Mohammed Rehan Ansari, Navratan Navratan, K. M. Umamaheswari
Blockchain technology will soon have progressed from being an innovation to the norm of application development and the digital revolution. The technology of a blockchain is essential based on a widely distributed, peer-to-peer ledger of transactions and balances. This ledger is essentially a huge database broken down into chunks known as blocks. These blocks and the entire ledger are stored in millions of copies on that particular blockchain network on extremely powerful computers known as nodes. There is a majority-based consensus that exists for every transaction that is carried out and put in a block. To tamper with this ledger would require computing power either equal to or greater than 51% of all the nodes active for that particular blockchain. Even if this power were acquired to tamper with or hack the particular blockchain, the cryptocurrencies or tokens that are transacted on the blockchain would essentially be overturned and considered worthless due to the other nodes detecting a hack or attempt to steal tokens or wallet balances. This is how the first cryptocurrency like bitcoin, along with many other cryptocurrencies on their respective blockchain technologies, operate.
Cryptocurrency is a form of digital storage that uses cryptographic techniques or secret passwords. This cryptocurrency is not controlled by an institution such as a bank, country or certain company but uses a decentralized server and cryptocurrency uses a system that cannot be controlled by anyone because it uses a network that can document transactions directly, without any third party. This review expects to get a thought meaning of Cryptocurrency and how the assessment of the researchers on it depends on sharia and Islamic law. This examination is a writing study. The information wellsprings of this examination were taken from the Qur'an, the hadith of the Prophet, traditional and contemporary books, the assessments of researchers just as from online media sources. From this exploration, it was discovered that Cryptocurrency or the utilization of virtual money can without a doubt be perceived as a brilliant progressive innovation, but its use as an investment instrument contains elements of maysir (betting) and as a business transaction instrument that contains elements of gharar, it contains tyranny and that including transactions that are prohibited in Islam.Keywords : Enterpreneurship, Cryptocurrency and Islamic Law.
?Cryptocurrency is a blockchain-based technology that is often used as a digital currency. Digital money is different from conventional money, this type of money does not have a physical form but only a block of data bound by a hash as validation. The data is spread to every cryptocurrency user who is in the environment. So that when a user makes a transaction, data mining will be carried out. Cryptocurrencies have several advantages but also have disadvantages when used as currency, from a legal point of view there is still no law governing the circulation of currency in digital form (cryptocurrency). The government must recognize digital currency so that it can be accepted by the general public as a means of payment. For now, the government has not recognized digital money (cryptocurrency) as a currency, because Cryptocurrency is a new phenomenon by some people in Indonesia. The rapid development of technology in the 4.0 revolution era, in the next few years money in physical form will be replaced by digital money seeing the many conveniences provided by using digital money.
The spread of digital technology currently faster and influence on all of human dimension, including to the financial sector. The presence of cryptocurrency using blockchain technology has changed the previously system that has been used for a long period and it come a pros and cons. The system built using peer-to-peer cause the system no longer need the 3rd party that control the financial system and since the system decentralized. The nature of cryptocurrency which made as the same with gold characteristic such as the limitation of quantity, process to get it must through the mining process, more resistance from inflation are making people and society interested and significantly increase time by time. The decentralized and anonymous blockchain working system for token holders and safe has presented as a new paradigm in the financial sector. But on other hand, there are many challenges and dynamics that arise due to the emergence of these cryptocurrency, one of which is risk from the legal perspective where there are cases of money laundering involving of crypto, losses to the investor asset due to ICO process that not run smoothly, the emergence losses from crypto exchanges that hacked due to not have a high security backup system that made the customer losses their digital wallet. Crypto value that tend to have high volatility and fluctuating rates with fast count also increase the risk. The readiness of countries and drafting laws related to the crypto was contribution for this research. One of the biggest interested from the public is the use of crypto as long asset investment, where the values increasing from year to year, even Bitcoin as one of the cryptocurrencies that previously worthless but currently has very fantastic values and become a favourite from the investor
Frederik Arnold Cahyadi, Albert Ivando Owen, Franseda Ricardo, Alexander Agung Santoso Gunawan
Blockchain is a technology used as a digital data record system connected through cryptography. Meanwhile, cryptocurrency is a digital asset that is understood as a digital currency mainly based on blockchain technology. This research aims to understand how blockchain works inside cryptocurrency by conducting a systematic literature review (SLR). In future, it may the cryptocurrency will replace paper currency into digital currency. Blockchain serves to be a security system to prevent loss or duplication of data. With this new technology makes the security system especially for finance to be improved. Based on our study, it can be concluded that blockchain is the right technology for cryptocurrency in commercial transactions because it allows cryptocurrency to work without a central authority. This can reduce risk as well as transaction costs.
