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1,177 results ¡ page 27 of 50
Meghna Manoj Nair, Amit Kumar Tyagi
No abstract is available for this record.
Sankalp Chenna
No abstract is available for this record.
D. N. Rao, G. Vidhya, M. Rajesh, Vipin Jain ¡ 7 authors
The new IoT apps will not be able to inspire people to utilize them and may ultimately lose all their potential if an interoperable and trustworthy ecosystem is not provided. IoT has its extra security difficulties such as information storage, administration, privacy concerns, and authentication. The presently deployed IoT apps have encountered various security and privacy assaults globally. Due to being less secure and low powered, the IoT devices present a simple entryway to the adversaries to obtain access to the corporate networks, leading to giving easy control over all of the data of the users. The objective of this doctorate proposed work will be to solve the security associated difficulties in multiple IoT domains like the eâcommerce, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET), mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), and Internet of Drones (IoD). The proposed study focuses on the development of a distributed framework for IoT based on blockchain. The framework includes the usage of Ethereumâbased smart contracts and auction models to increase the income and QoS for both the seller and the buyer and the development of a DAG chainâbased distributed framework for parking lot allocation in a network of automobiles. The suggested model includes the requirement of obtaining agreement among the nodes with probability one in such a circumstance. The suggested model demonstrates to be predictable as typical votingâbased consensus protocols like Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) and at the same time can accommodate a high number of nodes even in an asynchronous setting. Research on Byzantine faultâtolerant systems has been ongoing for more than four decades, and although the solutions were shown to be feasible early on, they remained unworkable for a long time. With PBFT, the first feasible solution was provided in 1999, and this sparked fresh research that has resulted in unique applications that are still being developed today employing this technology. Despite the fact that the safety and liveness properties of PBFTâtype protocols have been thoroughly investigated, when it comes to practical performance, only empirical resultsâoften obtained in artificial environmentsâare known, and imperfections in the communication channels are not explicitly considered. It is our goal in this paper to propose the first performance model for PBFT that takes into account the effect of unreliable channels as well as the usage of alternative transport protocols across those channels. We also performed a large number of simulations to test the model and acquire a better understanding of the influence of different deployment factors on the total transaction timeframe.
Oliver Braun, Johannes Eckstein
As an important extension and modern methodology to fully digitize test management in full vehicle testing, we present the possible advantages of using modern blockchain technology and contrast classical methods. In doing so, we present some of the various requirements for the stakeholders and how these challenges can be met with the help of the new properties of distributed ledgers. This technology has all the properties of a decentralized database and can thus be used as a neutral storage medium, which would ensure the highest level of manipulation resistance and access security. The integration of such a solution requires a fully digitized, modern test environment that can be developed through consistent process digitization. The following four core characteristics of such a system would be:
Xincheng Li, Xinchun Yin, Jianting Ning
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an emerging technology that can significantly improve the efficiency of transportation systems and mitigate traffic accidents by exchanging traffic-related messages or announcements. Nevertheless, there has not been a consensus on how to generate, distribute, and validate trustworthy announcements in such an untrusted wireless environment. Security and privacy, inspiration mechanism, and resource integration are significant challenges for announcement generation and dissemination. In this paper, a secure and trustworthy announcement dissemination scheme is realized for location-based service (LBS) application in VANET. A blockchain-assisted vehicular cloud (VC) architecture is proposed to harvest underutilized heterogeneous resources of vehicles participating in VANET. Moreover, the technologies of blockchain and smart contract are adopted to classify vehicles into different levels automatically by bidding for bonuses. Whatâs more, vehicles can generate trustworthy announcements with the help of neighbor vehicles by adopting the technology of threshold signature. Meanwhile, the reputation of announcements is evaluated for trust management. Formal security analysis shows that the proposed scheme satisfies fundamental security and privacy requirements in VANET. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is robust and efficient.
Omair Shafiq, Li Zhu, Xiantao Jiang, F. Richard Yu ¡ 6 authors
The extensive use of vehicles nowadays and the emergency of autonomous driving urge the improvement of traffic safety. Prevalent approaches competent at preventing road accidents are inseparable from the trustworthy data acquisition. But in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), data transmission and storage are unreliable due to constrained resource and unsteady topology. Currently, distribution is widely applied into VANETs for multifold data protection and blockchain becomes preferred with its distributed consensus and ledger for data trust protection. Therefore, we propose a system in this paper, which employs blockchain technology to secure the sharing of visual traffic information. As proposed, the sequence of frames is used for their integrity consensus, the transaction capacity is adjusted according to the frame types, and transcoding frames is defined via smart contracts; thus, traffic information gains more in-depth protection. With the proposed system, vehicles can confidently use the information for safety guidance.
