded information is encrypted so that it becomes difficult to penetrate or being removed, as the primary goals of block-chaining technology is to make data immutable.

Rui Guo, Chaoyuan Zhuang, Huixian Shi, Yinghui Zhang · 5 authors

Wireless body area network includes some tiny wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological data of user, which has been a promising method of promoting the quality and efficiency greatly in healthcare. The collected physical signs are aggregated into the medical documents and uploaded to cloud server for utilizing by the remote user. As these files are highly sensitive privacy data, there is a vital challenge that constructs a secure and efficient communication architecture in this application scenario. Based on this standpoint, we present a lightweight verifiability ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption protocol with outsourced decryption in this article. Specifically, our construction enjoys the following six features: (1) Although the outsourced decryption enables to save the computation overhead of the data user sharply in an attribute-based encryption scheme, the ciphertext is out of control and the correctness cannot be guaranteed by the data owner. The proposal provides the verifiability of ciphertext that ensures the user to check the correctness efficiently. (2) The size of the ciphertext is constant that is not increased with the complexity of attribute and access structure. (3) For Internet of Things devices, it introduces the fog computing into our protocol for the purpose of low latency and relation interactions, which has virtually saved the bandwidth. (4) With the help of blockchain technique, we encapsulate the hash value of public parameter, original and transformed ciphertext and transformed key into a block, so that the tamper-resistance is facilitated against an adversary from inside and outside the system. (5) In the standard model, we prove that it is selectively chosen-plaintext attack-secure and verifiable provided that the computational bilinear Diffie–Hellman assumption holds. (6) It implements this protocol and shows the result of performance measurement, which indicates a significant reduction on communication and computation costs burden on every entity in wireless body area network.

Ali Mansour Al-madani, Ashok T. Gaikwad

Two of the foremost talked concerning technologies in today’s world are Blockchain and IoT. They're at the initial stage of maturity and there are plenty of activities going down within development of them and finding fascinating uses of the technologies. The data transmitted by IoT devices is very important and must be secure. Based on the IoT security problems, this paper proposed a model for secure IoT data based on Blockchain; the model called service-centric networking (SCN). SCN provides communication by service names instead of addresses, and a decentralized network that allows the users of the network to communicate fast and data are reliable and secure. However, the identity of the users will be an encrypted format that is stored on their device backed by InterPlanetary File System (IPFS).

Md. Abdur Rahman, Khalid Abualsaud, Stuart J. Barnes, Mamunur Rashid · 5 authors

In this paper, we propose a gesture-based secure interaction system with smart home IoT health devices to support elderly people or people with special needs. The framework uses a decentralized blockchain consensus for storing the smart home IoT health data and user identities. The framework leverages off-chain solution for storing raw multimedia IoT sensory payload and gesture data. Using our proposed health monitoring framework, a smart homeowner or service provider can create a cyber-physical space with a secure digital wallet for each human resident and authorized IoT health devices. Multiple authorized home residents can interact with the IoT-based smart home monitoring sensors, carry out user and IoT health sensory media registration, and transfer transactional values via secure tokens, as well as raw IoT health data payload through gesture. In this paper, we will present the design and implementation details of the smart home health monitoring framework in terms of gesture-based interaction with smart home IoT health devices, such as smart locks and light bulbs, which uses decentralized blockchain for security, trust, digital identity and privacy preservation.

N Priya, M. Ponnavaikko, Rex Aantonny

In recent years, there have been many difficulties occurred in the field of education from school to universities while conducting exams. Fraudulent activities can be identified in this field and it leads to reduce trust in the quality of the education system. Most of the scandals are based on the abuse of personal information systems and the user's data breaches occur and affect the security as well as privacy. In this research work, we propose a high-level framework of the block chain-based identity management system. In Hyperledger Indy using plenum based RBFT protocol the framework will be created. RBFT algorithm in block chain mechanism provides trust and security and complete transparency in the whole system. In this paper, we proposed the secured identity management system and a human intervention could not affect the user's data system and makes the security even with better results.

Raghavendra K. Marangappanavar, K. V. D. Kiran

The sharing of health-related data has become challenging in terms of data security which may lead to compromise patient’s privacy. Generally, once the report generated by the health provider is final, it will be uploaded to the hospital’s private repository. When it comes to the hospital as an organization, many participants [Doctor, Patient, Researcher, Insurance company] requires the report of patients for one or other reasons. Providing a single platform for all participants to share confidential data securely is a difficult and challenging task. Care should be taken such that the personal data of the patients should not be misused or tampered. Existing methods have been proved insufficient to effectively manage and secure health records. Blockchain technology, a recent research trend, has shown promising results for such secure data sharing. Since the contents of blockchain are tamper-proof, all participants can access the data but cannot change the data. By employing smart contracts and access control programs one can monitor data activity in the blockchain network. In this article, a blockchain architecture has been designed and discussed for secure and easy sharing of patient’s Personal Health Report(PHR) among the different players of health organization. Further, Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS) has also used in the proposed blockchain architecture for faster retrieval of PHR’s. We demonstrate the strengths of our proposed model, its user-centric focus and also the experimental results.

Wang-You Tsai, Tzu‐Chuan Chou, Jiann-Liang Chen, Yi‐Wei Ma · 5 authors

Problems related to privacy and cyber-attacks have increased in recent years as a result of the rapid development of cloud computing. This work concerns secure cloud computing services on a blockchain platform, called cloud@blockchain, which benefit from the anonymity and immutability of blockchain. Two functions- anonymous file sharing and inspections to find illegally uploaded files- on cloud@blockchain are designed. On cloud@blockchain, cloud users can access data through smart contracts, and recognize all users within the application layer. The performance of three architectures- a pure blockchain, a hybrid blockchain with cache and a traditional database in accessing data is analyzed. The results reveal the superiority of the hybrid blockchain with the cache over the pure blockchain and the traditional database, which it outperforms by 500% and 53.19%, respectively.

