The problem of resource-saving scheduling in a fog environment is considered in this paper. The objective function of the problem in question presupposes the fog nodes’ reliability function maximizing. Therefore, to create a schedule, the following is required: the history of the fog devices’ state changes and the search space, which consists of preselected nodes of the cloud-fog broker neighbourhood. The obvious approach to providing the scheduler with this information is to poll the fog nodes, yet this can consume the unacceptable time because of the QoS requirements. In this paper, the system architecture and general methods for efficient resource-saving scheduling is presented. The system is based on distributed ledger element usage, which provides the nodes with the proper awareness about the surroundings. The usage of the distributed ledger allows not only for the creation of the resource-saving schedule but also the reduction of the scheduling problem-solving time, which frees addition time that can be used for the solving of user tasks. The latter also affects the overall resource-saving via reliability. The novelty of this paper consists in the development of the hybrid ledger-based system, which integrates and arranges the elements of various ledger types to solve the newly formulated problem.
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a network of healthcare devices such as wearables, diagnostic equipment, and implantable devices, which are linked to the internet and can communicate with one another. Blockchain (BC) technology can design a secure, decentralized system to store and share medical data in an IoMT-based intelligent healthcare system. Patient records were stored in a tamper-proof and decentralized way using BC, which provides high privacy and security for the patients. Furthermore, BC enables efficient and secure sharing of healthcare data between patients and health professionals, enhancing healthcare quality. Therefore, in this paper, we develop an IoMT with a blockchain-based smart healthcare system using encryption with an optimal deep learning (BSHS-EODL) model. The presented BSHS-EODL method allows BC-assisted secured image transmission and diagnoses models for the IoMT environment. The proposed method includes data classification, data collection, and image encryption. Initially, the IoMT devices enable data collection processes, and the gathered images are stored in BC for security. Then, image encryption is applied for data encryption, and its key generation method can be performed via the dingo optimization algorithm (DOA). Finally, the BSHS-EODL technique performs disease diagnosis comprising SqueezeNet, Bayesian optimization (BO) based parameter tuning, and voting extreme learning machine (VELM). A comprehensive set of simulation analyses on medical datasets highlights the betterment of the BSHS-EODL method over existing techniques with a maximum accuracy of 98.51%, whereas the existing methods such as DBN, YOLO-GC, ResNet, VGG-19, and CDNN models have lower accuracies of 94.15%, 94.24%, 96.19%, 91.19%, and 95.29% respectively.
Rayan A. Alsemmeari, Mohamed Yehia Dahab, Abdulaziz A. Alsulami, Badraddin Alturki · 5 authors
The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices in the healthcare sector enables the new era of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). However, IoT devices are susceptible to various cybersecurity attacks and threats, which lead to negative consequences. Cyberattacks can damage not just the IoMT devices in use but also human life. Currently, several security solutions have been proposed to enhance the security of the IoMT, employing machine learning (ML) and blockchain. ML can be used to develop detection and classification methods to identify cyberattacks targeting IoMT devices in the healthcare sector. Furthermore, blockchain technology enables a decentralized approach to the healthcare system, eliminating some disadvantages of a centralized system, such as a single point of failure. This paper proposes a resilient security framework integrating a Tri-layered Neural Network (TNN) and blockchain technology in the healthcare domain. The TNN detects malicious data measured by medical sensors to find fraudulent data. As a result, cyberattacks are detected and discarded from the IoMT system before data is processed at the fog layer. Additionally, a blockchain network is used in the fog layer to ensure that the data is not altered, enhancing the integrity and privacy of the medical data. The experimental results show that the TNN and blockchain models produce the expected result. Furthermore, the accuracy of the TNN model reached 99.99% based on the F1-score accuracy metric.