Sai Srinivas Matta, Manish Bolli
This study conducts a meta-analysis of scholarly and policy literature on blockchain as an enabler of decentralized digital identity with a specific focus on cross-border authentication and immigration contexts. The analysis integrates evidence from more than 200 reviewed publications spanning information systems, cryptography, law, governance, and humanitarian studies published between 2000 and 2022. Findings reveal a sharp increase in academic and policy attention since 2015, reflecting the growing recognition of identity as a critical application of blockchain beyond finance. Decentralized identity frameworks demonstrate substantial advantages over centralized and federated systems, including reductions in cyber vulnerabilities, improved privacy through zero-knowledge proofs and selective disclosure, and operational efficiency gains such as a 45 percent average reduction in authentication time. Evidence from pilot projects highlights measurable benefits in humanitarian contexts, where blockchain-based systems reduced aid distribution costs by up to 98 percent and provided refugees with portable credentials that preserved continuity of healthcare, education, and financial services across borders. Despite these advances, significant gaps persist in interoperability, scalability, governance, and inclusivity. Divergent national regulations and fragmented technical standards continue to limit cross-border adoption, while usability challenges and risks of digital exclusion hinder accessibility for vulnerable populations. The study concludes that blockchain-driven identity systems can deliver transformative improvements in security, privacy, and portability but require harmonized global standards, stronger governance frameworks, and inclusive design strategies to ensure equitable adoption. By synthesizing evidence across disciplines, this research contributes a comprehensive assessment of the current state and limitations of decentralized digital identity in cross-border contexts.
M. Kayalvizhi, S. Ramamoorthy
No abstract is available for this record.
Adeel Ahmed, Saima Abdullah, Saman Iftikhar, Israr Ahmad ¡ 6 authors
A software-defined vehicular network is made up of an IoT (Internet of Things) based vehicular ad-hoc network and a software-defined network. For better communication in IoT based vehicle networks, researchers are now working on the VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) to increase the overall system performance. To maximize the VANET ad-hoc network’s information application performance and reliability, edge computing has gained the attention of researchers. In current research, cloud computing is used for message related task execution, which increases the response time. We propose a Software-defined Fault Tolerance and QoS-Aware (Quality of Service) IoT-Based Vehicular Networks Using Edge Computing Secured by Blockchain to reduce overall communication delay, message failure fault tolerance, and secure service provisioning for VANET ad-hoc networks in this article. We proposed heuristic algorithms to solve the above mentioned problems of response delay, message failure, fault tolerance, and security provided by the Blockchain. The proposed model gets vehicle messages through SDN (Software defined network) nodes, which are placed on nearby edge servers, and the edge servers are validated by the blockchain to provide secure services to vehicles. The SDN controller, which exists on an edge server, which is placed on the road side to overcome communication delays, receives different messages from the vehicles and divides these messages in to two different categories. The message division is performed by the edge server by judging the time line, size, and emergency situation. SDN controller organized these messages and forwarded them to their destination. After the message is delivered to its destination, a fault tolerance mechanism checks their acknowledgements. If the message delivery fails, the fault tolerance algorithm will resend the failure message. The proposed model is implemented using a custom simulator and compared with the latest VANET based QoS and fault tolerance models. The result shows the performance of the proposed model, which decreased the overall message communication delay by 55% of the normal and emergency messages by using the edge server SDN controller. Furthermore, the proposed model reduces the execution time, security risk, and message failure ratio by using the edge server, cloud server and blockchain infrastructure.
Minghao Li, Gansen Zhao, Ruilin Lai
No abstract is available for this record.
Achref Haddaji, Samiha Ayed, Lamia Chaari Fourati
No abstract is available for this record.
