Emanuel Ferreira Coutinho, Diogo Eliseu Paulo, Antonio Welligton Abreu, I. M.Bezerra Carla
Cloud Computing is a technology widely used in academia and industry, providing varied services on demand. Blockchain technology was developed initially for the creation of a crypto-currency and nowadays is being exploited for several other applications, such as health, agriculture, IoT and education. Some work initiatives are already taking place with the integration of these two technologies, either for research or for cloud service provision. This article aims to present a preliminary discussion on some aspects of integration between blockchain and cloud computing. Contributions of this paper include: (i) presentation of two integrated commercial cloud computing and blockchain environments; and (ii) some research opportunities on the use of both environments.
A blockchain is a growing list of records, called blocks, that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp and a transaction data. A blockchain consists of a structure of data that represents a financial ledger entry, or a record of transactions. Each transaction is digitally signed to ensure its authenticity, therefore no one tampers with it. So the ledger itself along with an existing transactions within it are assumed to be with great integrity. The basic advantages of blockchain technology includes the features of decentralization, Peer to peer network, immutability, security and transparency. If once the data has been re-entered into the record, it will not get deleted instead, it gets updated. Every block in the blockchain has a permanent timestamp that indicates authentication and verification. Here, we promote the facility of having a smart contract between the patient and a healthcare sector. It highly concentrates in the field of diabetes as it is a rapidly growing disease in today's world. It requires regular checkups to keep the disease in control. This paper consolidates the features of blockchain technology to produce an enhanced EMR in the field of diabetes.
The supply chain is a complex framework of facilities working together to gain profits. Rapid changes in technology have made the commerce a place of high competition and hugely affected by price fluctuation. BitCom is a proposed architecture bolstered by the emerging concept of blockchain. It aims to provide a clean and efficient supply chain to decrease system-wide costs. It is a framework deriving its roots form both- permissioned and permissionless blockchains to achieve a feasible solution to the problem of automating commerce. The model stays true to the roots of the supply chain while maintaining security. It uses flexible smart contracts for negotiations and transactions while permissionless entry is provided to the users. The concept of a credibility score has been introduced to help introduce trust in a decentralised network.
Internet of Things (IoT) growth is expected to reach phenomenal levels of diverse adoption and deployment amongst multiple industries. This ranges from financial, communication, transport, health and general consumer sectors. The expected burst of IoT deployment will introduce significant cyber security challenges, specifically in the area of configuration management. Blockchain technology is continuously evolving beyond the use as financial currency, and is proving to be a feasible solution for distributed record keeping and validation. The special characteristics of Blockchain technology introduces a new domain of IoT secure configuration and decentralized management, while taking into consideration the challenging constraints imposed by IoT devices efficient and low-power design. In this paper we try to identify an effective approach to manage and control security IoT device configurations by adopting a Blockchain technology.
Pamella Soares, Nataniel Parente Nogueira, Rayane Santos, Paulo Henrique M. Maia · 5 authors
The problem of lack of trust in data sharing between different parties can bureaucratize processes carried out by entities such as notary's office. Blockchain technology can circumvent this problem by providing a distributed and unchanging base. By merging this technology with the microservice architecture, secure and robust systems can be created due to the independent deployments and development of microservices, thus easing the application maintenance and evolution. Considering the advantages in the combination of the mentioned technologies, the present work aims to propose an approach that allows the integration between notary's offices and other institutions, ensuring security and celerity in the exchange of information between the parties. In this paper we report on our academic experience in the creation of the proposed approach, a pilot prototype, the development process and the tools used in the implementation, and the lessons learned.
Blockchain as an emerging distributed protocol has been widely used in IoT systems. Using blockchain as an IoT data sharing protocol provides precious features including consistency, reliability, and traceability. However, such combination brings high cryptography overhead and consensus latency when sharing data from large number of IoT sensors. To address these issues, we propose a novel blockchain based architecture for IoT data sharing systems. In this architecture, data messages signed by IoT sensors are packaged into data blocks and distributed to the blockchain network. We propose a data block structure with identity-based aggregate signature to protect data reliability from malicious sink nodes and reduce the communication, storage, and computing cost of signatures. We also present a multiple state chain structure with a new consensus algorithm which cuts back consensus phases and accelerate the consensus process. Finally, we evaluate the proportion of data in a block and the blockchain consensus latency, which shows a better performance than PBFT in this scenario.