Blockchain gives a compelling way of making government administrations more effective, but standardizing the administration framework, forms and obligation for the application is vital for it to encourage advancement. This article, by giving an investigation of the hone of blockchain in e-government in Indonesia, may serve as an establishment for advance commonsense work and hypothetical investigation in government administrations. The purpose of this article is to propose a concept for the Indonesia's National Blockchain concept which fit to be implemented in Indonesia called IDN at-Blockchain which is derived into three blockchain; (1) IDGov-Blockchain, (2) IDVII-Blockchain, and (3) IDPub-Blockchain. Our research found that blockchain technology can bring the taking after benefits: (1) enhancements within the quality and amount of government administrations, (2) more noteworthy straightforwardness and openness of government data, (3) improvement of information-sharing over distinctive organizations, and (4) help in building a person credit framework in Indonesia. Be that as it may, data security, fetched, and unwavering quality are still major issues in the application. In this way, building up a common application stage of blockchain innovation and creating administration benchmarks are significant for advancing and applying blockchain in e-government.
Blockchain is a very extraordinary innovation after the internet. Blockchain has become known as a public ledger for all transactions. It solves the problem of double spending by combining the technology with public key cryptography. However, globally, there will be more and more innovations created related to current innovations. One is a digital process compatible business, the former will help solve trust issues more efficiently over the network. We will propose that although blockchain has enabled Bitcoin, the most successful digital currency, its wide adoption in finance and other business sectors will represent many business discoveries and many research opportunities. This paper focuses on an overview of blockchain research development and also introduces specific issues.
Colleges should digitize to improve and enhance their services and make them more accessible to beneficiaries. Universities can become more productive, efficient, adaptable, and comfortable by implementing new technologies. This consideration has grown significantly due to smart universities, a concept representing higher education in the digital age, and blockchain is one of the fastest-growing technologies of this era. This article defines blockchain and smart universities and provides a conceptual framework for how smart universities can use blockchain technology to assist and provide better knowledge of their students' interactions with universities. To support this research, the researcher uses two case studies where the main problem is the impact of the assessment on the quality of education and the assessment of academic supervision in the thesis. To improve the quality of education, a seven-level formative assessment framework will be used in smart universities.
Muhammad Danil Muis, Muhammad Rifki Fauzan, Parman Sukarno, Aulia Arif Wardana
This reserach build access control and file distribution management system for electronic diploma and transcript using ethereum smart contract and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). The falsification of diplomas/transcripts is one of the problems in education. In Indonesia, falsification of diplomas/transcripts is a form of criminal act of falsifying letters. In addition, diplomas/transcripts that have not been digitalized make them easily damaged, lost, and difficult to manage. Therefore, this research developed digital diploma/transcript as digital twin from the hardcopy of diploma/tramscript. This research used IPFS to store data in a distributed system and Smart Contracts Blockchain to store and protect the digital diploma/transcript. The system also comes with access control to create and give approval for diplomas or transcripts to be published and saved into the system. Access control settings will be saved using the blockchain. This research using Quality of Service test method for measurethroughput, packet loss, and delay. Beside that, tis research also analysis the usage of Central Processing Unit and Random Access Memory from the system. Based on the test that has been done, the fake diploma/transcript detection system can be run properly by using 1 node to 5 nodes. The best throughput value during the process of making and validating the diploma/transcript is to use 1 node. The value of packet loss in the process of making and validating the certificate/transcript has a very good category. The value of delay in the process of making and validating the diploma/transcript has a very good category.