Tamara Islam Meghla, Md Whaiduzzaman, Alistair Barros, Md. Julkar Nayeen Mahi ¡ 7 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Kashif Naseer Qureshi, Luqman Shahzad, Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud, Taiseer Abdalla Elfadil Eisa ¡ 8 authors
The rapid advancement in the area of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has provided numerous\ncomforts to users due to its capability to support vehicles with wireless data communication. The\nexchange of information among vehicle nodes is critical due to the rapid and changing topologies,\nhigh mobility of nodes, and unpredictable network conditions. Finding a single trusted entity to\nstore and distribute messages among vehicle nodes is also a challenging task. IoV is exposed to\nvarious security and privacy threats such as hijacking and unauthorized location tracking of smart\nvehicles. Traceability is an increasingly important aspect of vehicular communication to detect and\npenalize malicious nodes. Moreover, achieving both privacy and traceability can also be a challenging\ntask. To address these challenges, this paper presents a blockchain-based efficient, secure, and\nanonymous conditional privacy-preserving and authentication mechanism for IoV networks. This\nsolution is based on blockchain to allow vehicle nodes with mechanisms to become anonymous and\ntake control of their data during the data communication and voting process. The proposed secure\nscheme provides conditional privacy to the users and the vehicles. To ensure anonymity, traceability,\nand unlinkability of data sharing among vehicles, we utilize Hyperledger Fabric to establish the\nblockchain. The proposed scheme fulfills the requirement to analyze different algorithms and\nschemes which are adopted for blockchain technology for a decentralized, secure, efficient, private,\nand traceable system. The proposed scheme examines and evaluates different consensus algorithms\nused in the blockchain and anonymization techniques to preserve privacy. This study also proposes\na reputation-based voting system for Hyperledger Fabric to ensure a secure and reliable leader\nselection process in its consensus algorithm. The proposed scheme is evaluated with the existing\nstate-of-the-art schemes and achieves better results.
Ibrahim Abunadi, Maha M. Althobaiti, Fahd N. AlâWesabi, Anwer Mustafa Hilal ¡ 8 authors
The evolving âIndustry 4.0â domain encompasses a collection of future industrial developments with cyber-physical systems (CPS), Internet of things (IoT), big data, cloud computing, etc. Besides, the industrial Internet of things (IIoT) directs data from systems for monitoring and controlling the physical world to the data processing system. A major novelty of the IIoT is the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are treated as an efficient remote sensing technique to gather data from large regions. UAVs are commonly employed in the industrial sector to solve several issues and help decision making. But the strict regulations leading to data privacy possibly hinder data sharing across autonomous UAVs. Federated learning (FL) becomes a recent advancement of machine learning (ML) which aims to protect user data. In this aspect, this study designs federated learning with blockchain assisted image classification model for clustered UAV networks (FLBIC-CUAV) on IIoT environment. The proposed FLBIC-CUAV technique involves three major processes namely clustering, blockchain enabled secure communication and FL based image classification. For UAV cluster construction process, beetle swarm optimization (BSO) algorithm with three input parameters is designed to cluster the UAVs for effective communication. In addition, blockchain enabled secure data transmission process take place to transmit the data from UAVs to cloud servers. Finally, the cloud server uses an FL with Residual Network model to carry out the image classification process. A wide range of simulation analyses takes place for ensuring the betterment of the FLBIC-CUAV approach. The experimental outcomes portrayed the betterment of the FLBIC-CUAV approach over the recent state of art methods.
Arne BrÜring, Vivek Kulkarni, Andreas Zirkler, Philippe Buschmann ¡ 17 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Jing Zhang, Yue Jiang, Jie Cui, Debiao He ¡ 6 authors
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) connect all vehicles through wireless channels. They provide extensive real-time traffic information services that improve driving safety and traffic management efficiency. However, VANETs are vulnerable to security attacks because of the open wireless nature of their communication channels. Most security mechanisms for traditional VANETs are centralized and have certain limitations in satisfying security requirements, such as anti-single-point failure, distributed security authentication of messages, and privacy preservation in VANETs. To address these issues, herein, we propose a dual blockchain-assisted conditional privacy-preserving authentication framework and protocol for VANETs. The identity authentication and privacy preservation of vehicles in VANETs can be realized without relying on a centralized trusted third party. The proposed scheme also allows for the conditional tracking of illegal vehicles. The decentralized dynamic revocation of illegal vehicles can be realized through smart contracts, rendering the scheme efficient and scalable. We implement this scheme in an Ethereum test network to demonstrate its feasibility and conduct an in-depth security analysis and comprehensive performance evaluation of the proposed scheme. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is an effective solution for the development of a decentralized authentication system for VANETs.