Somanchi Hari Krishna, M. Sivakoti Reddy, Kanagala Anusha, Abhishek Joshi · 6 authors
"Distributed Ledger Technology or DLTs, are getting a lot of attention. Blockchain-as-a-Administration (BaaS) administrations are arising to supply the crucial supporting framework while remonstration on the potential uses of DLTs. In order to expedite and improve efficiency with regard to the creation, experimentation, deployment, and continuous administration of DLT applications, BaaS comprises a specialist organization giving and overseeing explicit parts of a DLT foundation. Blockchain provides tamper-proof storing of authorized transactions, in contrast to traditional ledger technologies. However, a large part of DLTs' appeal is due to their capacity for decentralization, disintermediation, and "trustless" interaction. BaaS, which is provided by a provider, initially seems to contradict this. In reality, the type of the selling, the specifics of the application, and the objectives and risk tolerance of the participants all affect whether BaaS poses real trust issues. Specifically focusing on the function of providers as a component of a larger infrastructure, this paper portrays the qualities of BaaS and explores the trust issues it creates.
Customers who use internet banking have the flexibility to manage their assets sometimes when and wherever they choose. Any web-based transactions will, in any instance, be vulnerable to privacy risks. The current system makes use of two-way validation factors (OTP), which are easily cracked by cybercriminals, causing customers to have their personal information invaded without having access to the aggressor's recognised evidence. As a result, in this research, we suggest a flexible SIM sequential-based check approach to safeguard mobile transactions using a waiter-side secure platform built on the Blockchain. The customer's record has the supporter character module (sim) serial number, and if a gate crasher tries to initiate a transaction from another sim, there is a mix-up of the login credentials, at which point the system communicates the intrusive location information to the bank. The bank then sends an email to the subscribed customer alerting them to the peculiarities of the intruder. There is no risk of a gate crasher initiating the transaction from another device because the mobile sim chronicle number is unique to the sim and isn't literally very distanced, eliminating the concerns associated with OTP. By verifying the updated markings throughout the transaction and calculating the contract for transaction confirmation, the Ethereum Blockchain breakthrough provides server-side information base security. For reliable financial exchange, blockchain-based security is mathematically validated.
Investigating the effects of using AI and block chain technology inside the area of supply chain management has helped to build the related research work (SCM). The study includes a summary of the function that the relevant technologies play in transforming various SCM elements. Using the relevant technologies that have been described here, the problems in the area of SCM can be resolved. In this study, the advantages of using this technology have already been described in great depth. Blockchain's public ledger technology, which tracks every cargo module's movement, can help logistical businesses operate more effectively. The data may be used by businesses to build fast delivery routes and eliminate pointless procedures. With payment systems, it also lessens clerical mistakes and inefficiencies. Clerical related logistical mistakes can be decreased through decentralised and distributed ledgers. There are no requirements for law firms, brokerages, or other logistical entities when using merchants and cryptographic protocols.
The medical services framework has key reliability and protection necessities when looked at like as a venture, for example, shielding patients' clinical accounts from undesirable access, safeguarded medication following, protected association with conveyance like ambulances, as well as secure and savvy e-wellbeing observation. Through reasonable safety efforts, distributed ledger technology provides novel ideas reliability and wellbeing of clinical details, and this might accommodate the error among distribution of details and classification. We consolidate qualities of both distributed ledger technology as well as distributed computation in this exploration to give a classification strategy to obstruct chain as well as IoT. This methodology consolidates IoT and conveys IoT administrations to hinder chain hubs; meanwhile, it assembles, analyses, works, and jam in the personality approval for wellbeing material. Cooperation and addresses the deficient registering abilities of some block tie hubs to affirm details legitimacy and possibility.The proposed approach is productive, as exhibited by the reproduction try. It can safeguard and check the honesty of clinical details while additionally resolving issues, for example, high PC intricacy, details trade, and reliability insurance.
K. K. Ramachandran, Fit Lt Renu Lamba, Ruchira Rawat, Anita Gehlot · 6 authors
It's possible to define blockchain technology as the DLT-based technology upon which cryptocurrencies and other distributed ledgers rely. This innovation extends well beyond Bitcoin and other forms of digital money. With its help, a new Internet era may dawn in which sensitive information can be sent, stored, and managed without fear of tampering or other forms of corruption. Because of its potential to combat corruption and help the impoverished, among other things, this technology is worth investing in. Any kind of transaction, such as the sale of a home or a stock, may be tracked nearly instantly. Sustainable development is at the heart of today's modern world. Technology like this may be useful in the pursuit of sustainability, which involves improving the here and now without jeopardizing the future. To be really useful, though, this innovation requires a robust digital governance structure. The purpose of this article is to investigate Blockchain Technology as a tool for promoting long-term, environmentally friendly growth in India, and to identify contexts where it may be particularly useful. How the Indian economy may adopt this technology and incorporate it into its system to achieve Sustainable Development is the topic of my paper. Capital market, accountable production and consumption, environmental protection, providing legal identity for everybody, property registration, and transparent philanthropy are all possible applications of this technology in India. The research methods used in this paper are entirely inductive, with a focus on secondary sources of information.