Jaideep Kaur Mudhar, Sheetal Kalra, Jyoteesh Malhotra

IoT Devices have revolutionized how people interact with each other and their surroundings, with Gartner predicting 50 billion devices by 2020. IoT devices emerging from WSN to RFIDs are capable of sensing, actuating and sharing data but are resource-constrained devices meaning these devices have limited memory, storage, and computation power. Thus, IoT devices are incapable of securing themselves from various security and privacy threats. Moreover, current Cloud-IoT architectures are centralized; managed and controlled by Trusted Third parties also individuals have no control over their data. Fog-IoT integration has better latency, response time and is much secure compared to Cloud-IoT integration. Recently, Blockchain emerged as a decentralized, highly trusted and tamper-proof technology. In this paper, we proposed a blockchain-based scheme for secure User authentication access to Fog enabled IoT devices. The proposed scheme utilizes the Ethereum Smart Contract. We developed our smart contract using Solidity language with Remix-IDE and tested its functionalities on two test networks Test RPC (Ganache) and Rinkeby Test Network. We also analyzed security vulnerabilities of our smart contract on the ChainSecurity analyzing tool.

Ch. V. N. U. Bharathi Murthy, M. Lawanya Shri

The Cloud computing technology is renowned since the decade. Even though it is well established, there are some challenges present. Some of the primary challenges can be solved by integrating cloud computing with Blockchain technology. Blockchain technology is an emerging topic well known for its immutability, and the security that is providing to the data. In this paper with the aid of Blockchain Technology, we will address some of the approaches to the problems of cloud computing.

Raseena M. Haris, Somayya Al-Maadeed

In the digitized world, Internet of thing(IoT) is growing rapidly and most of the devices are connected by internet technology. IoT connected more than 5 million devices across the world and it needs high power internet access, data transfer security, decentralization, low latency etc. When number of interconnected devices increases, IoT technology needs high-band with data communication and 5G can resolve network related issues in the IoT devices. However 5G enabled IoT devices suffer lot of security related problems due to centralization. This paper review the security, performance, network issues in the IoT devices based on 5G technology and integration of Blockchain technology in 5g-IoT devices.

Marco Savi, Daniele Santoro, Katarzyna Di Meo, Daniele Pizzolli · 9 authors

This demonstration aims at showcasing an initial version of the DECENTER Brokerage Platform, which leverages an Ethereum blockchain to enable resource federation among different Fog Computing infrastructures. We consider a scenario where an Italian Infrastructure Provider wants to seamlessly extend its pool of resources to get access to an IP camera located in Korea, so that it can deploy an application to locally perform text recognition from a live video stream.

Dipika Bhanushali, Akshara Koul, Sainiranjan Sharma, Bushra Shaikh

Blockchain can have umpteen number of uses, one of them being its use in Real Estate. Blockchain and Real Estate go hand in hand. The kind of security and transparency needed in Real Estate is exceptionally provided by Blockchain. Consider a scenario where you buy a house. The proof that the property is owned by you is the deed or an agreement signed by the government which is physically present on a piece of paper and the records maintained by the government in the ledger. The procedure to this is simple; you buy the house, get it registered at the government office where they note it down in a register/ledger and you’ve got yourself a house. If the page in which your name is registered is torn or damaged, you might still own the house but apart from the deed, there will be no other concrete proof that the house is owned by you. So, you need to hope that you don’t lose the deed or someone doesn’t damage or misplace the government ledger. That’s the kind of guarantee you have. We propose a system which will help us to solve this problem. Suppose you wish to buy or sell property, you can provide the requirements asked for by the smart contract and get yourself a deed digitally which is uploaded as a new block in the chain. The copy of each node will be present on several servers which helps us to maintain integrity in the case of an attack or system failure.

Nikolay Buldakov, Timur Khalilev, Salvatore Distefano, Manuel Mazzara

This paper discusses an open source solution to smart-parking in highly urbanized areas. Interviews have been conducted with domain experts, user stories defined and a system architecture has been proposed with a case study. Our solution allows independent owners of parking space to be integrated into one unified system, that facilitates the parking situation in a smart city. The utilization of such a system raises the issues of trust and transparency among several actors of the parking process. In order to tackle those, we propose a smart contract-based solution, that brings in trust by encapsulating sensitive relations and processes into transparent and distributed smart contracts.

Salma Shalaby, Alaa Awad Abdellatif, Abdulla Al‐Ali, Amr Mohamed · 6 authors

Blockchain is a distributed secure ledger that eliminates the need for centralized authority to store data. The centralized approach has several limitations as it is a Single-Point-of-Failure and a third-party might be needed. Blockchain, on the other hand, provides decentralized, secure and trustless framework that eliminates the need for a third party and enhances fault tolerance. In this paper, we investigate the potentials of customizing the behavior of Blockchain network based on the applications' requirements. In particular, we conduct several experiments to evaluate the performance of the Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) - a permissioned blockchain framework. Seven different scenarios were tested to depict the Blockchain behavior in terms of end-to-end transaction latency and network throughput. Moreover, in these scenarios, the impact of different parameters, such as the batch-timeout, batch size, and number of endorsing peers, has been studied.