James Meijers, Panagiotis Michalopoulos, Shashank Motepalli, Gengrui Zhang ¡ 7 authors
Modern vehicles rely on data from a vast array of sensors such as radar and GPS equipment that can be shared with surrounding vehicles and other interested parties. Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) is the collection of systems that enable such communication. Although this data sharing has the potential to improve both the safety and efficiency of vehicles, ensuring that what is shared has not been altered, deleted, forged, leaked, or otherwise tampered with remains a challenging problem. Today, blockchain technology allows a system's participants to come to an agreement (consensus) on the state of the system and its data in a decentralized, trustless manner. This new technology may be capable of securing V2X data, as well as enabling other useful V2X services such as payments. However, the V2X ecosystem poses several unique challenges that complicate the application of blockchain technology, not least of which is the vast number of communications that any proposed blockchain network will need to support. This paper gives an overview of V2X and blockchain technology, explores potential applications of blockchain within the V2X domain and justifies its importance. It also reviews, analyzes, and discusses various blockchain architectures that could support V2X applications.
Saravanan Manikandan, Mosiur Rahaman, Song Yu-lin
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has evolved as an advancement over the conventional Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) in pursuing a more optimal intelligent transportation system that can provide various intelligent solutions and enable a variety of applications for vehicular traffic. Massive volumes of data are produced and communicated wirelessly among the different relayed entities in these vehicular networks, which might entice adversaries and endanger the system with a wide range of security attacks. To ensure the security of such a sensitive network, we proposed a distributed authentication mechanism for IoV based on blockchain technology as a distributed ledger with an ouroboros algorithm. Using timestamp and challenge-response mechanisms, the proposed authentication model can withstand several security attacks such as Man-in-Middle (MiM) attacks, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, server spoofing attacks and more. The proposed method also provides a solution for single-point failure, forward secrecy, revocability, etc. We exhibit the security of our proposed model by using formal (mathematical) analysis and informal analysis. We used Random Oracle Model to perform the mathematical analysis. In addition, we compared the communication cost, computation cost, and security of the proposed model with the related existing studies. We have verified the security of the model by using AVISPA tool simulation. The security analysis and computation analysis show that the proposed protocol is viable.
Priyanka Gaba, Ram Shringar Raw, Mazin Abed Mohammed, Jan Nedoma ¡ 5 authors
Blockchain, a vital technology in today’s era, changed the way we share, manage and exchange our data in a centralized way to decentralized architecture. With the increasing demand for Blockchain, various platforms are available to implement public, private, consortium, or permissioned, permissionless Blockchain. Hyperledger, an open-source, permissioned, distributed ledger-based Blockchain, was hosted by Linux. This paper explores Hyperledger Fabric Private Blockchain Network (HFPBN). The architecture of HFPBN with its components and transaction flow is explored in detail. The Blockchain in HFPBN comprises multiple blocks that are linked to each other. The block elements are discussed in detail with their type and size, and after that, the total size of the block depending upon various parameters is calculated. Further, one application of Blockchain, i.e., Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), is discussed in this paper as a case study. The VANET application is being implemented on the Hyperledger Fabric platform. Formulas showing the dependency of various parameters like endorsement policy, number of transactions, and number of reads and writes on block size are derived and shown in their relationship through the graph for the VANET system. The impact of block size on various performance parameters like throughput, latency, memory, and CPU utilization for the VANET system is then analyzed using Hyperledger Caliper. An optimal required value of throughput and latency is achieved for Blockchain-based VANET. Also, the Hyperledger Fabric platform seems suitable for many applications as it creates separate Blockchain for different applications.
Chao Lin, Xinyi Huang, Debiao He
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are with great potentials to facilitate traffic management and improve driver safety. Blockchain-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication (BCPPA) is proposed to achieve an optimal tradeoff among anonymity, traceability and key/certificate management in VANETs. Existing BCPPA protocols mitigate these security and privacy challenges by adding a significant cost on verification and traceability. As a result, current solutions fail to meet high mobility, low latency, and real-time requirements of VANETs. In this paper, we design three new system building blocks namely key derivation (KeyDer), signatures of knowledge (SoK) and smart contract, following by a more efficient BCPPA protocol (named as EBCPA). To show the advantage of EBCPA, we first demonstrate it can satisfy the necessary requirements (e.g. message authentication, conditional privacy protection, resilience to common attacks, and so forth). Moreover, we implement the EBCPA in the on-line Ethereum test network (Rinkeby), Hyperledger test network and VANETs simulation environment (via VanetMobiSim and NS-2). Finally, we evaluate its communication overhead and computational cost via comparing to existing BCPPA protocols that strive to achieve similar properties. From the implementation and comparison results, our proposal can improve efficiency by reducing the time cost of traceability at least 48.95% and verification at least 42.21%.