The Internet of Things (IoT), which connects billions of electrical gadgets over the internet, has completely transformed the digital world. In the present day, as traditional equipment become more autonomous and intelligent, IoT devices are crucial. Increased data transfer is one major problem where 5 g networks world is crucial. However, these Internet of Things (IoT) devices utilizecentralized architecture-based protocols, which may result in a number of security risks for the data. Virtual reality, autonomous robotics, self-driving cars, and security difficulties may all be resolved by integrating artificial intelligence with 5G wireless infrastructure. The main goal of the system is to increase user confidence without relying on external authority. Blockchain has become a crucial technology that keeps track of the network’s event records via a distributed ledger. For IoT devices, blockchain offers a safe, decentralized, and trustworthy ecosystem. IoT and blockchain integration, however, is not without its difficulties. For instance, poor throughput is a key problem. IoT devices need a substantially greater throughput than the 12 to 15 transactions per second that the Ethereum blockchain network can currently handle. On light of this, blockchains are unable to function in an IoT-based 5G network. The blockchain’s network is the factor that restricts throughput. The P2P network’s delayed transaction and block propagation prevents miners and verifiers from quickly mining and, respectively, verifying new blocks. Therefore, the main problem with IoT-based blockchains is network scalability. That is in our past work, we utilized a dispersed blockchain organization to defeat the issue of organization versatility, and in this article, we utilize the Pontoon agreement technique to help the throughput of the blockchain. Security is one more essential worry with IoT organizations. Unfortunately, the blockchain’s dispersed records are available to general society and delicate information is open to anyone on the organization; in any case, in these conditions, outsider altering isn't possible without uncovering the first items. We utilized zkLedger, a zero-information based cryptography-based arrangement, to address security challenges.
Pradeep Kumar Bharadwaj, Sorabh Lakhanpal, Vaibhav Uniyal, R. Ravi Kumar · 6 authors
The growing popularity of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology has resulted in the creation of smart contracts and self-executing. In this research paper, we explore the role of smart contracts in cryptocurrency-based project management. The study aims to provide insights into how smart contracts can improve the transparency, accountability, and efficiency of project management in the cryptocurrency domain. The paper presents a comprehensive overview of the design and implementation of smart contracts in various cryptocurrency projects and the challenges and benefits of their use. The study includes a case study analysis of several cryptocurrency projects that have successfully employed smart contracts to manage their project activities. The findings indicate that smart contracts can enhance the transparency and trust among project participants and can also automate the process of project management, reducing the risk of errors and fraud. The paper concludes by highlighting the potential of smart contracts to revolutionize the way cryptocurrency-based projects are managed.
K. Kowsalya, R. Paritala Jhansi Rani, Ritu Ritu, Malika Bhiyana · 6 authors
The Iot devices (IoT) and cryptocurrencies may be combined to create a platform that promotes improved and sustainable and credibility. The resulting innovations have been used in a number of industries, most notably in the monitoring of farm products. Particularly Ai devices (such as RFID, GIS, Geolocation, and others) have the capacity to streamline the collection of data pertaining to crucial traceable features. To handle, store, and search for information, data is acquired and put into the public ledger. The data security that enters the system may be ensured via a dispersed, randomized, and noninflatable cryptocurrency. Nonetheless, IoT devices could produce aberrant data as they gather data.This study evaluates the entire beverage distribution network from sowing to sales, develops the network topology and each operate effectively, and patterns and enforces a computer vision (Fluid ounces) proof - of - stake tea reputable monitoring system, which considers literally the entire record keeping chain of food goods (MBITTS). This article presents a unique approach based on Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, such as RFID sensors, for enhancing the precision of cryptocurrency source data.