Syarifah Bahiyah Rahayu, Sharmelen A L Vasanthan, Afiqah M. Azahari, Joe Chai
Blockchain has become a powerful technology and when it comes to supply chain management, blockchain has a lot to offer which could contribute to its development and make the supply chain more effective. The same benefit could be also gained when blockchain is incorporated in the Military Supply Chain Management (MSCM). Theaim of this paper is to develop and integrate blockchain in the MSCM. The developed MSCM is focusing on three (3) main blockchain components, which are transparency, integrity and secure communication. The methodology to develop the MSCM blockchain similar to UnicalCoin. The findings show that incorporating blockchain into the MSCM enables transparency, integrity and secure communication. Thus, blockchain may reduce fraud, improve communication between parties and made end-to-end tracking transparency in MSCM. Future work is to embed a smart contract feature to automate some processes in MSCM.
Blockchain technology is considered to be the most important invention of human society since the birth of the Internet, which is deeply influencing the operation concept, organization and business mode of institutions or services such as global governance, economic development, finance and education, especially in the banking, securities, insurance, notarization, music, distributed storage, Internet of things and other industries and fields. At the same time, blockchain technology has also been initially developed in the field of education, and its impact on education and teaching is increasingly reflected. At present, educational institutions, institutions concerned about education and future social development, as well as people of insight, have taken action to guide and utilize blockchain technology in a forward-looking manner by providing blockchain technology teaching and developing a teaching management platform based on blockchain technology, so as to meet the new education and teaching reform. In this paper, the essence, characteristics and development process of blockchain technology are discussed, and the application prospect of blockchain technology in higher education is given. At the same time, thoughts on the development of "blockchain+education" are also put forward, in order to provide reference for exploring the deep integration of modern information technology and education, and leading the innovation of education concept and education mode with informatization.
The recent inventions and developments in the existing technologies and the accessibility of high-speed connections are highly involved in each and every point of our day-to-day lives. This advancement brought about numerous challenges, especially the ones associated with security. Blockchain technology, which is no doubt, is amongst the most powerful and ambitious developments of the last two decades, seeks attentiveness for its future aspects to deliver safety, security, and integrity in all the sectors involving shipping, medicine, supply chain management, to name a few. The education field, like all other fields, is in need to deploy the advantages and conveniences that blockchain technology provides. All the academic organizations are now eagerly anticipating to deploy this application to advance the schooling and studying undertakings and advance association among the collaborators like the learners, educators, and guardians, along with providing security measures. It can be used in e- transcripts, certification, and electronic degrees, cloud storage, and individuality regulation. This paper discusses blockchain technology and its uses which can be utilized by the education sector for its advancement.
With the growth of the business world, autonomous software programs such as MRP, ERP, and SAP have been used to synchronize different units and departments since the 1960s. There have been great technological developments in the last decades, such as Blockchain, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. The attention of the accounting world has also been on those technological developments, especially on Blockchain Technology. Accounting academics and professionals have been trying to understand how blockchain technology can affect accounting and what kind of changes might be brought about by that technology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to make a systematic literature review in order to foresee the potential effects of blockchain on accounting. Selected keywords were searched for on the Scopus database. The results show that most of the studies in this area focus on technical issues and the development of software applications, and a small number of studies make a connection between blockchain and accounting. Although most of the authors are very optimistic about blockchain technology and claim that this technology may change the double-entry accounting system completely and radically, some have discrete approach and express critical views.
At present, some colleges and universities use the recruitment system to complete the registration and review of candidates in the recruitment work, but the review work still requires reviewers to spend a lot of time to complete. In addition, candidates submit malicious incorrect registration information to disrupt recruitment, which not only increases the workload of reviewers, but also affects the efficiency of recruitment. Candidates need to upload scanned copies of certification materials (such as ID card, degree certificate, graduation certificate, etc.) when registering. Some candidates are worried about whether the information will be leaked and the reviewers are unfair in reviewing for personal gains. In response to these problems, this article proposes to add text recognition to the recruitment management system of a university teacher to complete the system's automatic registration review. Based on the traceability and non-tampering characteristics of blockchain technology, the security and traceability of registration information are guaranteed. Kind of optimization plan. By analyzing the system process, selecting a third-party API interface to complete text recognition, and combining the simple filtering function of the system to build an automated audit function of the system. Select the candidate's registration information as the traceability object, optimize the system process, write smart contracts, web3.js connect the system and the blockchain. Experiments have proved that the automated audit function is automatically executed after candidates submit the registration form, and the average audit speed is 550ms. Reduce the workload of reviewers and improve recruitment efficiency. If the candidate has questions about the review process, the candidate can retrospectively verify whether the registration information has been tampered with through the blockchain, which ensures the fairness of the recruitment work.