Blockchain technologies have been increasingly adopted by enterprises to increase operational efficiency and enable new business models. These enterprise blockchain applications generally run on dedicated blockchain networks due to regulations and security requirements. The design process of these networks involves many decisions and trade-offs that impact security, governance, and performance of applications that run on them. The challenge is further exacerbated by the lack of a common architecture and concept map to communicate about blockchain networks, as blockchain technologies tend to use different concepts and architecture. This paper presents a concept map, an anatomy and the principal dimensions of the design space of blockchain networks. We applied the proposed design space in a case study about designing and deploying a blockchain network for an ad-hoc IoT infrastructure. We found that the design space brought structure to the design process and the analysis of design alternatives. The presented concept map, anatomy and design space are intended to help improve the blockchain network design practice and lay a foundation for future research on the design process and deployment automation of blockchain networks.
K. Deepak, Aditya Nagaraj Badiger, J. Akshay, Kika A. Awomi · 6 authors
In this survey, we go through all the papers that lead up to our idea of a smart video surveillance system and make a comparative study of available technologies. The increase in efficiency by using hyper ledger for blockchain is analyzed along with the study of modern data sharing techniques like CDN and IPFS.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Miguel Pincheira, Elena Donini, Raffaele Giaffreda, Massimo Vecchio
Remote sensing considerably benefits from the fusion of open data from different sources, including far-range sensors mounted on satellites and short-range sensors on drones or Internet of Things devices. Open data is an emerging philosophy attracting an increasing number of data owners willing to share. However, most of the data owners are unknown and thus, untrustable, which makes shared data likely unreliable and possibly compromising associated outcomes. Currently, there exist tools that distribute open data, acting as intermediaries connecting data owners and users. However, these tools are managed by central authorities that set rules for data ownership, access, and integrity, limiting data owners and users. Therefore, a need emerges for a decentralized system to share and retrieve data without intermediaries limiting participants. Here, we propose a blockchain-based system to share and retrieve data without the need for a central authority. The proposed architecture (i) allows sharing data, (ii) maintains the data history (origin and updates), and (iii) allows retrieving and evaluating the data adding trustworthiness. To this end, the blockchain network enables the direct connection of data owners and users. Furthermore, blockchain automatically interacts with participants and keeps a transparent record of their actions. Hence, blockchain provides a decentralized database that enables trust among the participants without a central authority. We analyzed the potentials and critical issues of the architecture in a remote sensing use case of precision farming. The analysis shows that participants benefit from the properties of the blockchain in providing trusted data for remote sensing applications.
Saifull ah Khan, Akanksha Jadhav, Indraje et Bharadwaj, Mayukh Rooj · 5 authors
Using the blockchain technology to store the privatedocuments of individuals will help make data more reliable and secure, preventing the loss of data and unauthorized access. The Consensus algorithm along with the hash algorithms maintains the integrity of data simultaneously providing authentication and authorization. The paper incorporates the block chain and the Identity Based Encryption management concept. The Identity based Management system allows the encryption of the user's data as well as their identity and thus preventing them from Identity theft and fraud. These two technologies combined will result in a more secure way of storing the data and protecting the privacy of the user.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Researchers and practitioners continue to draw varied interest on blockchain (BC) technology. The concept is generally attributed to its outstanding features such as decentralization, reliability, security and data veracity. However, even with the growing interest, a lot has to be done concerning the modern state of knowledge and practice in relation to the use of BC technology in education. Therefore, this survey presents a review of the existing studies on BC-based learning applications. The survey is centered on three major themes: learning applications that have been made using BC technology, the contribution and merits of blockchain technology to the education sector, and the problems experienced while integrating BC technology in learning. An intensive discussion is presented as well as a comprehensive result analysis of each theme. The survey also highlights the key areas in education that stand to benefit from the incorporation of the blockchain technology.
Astrid Novita Putri, Mochamad Hariadi, Adhi Dharma Wibawa
Abstract Indonesia is an agricultural country, and one of the regions is Semarang Regency which well known as chili producers. Unfortunately, common issues occurred such as the fluctuation of the stock price and chili, the low exchange values of farmers in prices because of the complicated flow distribution chain. Furthermore, chili is quickly decomposed, but the demand is high enough. The solutions are to predict the demand for supply chain management, to make payment transactions of agricultural needs of farmers by analyzing stocks, raw materials, price to the chain of distribution, also to build trade links among farmers, consumers and Semarang District Agriculture Service. This journal discussed the flow of supply chain and logistics. We recommend to use the latest technology called Hyperledger Blockchain and IOT so that they can make it easier to carry out the transaction process because it is simple, low cost, transparent, faster. It also has high data security, and simplify ecosystems can be easy to exchange information quickly through Hyperledger Blockchain transactions so that the potential of this technology can bring benefits to farmers and consumers by creating the construction of a trusted distribution network that will bring a data transparency solution so that it can become a suggestion for the Semarang District Agriculture Service.