A requirement for any corporation to successfully embrace & execute the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the use of information technology (IT) in the area of human resource management (HRM) platforms (Industry 4.0). These techniques are required to provide an environment that is impartial, effective, transparent & secure. Blockchain a decentralized distributed ledger-based technology can make it easier to implement these requirements successfully. This study aims to determine the current state of application usage of blockchain technology in the area of human resource management. It also identifies potential opportunities related to the application utilization of blockchain technology in the realm of HRM along with awaited adoption challenges that may limit its application. Considering the suggested system to the current recruitment methods, there are clear advantages. So, the administration of human resources has also seen an extensive application of blockchain technology. The appliance potential of blockchain technology within HRM will be examined and analyzed in greater detail in this article.
Abdullah Ayub Khan, Sami Bourouis, M. M. Kamruzzaman, Myriam Hadjouni · 8 authors
The industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has gained more attention because of the self-governing nature of system configuration with interoperable application connectivity. In the E-healthcare environment, it cooperates with medical sensors to capture, examine, analyze, preserve, and document day-to-day transactions of patients in real-time. The integration of E-healthcare and IIoT provides an analytical platform to handle a large amount of data with a low cost of cloud-enabling scalable storage. Throughout the transformation, patients’ personal information is at risk while exchanging records over centralized server-based systems. Thus, the rate of node connectivity, failure of parallel data sharing, and deliverance-related issues increase. In this article, we present solutions in three folds. First, the article proposes a novel and secure architecture for E-healthcare data security using a blockchain-distributed ledger technology named BHIIoT. Second, the transformation in the lifecycle of medical wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for data management and optimization with a distributed layered hierarchy is developed, which enhances the network resources and increases trust in the blockchain-enabled peer-to-peer (P2P) environment. Third, the proposed BHIIoT uses the NuCypher threshold re-encryption mechanism for data encryption and protects shared resources in the form of blocks preserved in a blockchain immutable storage. For instance, chain codes are deployed to automate authentication, logging, index information deliverance, and trace transactions to resist illegal activities in the E-healthcare distributed application. The customized lightweight blockchain multi-proof-of-work (PoW) and multi-proof-of-stake (PoS) are designed with a digital signature for improving the consumption of resources and reducing the load of storage while the transaction process of E-healthcare IIoT is scheduled.
Currently, the two developments that are most obvious to the public are machine learning (ML) and blockchain technology. The first is the development of AI and big data, and the financial sector has been substantially impacted by the second. Recently, the advancement of blockchain technology has converted a spectacular, frequently challenging, and moving innovation. The blockchain's decentralized database emphasizes information security and protection. The agreement tool also makes sure that data is reliable and true. In any event, it brings up a few security concerns; to address these concerns, data analytics on blockchain-based safe information is required. Analysis of this data highlights the importance of the newly-emerging invention, machine learning (ML). The substantial amount of data used by machine learning technology allows it to provide precise conclusions. In ML, reliability and data exchange are crucial to enhancing the accuracy of results. ML and blockchain technology combined can produce incredibly precise results. Since the two innovations are information-driven, there is a growing interest in implementing them for more secure and useful information analysis and sharing. In this article, research is done to demonstrate the viability and productivity of merging blockchain with machine learning advances. First, examine the fundamental language and structure of blockchain and machine learning. Different ML techniques that can be applied to blockchain framework are presented in the next section. Additionally, consider how the fusion of these two concepts advances data security and cybersecurity. The study is ended in the final section, which discusses future prospects for research and challenges brought on by the ongoing and possible integration of ML and blockchain.
We propose a novel framework, Vacledger, for supply chain traceability and counterfeit detection of COVID-19 vaccines using a blockchain network. It includes four smart contracts on a private-permissioned blockchain network for supply chain traceability and counterfeit detection of COVID-19 vaccine, more specifically to (i) handle the rules and regulations of vaccine importing countries and provide authorization for cross the borders (regulatory compliance and border authorization smart contract), (ii) register new and imported vaccines in the Vacledger system (vaccine registration smart contract), (iii) find the number of stocks that have arrived in the Vacledger system (stock accumulation smart contract), and (iv) identify the exact location of the stock (location tracing update smart contract). Our results show that the proposed system keeps track of all activities, events, transactions, and all other past transactions, permanently stored in an immutable Vacledger connected to decentralized peer-to-peer file systems. We observe no algorithm complexity differences between the proposed Vacledger system and existing supply chain frameworks based on different blockchain types. In addition, based on four use cases, we estimate our model’s overall gasoline cost (transaction or gas price). The Vacledger system empowers distribution companies to manage their supply chain operations effectively and securely using an in-network, permissioned distributed network. This study employs the COVID-19 vaccine supply chain (the healthcare industry) to demonstrate how the proposed Vacledger system operates. Despite this, our proposed approach might be implemented in other supply chain industries, such as the food industry, energy trading, and commodity transactions.