In blockchain technology, all registered information, from the place of production of the product to its point of sale, is recorded as permanent and unchangeable, and no intermediary has the ability to change the data of other members and even the data registered by them without public consensus. In this way, users can trust the accuracy of the data. Blockchain systems have a wide range of applications in the medical and health sectors, from creating an integrated system for recording and tracking patients’ medical records to creating transparency in the drug supply chain and medical supplies. However, implementing blockchain technology in the supply chain has limitations and sometimes has risks. In this study, BWM methods and VIKORSort have been used to classify the risks of implementing blockchain in the drug supply chain. The results show that cyberattacks, double spending, and immutability are very dangerous risks for implementation of blockchain technology in the drug supply chain. Therefore, the risks of blockchain technology implementation in the drug supply chain have been classified based on a literature review and opinions of the experts. The risks of blockchain technology implementation in the supply chain were determined from the literature review.
Anggun Mugi Mabruroh, Favian Dewanta, Aulia Arif Wardana
Pada penelitian ini mengusulkan pembuatan perangkat Internet of Things yaitu smart energy meter dengan menerapkan sistem blockchain sebagai database. Internet of Things memiliki sistem penyimpanan secara terpusat pada database server, jika server down maka database tidak dapat digunakan dan data kemungkinan akan hilang. Terdapat sistem penyimpanan yang memiliki jaringan desentralisasi dan terdistribusi yaitu blockchain. Sistem blockchain pribadi dibuat menggunakan framework Ethereum. Data sensor akan dibaca oleh Raspberry Pi 4B dan dikirimkan ke node 1 melalui MQTT. Node 1 akan menyimpan data ke blok. Dua node akun Ethereum akan memvalidasi blok tersebut. Jika diterima maka blok akan disimpan pada blockchain dan membuat rantai blok baru. Dalam proses penyimpanan memiliki smart contract antar akun Ethereum yang dibuat menggunakan solidity dan diakses menggunakan web3 API. Data yang berhasil disimpan akan ditampilkan ke web pengguna. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran performa protokol MQTT dan sistem blockchain jika dibandingkan dengan database tradisional, maka blockchain kurang cepat dalam proses penyimpanan karena terdapat proses transaksi dan verifikasi data. Namun jika diterapkan pada data smart energy meter tidak masalah karena waktu yang diperlukan untuk proses penyimpanan maksimal 1 menit saja cukup. Jumlah node dan ukuran data atau blok tidak mempengaruhi kinerja algoritma konsensus proof of authority.
Aida Wijaya, Obsatar Sinaga, Mohd Haizam Mohd Saudi
This paper aimed to open eyes for the many functions of the blockchain technology which was the underlying program of the cryptocurrency. The cryptocurrency itself could not be that magical if not based on the blockchain technology. Recent developments had revealed how this technology could completely change the future. The boundaries of today’s nations would be replaced by another kind of kingdom resided in the realm of the cryptocurrency and its blockchain technology. The paper also discussed the effort of Indonesian government to step into this area.
RICARDO CARREÑO AGUILERA, Miguel Patiño-Ortiz, Julián Patiño-Ortiz, Erick Velázquez Lozada
Due to the exponential growth in the use of systems with applications of blockchain technology, this paper develops a funding system, with donations and offers of shares, through the Ethereum platform with blockchain technology. Given the benefits that blockchain provides data protection and has high security, this paper offers a decentralized donation expert system using smart contracts that makes fully reliable donation systems to attract more funds to this urgent global health issue. Smart contracts provide faithful donations and meet the characteristics of being versatile, accessible, and sustainable to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. This expert system found the Merkle grid as an optimum method to work efficiently on the blockchain. The expert system proved to be steady and efficient by using an essential test dataset. A reliable donation system expects more donors and investors since a sustainable and reliable approach is always a milestone. The primary purpose of developing this system is to attract donors to bring down the COVID-19 pandemic by providing a faithful donation system.