Fadyah A. AlShlawi, Nourah K. AlSa'awi, Waad Y. Bin Saleem, Anees Ara
Bitcoin Cryptocurrency is an advanced decentralized electronic payment system which stores all the transaction records in a public ledger connected to the blockchain. Many cyber-attacks including Double-Spending, Distributed denial-of-service (DDOS), Sybil attack and Dust attack, have been targeting Blockchain-based application Cryptocurrency, mainly Bitcoin cryptocurrency. In this paper, the proposed DUST-MASK, a secure Bitcoin system against dust attack, protects Bitcoin's availability and pseudo-anonymity from attackers sending dust transactions in order to analyze the data and link the transactions to a specific user. The proposed system will inform the user of those kinds of malicious transactions and guarantee the user a choice whether to accept or reject them.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Vikram Puri, Ishaani Priyadarshini, Raghvendra Kumar, Long Cu Kim
Industry 4.0 articulates that modern intelligent machines are better than humans that are enough capable to capture and analyze data in real-time, as well as in communicating information that may be helpful to take business-related decisions faster. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) relies on intelligent assets that communicate and store data, data communication infrastructures, analytics, and people for functioning. With so many constituents of the IIoT network, there is also an increased potential for security risks. Privacy and trust issues need to be addressed. Recently Blockchain Technology has shown tremendous growth due to its reliable nature. In this paper we introduce a blockchain technology-based architecture for IIoT with the aim to address a lot of significant security issues
The introduction of cryptocurrency based decentralized applications and data storage has been illustrating the importance of blockchain technology to the industries. Blockchain technology as a platform allows creating a distributed and replicated ledger of transactions. Blockchain provides a guarantee of tamper resistance for the data generated from various processes to compile massive datasets. Since the data is huge in size and grows exponentially with time, the data management should be efficient to store or process it. We survey the different standards of data processing works in several research directions for bringing the blockchain execution closer to the various domains of databases and its operations. Furthermore, the proposed research work also discusses about the performance, challenges, and future research directions.
Abstract The rise of global urbanisation has led to massive pressures on resources such as food, water, infrastructure, and energy demand to support growing populations. It brings adverse impacts on the liveable condition and economic growth of a country if this problem remains unsolved. Smart city is a potential solution to address the challenges of urbanisation by leveraging the technological breakthrough such as internet of things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, big data, and cloud computing to facilitate scarce resources planning and management. With numerous connected devices and vast communication networks, it poses a challenges of security threat which cannot be addressed by the conventional cybersecurity solutions. Blockchain offers a solution in securing the huge numbers of connected devices in smart city network. The application of blockchain technology is leading in the banking and financial industry. However, the uses and implementations in smart city have emerged in recent years. The combination of blockchain technology and smart city has offered a great potential for sustainable development. Thus, it is imperative to discuss the potential of these two elements in making the city safer and sustainable. This paper explores how the blockchain technology application can help in managing smart city and achieve sustainability. The findings revealed that there are five key areas of blockchain application in smart city which are smart governance, smart mobility, smart asset, smart utility and smart logistic. A framework for smart sustainable city with blockchain technology is presented as an outcome of this study. It gives a clear overview for the policy makers and regulators of how blockchain supports within smart city framework. It facilitates the transition towards smart and sustainable cities through the use of blockchain.
Blockchain and IoT technology has been gaining importance globally in different domain at future perspective. It has gained enormous attention with a great interest in a surfeit of various applications varying from financial services, security analysis, food, agriculture to health industry. Among the fast growing sectors, pharmaceutical industry acclaims to be the major forefront of the healthcare delivery in a largest aspect. There embarks the need of utilizing applications of IoT and Blockchain for safe delivery of healthcare management. The pharmaceutical sector helps in delivery of potential drugs at the outset of growth of medical science into the market. The need of safety and proper validation of the products of medical drugs sold to the consumers had to be taken care of much evaluation. Blockchain and IoT use cases provides the need of security of drugs and also delivery at the right time without the false interaction. In this review paper complete analysis of development in the healthcare associated with the pharmaceutical industry is done by the approach of implementation of Blockchain and IoT. This paper projects the applications of the domain with the future analysis and also the challenges in demand.