In the recent era, the communication network with the support of many wireless technologies is giving benefits for remote access. Such a communication model increases the flexibility for data storage with the management of network resources efficiently with the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT). Although, the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has enabled the development of numerous machine learning-based solutions to provide real-time applications. However, most of the solutions are not prepared to cope with heterogeneous services and the huge amount of device data in the digital world. Furthermore, conducting financial transactions over the Internet raises several security issues. Such restrictions compromise the sensitive data of financial institutions and also degrade the trust of network users in the system. Thus, this article presents a secured blockchain model for high-performance computing in a big data environment, which aims to protect the business activities for financial interaction with intelligent services of software-defined network (SDN) architecture. First, to keep the security credentials, the SDN controller creates an association between the IoT devices and maintains local and global records. Second, the machine learning approach is explored using reliable and fault-tolerant methods to support the network scalability and extract the updated routing information for transmitting financial data. The proposed protocol also provides data integrity with a high level of network availability and copes with the financial security of big data by investigating cryptographic approaches. Our proposed protocol is tested using simulation, and various experiments are performed to show its efficacy in terms of network throughput, computing overhead, data delay, response time, and dropped packets as compared to tunicate swarm algorithm-based optimized routing mechanism (TORM) and RouteChain.
G. Nanthakumar, Sarah Alex, V Nandhini, Mr. K .Pazhanivel
The sixth generation of wireless networks, or 6G, is expected to provide unprecedented levels of connectivity and communication capabilities. It is essential to make sure that the underlying infrastructure is dependable, secure, and trustworthy in order to meet the growing demand for high-speed and low-latency communication services. A flexible and scalable solution is also provided by the proposed infrastructure, which is essential to meet future demand for high-speed and low-latency communication services. Blockchain technology has been recognized as a possible option due to its capacity to offer security, accountability, and transparency. The proposed infrastructure is designed using permissioned distributed ledgers, which provide an efficient and secure solution to improve accountability, transparency, and security in the delivery of wireless services. The proposed method makes use of the benefits of permissioned distributed ledger technology and blockchain technology to provide a dependable and trustworthy infrastructure for 6G wireless networks. The proposed solution is modular and easily extendable, allowing for the integration of new services and applications as they become available
Many researchers have been interested in healthcare cybersecurity for a long time since it can improve the security of patient and health record data. As a result, a lot of research is done in the field of cybersecurity that focuses on the safe exchange of health data between patients and the medical setting. It still has issues with high computational complexity, increased time consumption, and cost complexity, all of which have an impact on the effectiveness and performance of the complete security system. Hence this work proposes a technique called Consultative Transaction Key Generation and Management (CTKGM) to enable secure data sharing in healthcare systems. It generates a unique key pair based on random values with multiplicative operations and time stamps. The patient data is then safely stored in discrete blocks of hash values using the blockchain methodology. The Quantum Trust Reconciliation Agreement Model (QTRAM), which calculates the trust score based on the feedback data, ensures reliable and secure data transfer. By allowing safe communication between patients and the healthcare system based on feedback analysis and trust value, the proposed framework makes a novel contribution to the field. Additionally, during communication, the Tuna Swarm Optimization (TSO) method is employed to validate nonce verification messages. Nonce message verification is a part of QTRAM that helps verify the users during transmission. The effectiveness of the suggested scheme has been demonstrated by comparing the obtained findings with other current state-of-the-art models after a variety of evaluation metrics have been analyzed to test the performance of this security model.