The process of educational informatization in the digital era of big data is one of the significant changes in the transformation of the educational model from traditional classrooms (face to face) to online teaching and learning based, which brings innovations from various e-learning. E-Learning is distance learning that uses computer technology, computer networks and the internet. The E-Learning system in higher education in Indonesia which is still centralized is a problem in developing E-Learning in this research in implementing the Independent Campus Policy, one of the manifestations of student-centered and decentralized learning launched by the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemdikbud). This research takes advantage of blockchain technology to achieve breakthrough E-Learning in Higher Education that is not centralized or decentralized. Blockchain technology provides the advantages of decentralized digital certificate issuance as well as secure storage using the Ethereum blockchain. The results show blockchain technology to solve weaknesses in the field of online education based on Merdeka Campus, namely the issuance of certificates as evidence of student learning outcomes in the form of a formal digital certificate in decentralized E-Learning and insecurity in storage for verification using the Ethereum blockchain. The digital certificate from the transaction will identify block hash, gas usage, block number and block time as different private keys.\n\nKeywords: E-Learning, Independent Campus, Blockchain, Digital Certificate Verification Abstrak \n\nProses informatisasi pendidikan di era digital data besar (big data) merupakan salah satu perubahan signifikan transformasi model pendidikan dari kelas trandisional (tatap muka) menjadi berbasis belajar-mengajar secara online, yang membawa inovasi dari berbagai e-learning. E-Learning adalah pembelajaran jarak jauh yang menggunakan teknologi komputer, jaringan komputer, dan internet. Sistem E-Learning pada Pendidikan tinggi di Indonesia yang masih terpusat menjadi permasalahan pengembangan E-Learning penelitian ini dalam menerapkan Kebijakan Kampus Merdeka salah satu perwujudan pembelajaran berpusat pada mahasiswa (student centered learning) dan terdesentralisasi yang diluncurkan oleh Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Kemdikbud). Penelitian ini mengambil keunggulan teknologi blockchain agar dicapai terobosan E-Learning pada Pendidikan Tinggi yang tidak terpusat atau terdesentralisasi. Teknologi blockchain memberikan keunggulan penerbitan sertifikat digital terdesentralisasi serta penyimpanan aman menggunakan Ethereum blockchain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan teknologi blockchain menyelesaikan kelemahan di bidang pendidikan online berbasis Kampus Merdeka yaitu penerbitan sertifikat digital sebagai bukti hasil belajar mahasiswa berupa sertifikat digital secara legal formal pada E-Learning secara terdesentralisasi dan ketidakamanan dalam penyimpanan untuk verifikasi sertifikat digital menggunakan Ethereum blockchain. Sertifikat digital hasil transaksi tersebut akan teridentifikasi block hash, gas usage, block number dan block time sebagai private key yang berbeda satu dengan lainnya.\n\nKata kunci: E-Learning, Kampus Merdeka, Blockchain, Verifikasi Sertifikat Digital
Current advances in information technology have brought about significant changes, including ways to carry out elections using computer technology known as e-voting. Blockchain underlies the popularity of the digital currency Bitcoin and some other digital money, sparking the start of a new era of Internet use, including electronic voting (e-voting) system. In this work, we proposed designing and implementing an evoting system powered by the Ethereum blockchain. We used real-world data from the Indonesian Election Commission (KPU) with 26 candidates and 15,725 voters from the Jelupang sub-district. The testing and evaluation results using three miners in the blockchain show that the system could commit around 23 transactions per second. All 15,725 votes are committed to the blockchain successfully within 12.75 minutes. The total time required for creating all blockchain accounts is 13.4 hours.