Collaborative edge computing (CEC) is a novel extension for several edge paradigms (e.g., mobile edge computing, fog computing, and cloudlet) to further enhance processing capabilities to support computation-intensive and latency-sensitive applications in edge-centric networks. While existing schemes keep adding new functionalities (e.g., collaborative computing and caching), they overlook an important issue of establishing trustworthiness among all CEC participants. In general, due to the heterogeneity of all participants, simply assuming trustworthiness among them is undesirable. To address this issue, in this article, we present BlockEdge, a blockchain-powered framework that delivers trusted CEC services. Toward this end, BlockEdge first introduces incentive schemes to attract edge nodes to participate in CEC tasks. Then it publicly and persistently stores all task results on blockchain to enable smart-contract-based correctness verification and automated punishment in case of failures. Such a built-in accountability scheme allows BlockEdge to establish a trust reputation system for all CEC stakeholders, which can be further used for reliable selection of CEC participators. Our security analysis and experimental evaluation demonstrate that BlockEdge is both technically feasible and financially beneficial. We hope that the blockchain-based trustworthiness establishment designed in BlockEdge can provide a fundamental primitive for building a more secure collaborative ecosystem, especially for complex networks such as 5G and IoT.
Andrêssa S. Fernandes, Vladimir Rocha, Arlindo Flávio da Conceição, Flávio Horita
Blockchain technology has been applied in several areas, ranging from financial to health. Although this technology offers benefits, for instance the immutability, anonymity, and decentralization of information, its use presents some problems, been the scalability in terms of storage size one of them. This paper presents a scalable architecture for sharing electronic health records using a multi-channel hyperledger blockchain. The architecture uses one blockchain to record patient visits and one blockchain for each health institution to record links that point to Electronic Health Records (EHRs) stored in external systems. Among the main conclusions, the final results highlight the scalability of the proposed architecture, when compared to the related work models in the heterogeneous network.
Battery-powered mobile devices are convenient to use anywhere and anytime. Nowadays maximum people using the mobile device, such as Smartphone, Tablet computers to use mobile services anytime and anywhere. Moreover, most of the Smartphone having wireless communication like Wi-Fi and 4G. For some applications, the requirement of computing power may be very high, but the actual configuration of mobile devices are very limited, such as CPU, memory, storage, and battery. Among these computational resources, bandwidth and battery are the most significant problems for Smartphone. Efficient Computational Offloading is the best solution for extending the usage of Smartphone by executing the resource-intensive task to offload from mobile to the remote cloud servers can extend processing capability and support for multiple categories of application. However, this technique is having difficulty in offloading the process to a remote cloud server without the proven security of entity verification. To deal with these challenges, here we are proposing new security protocol to authenticate mobile and cloud server with zero knowledge proof of authentication to verify the communication entities and recommends to offload the service. The proposed protocol will get verify by the University of Oxford developed verification tool Scyther.
Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is a blockchain consensus mechanism that is widely used at present, but the confidence of blockchain node in PBFT cannot be guaranteed, and a large amount of communication resources will be consumed in the process of reaching consensus. The paper proposes a new consensus mechanism, namely the Dynamic Grouping Byzantine Fault Tolerance Mechanism (DGBFT) based on confidence. The principles of DGBFT are as follows: 1) By extending the node's attributes with the confidence, and designing a mechanism to evaluate the node's confidence, therefore, the confidence adjustment and grouping adjustment can be performed on the nodes in the system. By grouping the confidence nodes by the confidence group, the communication complexity is greatly reduced, and the malicious nodes can be effectively excluded. Finally, the experimental results show that the blockchain applying the improved mechanism can significantly improve the communication efficiency of the system and the overall confidence of the system.
Lillian Clark, Yeh-Ching Tung, Matthew Clark, Laurence F. Zapanta
Currently, space communications networks are attempting to move away from large geostationary (GEO) satellites towards large constellations of small satellites. This trend is observed both in government and commercial communications satellites. By relaying data across multiple constellations/networks, we may be able to reduce end-to-end latencies and reduce burden (mass, power, cost) for all users. However, this is only possible if networks across constellations can establish inter-satellite authentication and trust. The key to this trust is based on demonstrated ability of the relay satellites to meet performance requirements, i.e. “reputation.” In this work, we propose leveraging distributed ledger technologies (i.e. blockchains) to develop a secure, decentralized reputation system for satellite relay networks. This informs a reputation-aware routing protocol and reduces the average data latency across the network. In this paper, we discuss designing the blockchain-based reputation system and routing protocol. We then analyze the resultant network performance with respect to average latency, computational complexity, and storage considerations for a variety of use cases.