the framework of relevant moral, safety, and ethical governance, we can generate various transportation planning schemes, different traffic application scenarios, and various ma nagement a nd control algorithms through only a few words.Gone are those days when we had to draw pictures one by one, set parameters one by one, and write code line by line.Meantime, the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) is on the way.With no doubt, in the near future, with a clear sign of vitality, DAO and decentralized science (DeSci) will gradually become a new stream of scientific research and management organization mode, showing great
In the era of cloud networking, database protection is a problem that is becoming more and more crucial, and blockchain technology is emerging as a potent remedy. Blockchain is a digital ledger technology that uses an immutable, distributed, and decentralized record of transactions to build a secure, transparent, and auditable data protection system. The integrity of data saved in the cloud is further ensured by using blockchain technology. By using cryptographic hashes, data stored on the blockchain can be verified for accuracy and authenticity. This means that any changes or modifications to the data will be detected and addressed. Furthermore, blockchain technology provides a permanent and immutable record of transactions, making it difficult for data to be tampered with or corrupted. In addition to its security benefits, blockchain technology also offers scalability, efficiency, and cost savings. Blockchain-based databases are much more efficient than traditional databases, as they require fewer resources and are able to process a larger volume of transactions. Furthermore, since blockchain technology is decentralized, it can work across multiple devices and networks, allowing for a more efficient and cost-effective solution.
A personal health record when stored on the internet is called Electronic Health Records (EHR). A patient’s personal EHR data is often shared with doctors, healthcare providers agencies, insurance companies and other entities in the medical network through the internet. But the internet is not a very Privacy and Security friendly place, it is prone to security breaches and hacks, which leaves the EHR data vulnerable. Blockchain technology can be an excellent solution to secure EHRs. Although blockchain gained its popularity due to cryptocurrencies and its use in financial and banking institutions, it is actually a sophisticated technology which has the potential to transform the entire internet. Blockchain makes use of the peer to peer network to store data in a distributed manner which is immutable and decentralised. The aim of this paper is to study the benefits of blockchain in creating an application where Patients have their medical records history securely stored, made highly available and can have the right to grant permission only to certain users to access the records, leading to an efficient and secure Role Based Access Control System.
Vishwanadham Mandala, M.A.Reetha Jeyarani, A. Kousalya, M. Pavithra · 5 authors
The metaverse is a concept of creating an innovative virtual 3D environment immersed with social interconnections. This is the process of establishing the real world into a virtual environment through virtual and augmented reality. The metaverse is considered as the advanced recapitulation of the online platform. The virtual platform adopted through the digital environment helps in improvement with dilute in everyday lives. Thus the future revolution is done through the various advances and challenges in the virtual world. Hence the metaverse is the amalgamation of numerous technologies. The interconnections with the physical environment with the virtual world helps in the sharing of information in diverse field. The development of the digital environment through the exact replica of the real world helps in the overall development in social, economic and political fields. The important requirements of metaverse includes sensors, smart glasses with headsets. The necessary parameter needed to adopt is the privacy of the users in the metaverse environment. This is done through the blockchain technology with cloud computing techniques.
The healthcare industry produces a lot of data. This vast volume of data, which includes patient medical information and electronic health records is becoming more accessible to hackers on the dark web. All this data is available on the dark web, making the healthcare sector vulnerable. Many methods and strategies are used to protect data; however, they have proven to be more expensive to maintain than expected. Blockchain is one of the technologies that guarantees a solution to every issue as a solution to every problem. There are several existing blockchain technologies that are being used or tested in the healthcare system. One example is the use of blockchain to securely store and share electronic medical records (EMRs) among healthcare providers. This can improve the efficiency and accuracy of patient care by giving doctors and other healthcare professionals quick and secure access to a patient's complete medical history. Another example is the use of blockchain to track and manage the supply chain of drugs, to ensure that they are authentic and have not been tampered with. Other blockchain applications in healthcare include the use of smart contracts for medical claims processing and the use of blockchain-based tokens for incentivizing healthy behavior. Out of the three architectures available in Blockchain technology, private blockchain is selected to ensure a closed network and increased security. The decentralized mechanism ensures that all hospitals in the network have access to the patient. In the IPFS database, the patient data is stored as a block and an electronic health record. The patient can access his or her data using the private key. Private blockchain technology is a type of distributed ledger technology that is only accessible to a specific group of individuals or organizations. This means that the network is not open to the public, and only authorized participants can access and validate transactions on the chain. Private blockchain is often used by businesses and organizations to securely share and access data and assets among trusted parties.