Indonesia memasuki revolusi 4.0 yang membawa banyak sekali perubahan di segala bidang termasuk bidang teknologi. Teknologi keterbaharuan terbesar bersifat terdesentralisasi dengan ciri transparan, nyaman, permanen serta tidak bisa diganti yang biasa dikenal dengan Blockchain. Blockchain sudah diterapkan di banyak bidang semacam cryptocurrency, akuntansi serta tata kelola pendidikan. Tetapi, teknologi Blockchain saat ini sedang dalam sesi percobaan serta mempunyai sebagian permasalahan yang wajib dituntaskan tercantum kapasitas pemrosesan informasi yang terbatas, kerahasiaan data, serta kesusahan regulasi. Artikel ini menerangkan tentang kemampuan pelaksanaan teknologi Blockchain dalam akuntansi keuangan pendidikan pendidikan. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini mengusulkan desain framework bagi finansial pendidikan tinggi agar keamanan buku besar dapat ditingkatkan. Dalam jangka panjang, platform ini secara efisien bisa kurangi kesalahan dalam pengungkapan serta manajemen laba, tingkatkan mutu data akuntansi pendidikan serta kurangi asimetri data. Metode analisis dengan perhitungan skor SUS terhadap sistem Blockchain akuntansi menunjukkan 85, sehingga framework ini termasuk dalam kategori Net Promoter. Hasil akhir penelitian ini mampu mengoptimalkan finansial keuangan pada pendidikan tinggi dengan menggunakan Blockchain. Indonesia is entering the 4.0 revolution, which brings many changes in all fields, including technology. The most extensive new technology is decentralized with transparent, convenient, permanent, and irreplaceable characteristics, commonly known as Blockchain. Blockchain has been applied in all fields, especially in the field of technology. But Blockchain technology is currently still in the pilot stage which has some issues and needs to be resolved. These include regulatory difficulties, limited information processing capacity, and data confidentiality. This article describes the ability to implement Blockchain technology in educational, financial accounting. Therefore, this study proposes a framework design for higher education finance to improve the security of the ledger. In the long term, this platform can efficiently reduce disclosure and earnings management errors, improve the quality of educational accounting data, and reduce data asymmetry. The analysis method by calculating the SUS score against the accounting Blockchain system shows 85, so this framework is included in the Net Promoter category. The final result of this research can optimize financial finance in higher education by using Blockchain.
H S Govinda, Yogesh Chandrakant, D S Girish, S. Lokesh · 6 authors
Online voting system the most suitable replacement for the older generations paper ballot system and the nowadays trending Electronic Voting Machines (EVM). Every year by year the technology tries to reach its peak with immense exploration by revolutionizing the technology which makes the human life with more coloring. Today's Internet gives us access to a wide range of resources, information easily in a second. Among other such experiments is Blockchain. With its special features such as consistency and architecture, many companies, applications are increasingly moving towards them. One major usage of blockchain can be found in electronic-voting system. We can ensure the transparency of the election by placing all messages or details in the Ethereum blockchain, which keeps the privacy of each voter protected with maximum security and provides an effective sign-up process. Blockchain advantages on online-voting systems includes nonchangeable feature called immutable ledger of votes casted using time stamp method, security of voting system, instant validation of votes and counting of votes and updating in public ledger which does not depending upon the number of nodes in the blockchain network.
Smart contract is the heart of the Blockchain based decentralized applications. Smart contracts are the programs that get executed automatically on the Blockchain when the pre-set conditions are met. Ethereum is one of the world's largest platforms for creating decentralized applications. In Ethereum, gas (in Ether, Ethereum cryptocurrency) is used to pay miners for using their resources and running the smart contracts. It has been observed that if a smart contract is not optimized, it costs more than the required gas and therefore, the user is overcharged. Hence, optimization techniques are required to apply on smart contracts before deploying it onto the main chain. The work is broken into three modules. (1.) Designing a smart contract for storing an educational certificate on Blockchain, (2.) Writing the smart contract in Solidity using Sublime Text 3 and Remix Ethereum IDE for storing an educational certificate and then finally, (3.) Analyzing the smart contract for calculation of the gas cost which has been optimized based on the following three parameters:(a.) data types - when applied bytes32 data type is used in place of string data type, gas cost is reduced to 0.18%, (b) packaging variables into a single slot through the SOLC-using structure for packing reduces the gas cost up to the 256 bits (32 bytes) length of packed variables. Here, packed variables' length is more than 256 bits (32 bytes), hence it did not reduce the gas cost and, (c) error handling functions - no change in the cost of gas while using revert () in place of throw. So, optimization of gas cost has been considerably achieved and it can be further enhanced by increasing the number of transactions.