Nicola Raemy, Galia Kondova
Cybersecurity in autonomous driving is of utmost importance since a hacked self-driving car could turn into a remote-controlled weapon. Appropriate measures must be taken and implemented to ensure future road safety. The substantially shorter renewal cycles in the hardware (e.g., sensors, computer hardware) and especially software domain compared to the current service life of a vehicle represent a further challenge The use of blockchain technology could enhance security in autonomous driving and thus reduce cybersecurity risks. This paper studies current developments of Swiss pilot projects in autonomous driving and discusses existing solutions for increasing safety of autonomous driving through blockchain.
Tejasvi Alladi, Vinay Chamola, Nishad Sahu, Vishnu Venkatesh ¡ 6 authors
Vehicular networks promise features such as traffic management, route scheduling, data exchange, entertainment, and much more. With any large-scale technological integration comes the challenge of providing security. Blockchain technology has been a popular choice of many studies for making the vehicular network more secure. Its characteristics meet some of the essential security requirements such as decentralization, transparency, tamper-proof nature, and public audit. This study catalogues some of the notable efforts in this direction over the last few years. We analyze around 75 blockchain-based security schemes for vehicular networks from an application, security, and blockchain perspective. The application perspective focuses on various applications which use secure blockchain-based vehicular networks such as transportation, parking, data sharing/ trading, and resource sharing. The security perspective focuses on security requirements and attacks. The blockchain perspective focuses on blockchain platforms, blockchain types, and consensus mechanisms used in blockchain implementation. We also compile the popular simulation tools used for simulating blockchain and for simulating vehicular networks. Additionally, to give the readers a broader perspective of the research area, we discuss the role of various state-of-the-art emerging technologies in blockchain-based vehicular networks. Lastly, we summarize the survey by listing out some common challenges and the future research directions in this field.
Naipeng Li, Yuchun Guo, Yishuai Chen, Jinchuan Chai
Vehicular reputation maintenance with distributed ledger is aimed at establishing trust among vehicles randomly meeting in a Vehicular Adâhoc Network (VANET). It is, however, challenging in VANET, as congested areas in road networks, brought by traffic tides or accidents, challenge the ledger performance. Meanwhile, the reputation update is highly dependent on transaction consensus of the distributed ledger. To solve the problem, this paper proposes deploying directed acyclic graphâ (DAGâ) based distributed ledgers on vehicles, which use the vehicular distribution to adapt the unpredictable reputation update. Specifically, we first propose a partitioned DAGâbased distributed ledger to manage vehicular reputation in partitioned VANET. Secondly, we introduce a novel reputation evaluation method to encourage vehicles to contribute to VANET interaction and ledger consensus maintenance, which can remedy the topology churn of the ledger network due to the mobility of VANET. Finally, we design a reputation update method based on the consistency of transactions in the partition to facilitate trust establishment. Experimental results on a realâworld dataset show that the proposed ledger and reputation update method is effective and feasible in the largeâscale dynamic VANET.
Darcy W E Allen, Chris Berg, Aaron M. Lane
A cryptocurrency token airdrop is a novel means of distributing rights over a blockchain project to a community of users and owners for free. The market value of these airdrop giveaways is often upwards of hundreds of millions of dollars. This paper considers why projects might choose this unusual and costly means of token distribution. It considers a diverse selection of high-profile airdrops as case studies between 2014 and 2022. This is the first comprehensive analysis of the rationales and mechanisms of Web3 token airdrops. We find that two primary rationales for airdrops are marketing (to attract new users and to maintain a community) and decentralisation of ownership and control of a project (building community, providing regulatory protection, and enhancing security). Additional rationales include creating liquid public markets and taxation treatment of token distribution. The paper contributes to an understanding of business practice and strategy in the emerging cryptocurrency and blockchain industry.